Night Activity Research Articles

Behavior and Activity Patterns of the Critically Endangered Mangshan Pit Viper (Protobothrops mangshanensis) Determined Using Remote Monitoring.

This study focuses on understanding the behavior and activity patterns of the critically endangered Protobothrops mangshanensis in China in order to better provide scientific data for upcoming artificial breeding and propagation efforts. We conducted a long-term observation of 15 Mangshan pit vipers at different sites in Hunan Province during the summer and autumn of 2021. Our methods involved analyzing the influence of environmental factors such as temperature, relative humidity, and light condition on the snakes' day and night activity and behaviors. The results revealed that the wild behaviors of Protobothrops mangshanensis include resting, sunbathing, crawling, and exploring, with distinct rhythms in their diel behavior. The snakes' diel activity exhibits three peak periods which may be related to food activity and sunbathing. This study also highlights the complex interplay of environmental factors on the activity of Protobothrops mangshanensis. Relative humidity was identified as a critical factor accounting for the difference in activity between observation groups. There was little inter-individual variation among the 15 Protobothrops mangshanensis, even though these snakes used terrestrial and arboreal habitats under different environmental conditions. These findings enhance our understanding of Protobothrops mangshanensis behavior and provide a basis for effective conservation measures for this rare and critically endangered species.

Short-Term Effects of Cold Therapy and Kinesio Taping on Pain Relief and Upper Extremity Functionality in Individuals with Rotator Cuff Tendonitis: A Randomized Study.

Background and Objectives: Rotator cuff tendonitis (RCT) is one of the most common shoulder pathologies. It causes pain, limits shoulder joint movements, and impairs function. Despite various treatment methods, there are currently no specific guidelines regarding the most effective intervention for RCT. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have compared the effects of Kinesio taping (KT) and cold therapy (CT) on individuals with RCT. To this end, this study aimed to investigate and compare the short-term effects of KT and CT on pain relief and upper extremity functionality in individuals with RCT. Materials and Methods: One hundred and fourteen individuals were assessed for eligibility. Fifty-two individuals with RCT who met the inclusion criteria and agreed to participate were randomly allocated into either the KT or the CT group. A standardized home exercise program was given to all the participants. Their pain intensity, upper extremity function, shoulder range of motion (ROM), and grip strength were evaluated initially and after the three days of KT or CT applications. Results: All the assessment values significantly improved in the KT group. In the CT group, only the pain scores (except for the numerical rating scale (NRS) pain score during activity) were significantly improved in the CT group at the end of the third day of application compared to the initial values (p < 0.05). For all the measurement outcomes, the effects of time × group interactions were statistically significant (p < 0.05) in favor of the KT group, except for the resting pain (p = 0.688). Conclusions: The findings suggest that KT and CT could be used as adjunctive modalities to exercise for resting and night pain relief in patients with RCT. KT also had positive effects on the activity pain, function, ROM, and grip strength. The use of KT along with an exercise program could be a more effective therapeutic choice than the use of CT for improving night pain, activity pain, and upper extremity function during the short-term rehabilitation of RCT patients.

Splitting light pollution: Wavelength effects on the activity of two sandy beach species

