Animal ConservationVolume 23, Issue 2 p. 229-232 CorrigendumFree Access Corrigendum for “Skyglow extends into the world’s Key Biodiversity Areas” This article corrects the following: Skyglow extends into the world's Key Biodiversity Areas J. K. Garrett, P. F. Donald, K. J. Gaston, Volume 23Issue 2Animal Conservation pages: 153-159 First Published online: February 10, 2019 First published: 07 April 2020 https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12573AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Gaston, K.J. (2019). Skyglow extends into the world’s Key Biodiversity Areas. Anim Conserv. 23, 153–159. https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12480 In Garrett et al. (2019), we reported the results of an analysis of the extent to which, at a global scale, Key Biodiversity Areas (KBAs) experienced skyglow and some of the factors associated with variation in this extent. Unfortunately, in the course of this analysis, an erroneous interpretation was made of the skyglow data used (Falchi et al., 2016). This dataset provides measures of artificial brightness levels (mcd/m2), not ratios of artificial brightness to natural brightness as previously reported. We repeated our analysis using the level of artificial brightness under which a sky can be considered ‘pristine’ as up to 1% above the natural background level (ratio of 0.01; artificial brightness = 0.0017 mcd/m2), and a level of 8% or more above natural conditions (ratio of 0.08; artificial brightness = 0.014 mcd/m2) to indicate that light pollution extends from the horizon to the zenith and the entire sky can be considered polluted (Falchi et al., 2016). In our initial statistical modelling, human population density was categorized on a log scale (0–1 people per sq km, >1–10, >10–100, >100–1000 and >1000) (Garrett et al. 2019). However, this now resulted in a very low sample size for those areas with pristine status in the category >1000 (n = 4). In our updated analyses, we use human population density as a continuous predictor, after applying a numerical log10 transformation to account for the skew and enable robust analysis. The general conclusions and findings of the original analysis remain unaffected. However, the degree of skyglow experienced by KBAs had been initially underestimated. Critically, the re-analysis revealed that less than one fifth have completely pristine nighttime skies, more than two-thirds lie entirely under artificially bright skies (not pristine), and only about a third have nighttime skies no part of which is polluted to the zenith. Details of the findings from the reanalysis are as follows, followed by the corrected versions of Figures 1, 2, 3, and 4, and Table 1: Over two-thirds (68.6%) of the total number of KBAs assessed contained no area with pristine nighttime skies, while less than one fifth (17.8%) had completely pristine nighttime skies (ratio values ≤ 0.01 ≈ up to 1% above natural conditions; Fig. 1a). Europe had the greatest percentage (94%) of KBAs containing no area of pristine skies, followed by the Middle East (88%) and the Caribbean (77%; Fig. 2a). The only region in which all KBAs had completely pristine skies was the marine region. In the Antarctica, 93% of the KBAs were entirely pristine (n = 27) (Fig. 2a). Nearly half (46.9%) of all KBAs consisted entirely of areas in which night skies were polluted to the zenith (Fig. 1b). However, nearly one-third of KBAs (30.7%) were completely free of skies polluted to the zenith (ratio values <0.08 ≈ up to 8% above natural conditions; Fig. 1b). Europe was the region where the highest percentage (75.6%) of KBAs had nighttime skies entirely polluted to the zenith, followed by the Middle East (72.6%) and the Caribbean (59.9%; Fig. 2). In the Antarctica, no KBAs were entirely polluted to the zenith. Of the summed global area of KBAs, over a quarter (26.8%) was not pristine and 14.4% was polluted to the zenith (Fig. 2b). The Middle East was the region with the greatest percentage (80.1%) of the summed KBA area not having pristine skies, followed by the Caribbean (67.9%) and Europe (66.6%; Fig. 2b). These were also regions with the highest percentage of the summed KBA area that is polluted to the zenith (Middle East – 49.9%, Europe – 49.1%, Caribbean – 28.2%; Fig. 2b). The likelihood of a KBA having pristine skies decreased with increasing GDP and human population density, and the interaction between the two, and increased with proportional coverage by protected areas (Table 1). For each tenfold increase in population density, pristine skies were 0.7 times as likely (Odds ratio (OR) = 0.71, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 0.66–0.76). With every $1000 increase in GDP, there was an associated decrease in the odds of being pristine of 7% (OR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.92–0.93). KBAs that were fully protected were 1.3 times as likely to be pristine compared to those not fully protected (OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.04–1.60). There was also a significant interaction between population density and GDP (Table 1; Fig. 3). All the necessary corrections resulting from the reanalysis have been made to Garrett et al. (2019) before its publication in print. Figure 1Open in figure viewerPowerPoint The proportion of the extent of Key Biodiversity Areas with (a) pristine nighttime skies (ratio of artificial brightness to natural brightness ≤0.01) and (b) nighttime skies not polluted to the zenith (ratio of artificial brightness to natural brightness <0.08). The outlines have been exaggerated for display purposes. Figure 2Open in figure viewerPowerPoint (a) Proportion of Key Biodiversity Areas which have 0% and 100% coverage of pristine nighttime skies (ratio threshold of artificial brightness to natural brightness ≤0.01) and skies not polluted to the zenith (ratio threshold of artificial brightness to natural brightness <0.08). (b) Total proportion of area with pristine nighttime skies and skies not polluted to the zenith (ratio of artificial brightness to natural brightness <0.08) (bottom). Skyglow ratio thresholds are specified on the x-axis. Regions are displayed in alphabetical order, and the marine region is excluded as all KBAs were 100% unpolluted. Table 1. Relationship between whether a Key Biodiversity Area had entirely pristine skies or not and per capita GDP (median within KBA), human population density, the interaction between the two and the proportion of the KBA that falls within a protected area (results of fitting a binomial GLM) Variable Estimate se Z value P OR 95% CI Median population densitya −0.35 0.03 −10.14 <0.001 0.71 0.66–0.76 Median GDP (thousands)b −0.07 0.00 −27.68 <0.001 0.93 0.92–0.93 Proportion protected 100% 0.26 0.11 2.34 0.019 1.29 1.04–1.60 <100% (ref) Interaction population density × GDP −0.05 0.00 −26.13 <0.001 0.95 0.95–0.96 Intercept 0.04 N 13683 McFadden’s pseudo-R2 0.25 OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% Confidence Interval. a People per sq km; log10 transformed. b GDP per capita, adjusted for purchasing power parity. Figure 3Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Predicted probabilities of KBAs being pristine from GLM model results as a function of gridded per capita GDP and population density, and fixed proportion protected of 100%. Figure 4Open in figure viewerPowerPoint Median proportion of Key Biodiversity Areas that has pristine nighttime skies for each combination of gridded per capita GDP and population density percentile (0–100). References Falchi, F., Cinzano, P., Duriscoe, D., Kyba, C.C., Elvidge, C.D., Baugh, K., Portnov, B.A., Rybnikova, N.A. & Furgoni, R. (2016). The new world atlas of artificial night sky brightness. Sci. Adv. 2, e1600377. Garrett, J.K., Donald, P.F. & Gaston, K.J. (2019). Skyglow extends into the world's Key Biodiversity Areas. Anim Conserv. 23, 153– 159. Volume23, Issue2April 2020Pages 229-232 FiguresReferencesRelatedInformation