Artificial Light at Night (ALAN) threatens to disrupt most natural habitats and species, including those in coastal settings, where a growing number of studies have identified ALAN impacts. A careful examination of the light properties behind those impacts is important to better understand and manage the effects of this stressor. This study focused on ALAN monochromatic wavelengths and examined which types of light spectra altered the natural activity of two prominent coastal species from the Pacific southeast: the talitroid amphipod Orchestoidea tuberculata and the oniscoid isopod Tylos spinulosus. We compared the natural daylight/night activity of these organisms with the one they exhibit when exposed to five different ALAN wavelengths: lights in the violet, blue, green, amber, and red spectra. Our working hypothesis was that ALAN alters these species’ activity at night, but the magnitude of such impact differs depending on light wavelengths. Measurements of activity over 24 h cycles for five consecutive days and in three separate experiments confirmed a natural circadian activity pattern in both species, with strong activity at night (∼90% of probability) and barely any activity during daylight. However, when exposed to ALAN, activity declined significantly in both species under all light wavelengths. Interestingly, amphipods exhibited moderate activity (∼40% of probability) when exposed to red lights at night, whereas isopods shifted some of their activity to daylight hours in two of the experiments when exposed to blue or amber lights, suggesting a possible alteration in this species circadian rhythm. Altogether, our results were consistent with our working hypothesis, and suggest that ALAN reduces night activity, and some wavelengths have differential effects on each species. Differences between amphipods and isopods are likely related to their distinct adaptations to natural low-light habitat conditions, and therefore distinct sensitivity to ALAN.

High-resolution climate data reveal an increasing risk of warming-driven activity restriction for diurnal and nocturnal lizards.

Widespread species experience a variety of climates across their distribution, which can structure their thermal tolerance, and ultimately, responses to climate change. For ectotherms, activity is highly dependent on temperature, its variability and availability of favourable microclimates. Thermal exposure and tolerance may be structured by the availability and heterogeneity of microclimates for species living along temperature and/or precipitation gradients - but patterns and mechanisms underlying such gradients are poorly understood. We measured critical thermal limits (CTmax and CTmin) for five populations of two sympatric lizard species, a nocturnal gecko (Chondrodactylus bibronii) and a diurnal skink (Trachylepis variegata) and recorded hourly thermal variation for a year in three types of microclimate relevant to the activity of lizards (crevice, full sun and partial shade) for six sites across a precipitation gradient. Using a combination of physiological and modelling approaches, we derived warming tolerance for the present and the end of the century. In the present climate, we found an overall wider thermal tolerance for the nocturnal species relative to the diurnal species, and no variation in CTmax but variable CTmin along the precipitation gradient for both species. However, warming tolerances varied significantly over the course of the day, across months and microhabitats. The diurnal skink was most restricted in its daily activity in the three driest sites with up to six daily hours of restricted activity in the open (i.e. outside refugia) during the summer months, while the impacts for the nocturnal gecko were less severe, due to its higher CTmax and night activity. With climate change, lizards will experience more months where activity is restricted and increased exposure to high temperatures even within the more sheltered microhabitats. Together our results highlight the importance of considering the relevant spatiotemporal scale and habitat for understanding the thermal exposure of diurnal and nocturnal species.

The use of advanced and emerging technologies for adaptive ecosystem-based management of the Great Lakes

Abstract The Great Lakes and connecting waters encompass a vast and diverse ecosystem that presents scale challenges for management similar to those of the coastal ocean. Technological approaches to overcome the scale challenges have primarily been adapted from oceanographic applications and technologies, and from upscaling inland lake methods designed for shallower and calmer water bodies. Many standard methods for studying Great Lakes habitat and biota have long lag times between field collection and data availability. Many also miss much of the dynamics, three-dimensional complexity, and spatial variability needed to manage the system effectively. Even baseline conditions are not well characterized for many parts of the Great Lakes ecosystem (e.g. bathymetry and critical habitat, life cycles and food webs, night and winter movement and activity of organisms). Emerging technologies are beginning to address these needs but require coordination, consistent investment, training, and governance linkages. Here we survey recent technological advances and show how they are contributing to improved adaptive management of the Great Lakes ecosystem by reducing uncertainty and increasing understanding of physical, biological, and chemical processes, and the human dimensions of resource management and restoration.

Shaping Character Through Night Activities: Instilling Spiritual Values

The purpose of this study is to discuss the inculcation of spiritual values ​​in shaping student character through faith and piety building evening activities at Private Aliyah Madrasah Islamic College Foundation Batang Kuis. This research method is descriptive qualitative. The results of this study are 1. Faith Development Night activity program and Taqwa (MABIT) is carried out to strengthen the program of instilling spiritual values ​​that have been implemented by madrasas. Mabit activities are carried out using various methods and various strategies to instill spiritual values ​​in students. 2. Supporting factors in implementing the planting of spiritual values ​​through MABIT activities at MAS YPI Batang Kuis, namely the attitude and commitment of the committee in carrying out their duties and responsibilities in the success of these activities. Besides that, the enthusiasm of the participants was also a supporting factor so that parents gave positive support for the MABIT activity. 3. Spiritual valuecan be obtained by religious rituals and practicing the core of religion that is directly related to God or His creatures, in this case carrying out learning programs at Faith and Taqwa Development Night activities that have spiritual values ​​in their activities. Spiritual values ​​are divided into 3 types, namely faith values ​​(Tawhid), piety values ​​(Worship), and moral values.

Abstract MP66: Accelerometer Measured Diurnal Movement Patterns Associated With Frailty in Older Adults: UK Biobank

Introduction: Frailty is a significant health challenge for the aging population. Older adults with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) tend to be physically inactive and have a high risk of frailty. Little is known about the relationship between diurnal movement patterns and frailty and whether this association differs in older adults with and without CVD. Hypothesis: Less morning, afternoon, and evening movements but more night movements are associated with frailty, especially among those with CVD. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 10,082 participants ≥ 65 years (66.8±1.5 years; 49% female) from UK Biobank. CVD status was identified using ICD-9&amp;10 diagnosis and self-reported CVD. Participants wore Axivity AX3 on the dominant wrist for 7 days, 24 hours/day. Mean accelerations during night (12-6 am), morning (6 am-12 pm), afternoon (12-6 pm) and evening (6 pm-12 am) were calculated. Frailty was determined using Modified Fried Frailty Phenotype. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine associations between total movement and diurnal movement patterns with frailty, stratified by CVD status. Results: The diurnal movement patterns showed lower movements during night, increasing during morning, peaking at noon, and decreasing in afternoon and evening, with frail CVD adults having the lowest accelerations during all daytime hours (6 am-midnight). In both CVD and non-CVD older adults, each 5 mg higher overall mean acceleration was associated with 11-18% lower odds of frailty ( Table ). Each 5 mg higher mean acceleration during morning, afternoon and evening was associated with 5-10% lower odds of frailty ( Table ). Every 5 mg higher mean acceleration during night was associated with 14% higher odds of frailty only in non-CVD older adults ( Table ). Conclusions: More activity during any daytime period was associated with lower odds of frailty among older adults in both with and without CVD. Greater night activity was associated with higher odds of frailty, primarily observed in older adults without CVD.

Research on Temporal and Spatial Distribution Pattern of the Night-Time Economy Supported by Multi-Source Data—A Case Study of Xiamen City, Fujian Province, China

The increasing proportion of night consumption in the total daily consumption means the night economy has become an indispensable part of national economic development. However, early social science research on alcohol in the night economy and social science research on the night leisure industry dominated our understanding of the night city. Few researchers have built effective mathematical statistical models to explore the spatio-temporal distribution and regional interactions of the night economy. This paper presents a method to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution pattern of the night economy based on multi-source data. Firstly, K-Means++ and DBSCAN were used to cluster OD points to identify the gathering areas of night activities. Then, the local L-function in “flow space” was used to extract the aggregated flow of each aggregation area and analyze the regional interactions. Finally, the correlation between night activity and night service facilities was calculated by using geographic detector, and night activity and lighting were coupled by the profit and loss value. The research shows that this method can identify the main areas of night activity, dig out the interrelationships at the community level, and find the new night activity gathering points and night economic growth areas in the future. This study extends the current situation that the night economy is limited to theoretical research and research in central urban areas, provides the temporal and spatial distribution of night activities and night lighting supplies from the perspective of big data, and provides a basis for future night economy research, urban planning, and relevant policy issuance.

Case report: first data on the foraging behaviour of velvet scoters (Melanitta fusca) in soft-bottom coastal waters of the southeast Baltic Sea

BackgroundThe foraging behaviour of sea ducks has always been difficult to study due to their exclusive occupancy of coastal waters during the wintering season. In this study we investigated the foraging behaviour of seven wintering velvet scoters (Melanitta fusca) in Lithuanian soft-bottom coastal waters by attaching a solar-powered external GPS‐GSM transmitter to each individual bird. This transmitter data allowed us to analyse the dive phase parameters and feeding depths during December 2021 and March 2022.ResultsThe results showed that velvet scoters dived deeper than a 30-m depth, with the dive duration lasting up to 90 s on average. The bottom duration increased rapidly in the first 5 m and then levelled off at around 40 s for deeper waters. The underwater duration varied between 2 and 7.5 h a day. The dive effort (as total underwater time) and the bottom duration of velvet scoters were related to the depth and prey biomass, although both factors were demonstrated to be interdependent. Moreover, the results showed that velvet scoters were less active in December than in March in terms of both average diving duration and diving frequency. The results also confirmed the high diurnal activity of the velvet scoter, although the birds demonstrated night activity in December and not in March.ConclusionThis information on the velvet scoter’s foraging behaviour may have important implications for the conservation of the species, and provides new insights into the improvement of conservation measures for the species in the Baltic Sea.

A Case Study of Drug Dependency (NSAIDs) in Shirshool (Headache) Healed Through Integrative Medicine

Shira is the Uttamang i.e., most vital part of our body. Ayurveda is limited to pain and discomfort in Shira rather to brain disorders as such. Shirashool (headache) is the most common and frequently seen in day to day life due to the Stress, Vegdharan (to control forcefully natural functions like urine, faeces, cough or sneeze etc,) Ratrijagran (late night activity), Upvas (excessive control on appetite) Shoke (depressive thoughts), excessive work habits- the major root cause is excessive movement of Vata or overactive/imbalanced Vata Dosha. Jihva (tongue) examination is an important part of Ashtavidh pariksha mentioned in the text book of Yogratnakar. A tongue examination is typically conducted in conjunction with a thorough patient history. The vital organs of the body leave the imprint on the tongue surface- specific patterns or spots or colour. Tongue has its own language; it needs continuous practice. Examination of the tongue in Ayurveda is a easy valuable diagnostic tool that provides valuable and stored information about an individual's health and well-being or disease. Allopathic medicine like (NSAIDs) are most commonly used in headache as pain relieve medicine which has a lot of side effects; while holistic approach of Ayurveda is found to be very good results. Integrative therapy involves medicines, dietary schedule and yogic practices, shows sufficient significant changes in a patient. Mild recurrence which was seen in post follow up period was managed effectively through the yogic practices and proper guidance of counselling sessions on every Wednesday.

Glosophagine bats (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) as floral visitors of Stenocereus huastecorum (Plantae: Cactaceae) in the Jaumave Valley, Tamaulipas, Mexico

The objectives of the present work were to determine the species of bats as floral visitors of Stenocereus huastecorum Alvarado-Sizzo, Arreola-Nava &amp; Terrazas, 2018 in the Jaumave Valley, the night activity patterns of these floral visitors, their abundance within the flowering periods of 2018 and the comparison of effectiveness of nocturnal and diurnal pollinators. During March-May and August-October 2018, 12 nights were sampled per flowering period using three mist nets of 12 x 2.6 meters. Bats captured were identified, samples of pollen were taken from them which was processed by Erdtman's acetolysis. Three different treatments were applied to evaluate pollination effectiveness (nocturnal exclusion, diurnal exclusion, and control), selecting three flowers in 19 individuals. Leptonycteris yerbuenae (Martínez &amp; Villa, 1940), L. nivalis (Saussure, 1860) and Choeronycteris mexicana (Tschudi, 1844) were the nocturnal floral visitors of S. huastecorum during its two flowering periods, the first species being the most frequently recorded throughout the night. Although this species has flowers with chiropterophilous characteristics, no significant differences were found in the effectiveness of diurnal, nocturnal and control pollinators. Very little is known about the nocturnal floral visitors of S. huastecorum and the effectiveness of its pollinators in the north of its distribution. Since this species is very important for the economy of rural communities due to the sale of its fruits, this research provides basic information for the conservation and use of this species.

What we do in the dark: Prevalence of omnivorous feeding activity in Arctic zooplankton during polar night

AbstractDuring the productive polar day, zooplankton and sea‐ice amphipods fulfill a critical role in energy transfer from primary producers to higher trophic‐level species in Arctic marine ecosystems. Recent polar night studies on zooplankton and sea‐ice amphipods suggest higher levels of biological activity than previously assumed. However, it is unknown if these invertebrates maintain polar night activity on stored lipids, opportunistic feeding, or a combination of both. To assess how zooplankton (copepods, amphipods, and krill) and sea‐ice amphipods support themselves on seasonally varying resources, we studied their lipid classes, fatty acid compositions, and compound‐specific stable isotopes of trophic biomarker fatty acids during polar day (June/July) and polar night (January). Lipid storage and fatty acid results confirm previously described dietary sources in all species during polar day. We found evidence of polar night feeding in all species, including shifts from herbivory to omnivory. Sympagic‐, pelagic‐, and Calanus spp.‐derived carbon sources supported zooplankton and sea‐ice amphipods in both seasons. We provide a first indication of polar night feeding of sea‐ice amphipods in the pelagic realm.

The Study of The Economic Distribution Characteristics of Night Economic Distribution Based on Multi-source Data Fusion

The night economy is an important representation of urban economic development and consumption level. Based on the night lighting, the data of the POI data, the data of the spatial clustering algorithm of DBSCAN、K-means and other spatial clustering algorithms and the study of the profit and loss of supply and demand, the model of the area and the area domain analysis of the night activity hotspot area and night service facility are established. The fusion of multi-source data provides a new perspective for the night economy, which is more rapid, efficient and extensive than the traditional survey data, which is suitable for the large-scale study of the night economy.

A Note on Some Ecological Aspects of the Sorghum Stem Borer in the Nuba Mountains, Sudan

This study was designed to collect some information about the sorghum stemborer in the Nuba Mountains, South Kordofan State. It was carried out during 2005/06and 2006/07 season, to determine the population dynamics and the alternative host plantsof the stem borer. Light trap was used for adult trapping, and a survey was carried out forhost plants. The number of adults was low at the beginning of the season (June),gradually increased towards the end of the season (October) and the borer disappearedby the end of November. Night activity of the adults was low at 7:00 pm and increasedgradually towards 10:00 pm. The highest infestation by stem borer (76%) was recordedon sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) followed by Sorghum arundinceum (adar) (63%),maize, Zea mays (50%) and pearl millet (33%)

Telemetry and Accelerometer Tracking of Green Toads in an Urban Habitat: Methodological Notes and Preliminary Findings.

Advancements in tracking technologies provide an increasingly important tool in animal monitoring and conservation that can describe animal spatial behavior in native habitats and uncover migratory routes that otherwise may be difficult or impossible to map. In addition, high-resolution accelerometer sensors provide powerful insights into animal activity patterns and can help to identify specific behaviors from accelerometer profiles alone. Previously, such accelerometers were restricted to larger animals due to size and mass constraints. However, recent advances make it possible to use such devices on smaller animals such as the European green toad (Bufotes viridis), the focus of our current study. We deploy custom made tracking devices, that consist of very-high-frequency transmitters and tri-axial accelerometers, to track toads in their native urban environment in Vienna (Austria). A total of nine toads were tracked, ranging from three to nine tracking days per individual during the post-breeding season period. We demonstrate that our devices could reliably monitor toad movement and activity during the observation period. Hence, we confirmed the predominantly nocturnal activity patterns and recorded low overall movement at this urban site. Accelerometer data revealed that toads exhibited brief but intense activity bursts between 10 pm and midnight, resting periods during the night and intermittent activity during the day. Positional tracking alone would have missed the major activity events as they rarely resulted in large positional displacements. This underscores the importance of and value in integrating multiple tracking sensors for studies of movement ecology. Our approach could be adapted for other amphibians or other animals with mass constraints and may become standard monitoring equipment in the near future.

Construction of visual evaluation system for building block night scene lighting based on multi‐target recognition and data processing

AbstractThe rapid development of night tourism economy has made people's demand for night scene lighting in architectural blocks increasing, and the night scene lighting situation of urban architectural blocks has gradually received people's attention and attention. Achieving good night lighting visual effects of building blocks can not only meet the needs of residents for entertainment and consumption at night, but also beautify the image of blocks and promote the economic development of building blocks. However, due to the unreasonable planning and management of the night scene lighting design of architectural blocks in some areas, improper application of night scene lighting, and overly commercial night scene lighting effects, it affects people's normal night activity needs and has a negative impact on the long‐term block economy of the region. Faced with this situation, the night lighting of architectural blocks and its problems is studied and photos are identified with high lighting visual effect evaluation using multi‐target identification and data processing to construct a night lighting visual evaluation system for architectural blocks, and also an experimental study of the visual evaluation system is conducted. The results show that the overall visual suitability evaluation support rate of the respondents for the night scene lighting of architectural blocks is 95.64%, and the visual evaluation system proposed in this paper is reasonable and effective, which is conducive to promoting the improvement of the visual effect of night scene lighting in architectural blocks.

DISP-13. FEMALE MICE HAVE GREATER SUSTAINED ACTIVITY SUPPRESSION AND HYPERSOMNOLENCE AFTER RADIATION THERAPY: EXPLORATION OF SEX DIFFERENCES IN A MODEL OF CRANIAL-RADIATION-INDUCED HYPERSOMNOLENCE (C-RIH)

Abstract Female cancer patients have a better prognosis but more adverse events with chemotherapy; less is known with other cancer treatments like radiation therapy. Previous literature has demonstrated sex-dependent effects on the hippocampi and behavioral tasks within post-natal mice after radiotherapy. We explored the differences in activity and sleep in adult male and female mice within our previously established mouse model of cranial-irradiation-induced hypersomnolence (C-RIH). Ten mice of each sex (B6 x B6D2 backcrossed with C57/b6NCr) were observed for general activity and sleep continuously over 10 days before and after therapeutic irradiation (whole brain, 15Gy, single fraction). Behavioral assessments aimed at measuring anxiety (Light Dark Box, Elevated Zero Maze) and depression (Sucrose Preference Test) related behaviors, and working memory (Y Maze) were then used to assess any radiation-induced changes in mood or cognition. Independent samples t-tests compared male and female cohorts before and after radiation. At baseline, females had significantly higher peak activity (p &amp;lt; 0.001), as well as day (p &amp;lt; 0.001), and night (p = 0.004) activity. Females also showed less anxiety in the Elevated Zero Maze (p &amp;lt; 0.001) and Light-Dark Box (p = 0.012). In the Y-Maze, females had significantly more alternations (entry into each arm without repeat) (p = 0.004). Males and females consumed the same proportion of sucrose solution in respect to water (p = 0.124). After radiation, males and females showed a significant decrease in activity, with females displaying a higher suppression of night activity both 1-3 days (t(18) = 2.162, p = 0.045) and 7-9 days (t(18) = 2.266, p = 0.037). Female mice also showed increased night hypersomnolence at 1-3 days (t(18) = 4.474, &amp;lt; p = 0.001) and 7-9 days (t(18) = 2.920, p = 0.01). Further analysis is underway on post-radiation sex differences in sleep and activity. Here we used a mouse model of C-RIH to assess the behavioral outcomes between the sexes and found marked effects on sleep and activity.

Timed restricted feeding cycles drive daily rhythms in female rats maintained in constant light but only partially restore the estrous cycle.

Light at night is an emergent problem for modern society. Rodents exposed to light at night develop a loss of circadian rhythms, which leads to increased adiposity, altered immune response, and increased growth of tumors. In female rats, constant light (LL) eliminates the estrous cycle leading to a state of persistent estrus. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) drives circadian rhythms, and it interacts with the neuroendocrine network necessary for reproductive function. Timed restricted feeding (RF) exerts a powerful entraining influence on the circadian system, and it can influence the SCN activity and can restore rhythmicity or accelerate re-entrainment in experimental conditions of shift work or jet lag. The present study explored RF in female rats exposed to LL, with the hypothesis that this cyclic condition can rescue or prevent the loss of daily rhythms and benefit the expression of the estrous cycle. Two different feeding schedules were explored: 1. A 12-h food/12-h fasting schedule applied to arrhythmic rats after 3 weeks in LL, visualized as a rescue strategy (LL + RFR, 3 weeks), or applied simultaneously with the first day of LL as a preventive strategy (LL + RFP, 6 weeks). 2. A 12-h window of food intake with food given in four distributed pulses (every 3 h), applied after 3 weeks in LL, as a rescue strategy (LL + PR, 3 weeks) or applied simultaneously with the first day of LL as a preventive strategy (LL + PP, 6 weeks). Here, we present evidence that scheduled feeding can drive daily rhythms of activity and temperature in rats exposed to LL. However, the protocol of distributed feeding pulses was more efficient to restore the day–night activity and core temperature as well as the c-Fos day–night change in the SCN. Likewise, the distributed feeding partially restored the estrous cycle and the ovary morphology under LL condition. Data here provided indicate that the 12-h feeding/12-h fasting window determines the rest-activity cycle and can benefit directly the circadian and reproductive function. Moreover, this effect is stronger when food is distributed along the 12 h of subjective night.

Fire risk management in Tabriz Historic Bazaar Complex as a UNESCO World Heritage Site: 2009-2019 experiences.

Tabriz Historic Bazaar Complex (THBC) is one of the historical monuments of Iran. It has been registered in the list of The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Sites. However, the destructive power and frequency of fires are the main threat to this bazaar. This research examined the factors affecting the fire in THBC and the key components affecting the fire risk management based on the 2009-2019 experiences. The obtained findings showed that 25 components in economic, physical, socio-cultural, technical, and managerial dimensions were effective in the occurrence of fire in this bazaar. There were many fires during national-religious ceremonies. The highest rate of fire in leather shops was during carpet sales. Also, the highest rate of fire was from 22 to 3 at midnight, especially in winter. The results also showed that out of 26 components affecting fire risk management, 10 components were vital factors, the most important of which were modern equipment, control of electrical equipment, and night guards and activity monitoring. Finally, according to the obtained results, practical suggestions were offered to focus on modern equipment and the use of patrol forces.

Actigraphy monitoring in anxiety disorders: A mini-review of the literature

Sleep disturbances and changes of activity patterns are not uncommon in anxiety disorders, but they are rarely the object of attention. Actigraphic monitoring of day and night activity patterns could provide useful data to detect symptom worsening, prevent risk periods, and evaluate treatment efficacy in those disorders. Thus, we have conducted a systematic search of the scientific literature to find any original study using actigraphic monitoring to investigate activity and sleep patterns in patients affected by any type of anxiety disorder according to the definition of the DSM-5. We found only six studies fulfilling these criteria. Three studies report significant findings in patients suffering from anxiety disorders. Overall, the samples and methods are heterogeneous. Although the authors support the interest of actigraphic monitoring in anxiety disorders, the evidence to date is very limited.