Nigerian Cases Research Articles

Role of Delayed Cord Clamping in Limiting Blood Transfusion in Preterm Babies’: A Series of Three Nigerian Cases

The management of preterm babies are usually challenging with one significant issue being anaemia, which often requires multiple blood transfusions and their associated complications. Delayed cord clamping during delivery have been identified as a proactive measure to reduce the need for multiple blood transfusion in preterm babies. We present three case series of preterm babies delivered and managed with intentional delayed cord clamping [DCC], to strengthen the advocacy for the practice particularly in developing and less developed nations where blood transfusion facilities and practice may be inadequate.

RUNX3 polymorphism present in human oral squamous cell carcinoma

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is characterized by high incidence, mortality, post-management recurrence and metastatic rates as well as poor prognosis. This study was designed to identify molecular diagnostic and predictive signatures of OSCC in Nigerian cases. It was a retrospective-prospective case-control study spanning a 12 year period using 74 OSCC tissue blocks as well as benign epithelial lesions which served as control from which DNA was extracted and profiled for rs7528484 and rs760805 in RUNX3 gene by restriction fragment length polymorphism-PCR. Demography of the tissue blocks was recorded. Computed data were presented as frequencies/percentages. Association between RUNX3 polymorphism and patient's gender, age, tumor location, histology was assessed by Pearson's χ2 test at α0.05, Monte-Carlo exact test and Odds Ratios (OR) at Confidence Interval (CI) of 95%. Only rs7528484 was successfully genotyped with a distribution of 52.7% homozygote normal (CC), 28.4% heterozygote mutant (CT) and 18.9% homozygote mutant (TT). Gender and histology was generally significantly associated with genotypes/alleles. Genotypes CT and TT as well as the mutant allele T, showed odds of predicting OSCC. It appears that rs7528484 in RUNX3 might be common in patients suffering from OSCC. Individuals carrying the mutant allele could also be more susceptible to OSCC development.

STOCHASTIC TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS OF COVID-19 WITHIN A DENSITY DEPENDENT POPULATION

Coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) is a respiratory disease. Most infected people are known to develop mild to moderate symptoms and recover without requiring special treatment except for those who have underlying medical conditions and the elderly have a higher risk of developing severe disease. This research is aimed at studying the probable spread of the COVID-19 virus within a completely susceptible density-dependent population using a modified exponential distribution function. The modified exponential distribution function was extended to include the Basic Reproduction Number which was computed using the Nigerian COVID-19 index cases from 27th February to 18th April, 2020 to be. Various interesting results were obtained for the including the time period for the spread for different population sizes. The duration of the spread of the virus is from 4 to 7 hours with an average of 5.5 hours. This indicates that, for one infectious person with to enter a completely susceptible population of size , the virus can spread through the entire population in about hours if no control measures are in place.

Rethinking terrorism financing and democracy in Africa: The Nigeria case

Terrorism financing has become a threat to humanity and democracy in Africa. Most terrorist organizations in Africa need money to carry out their massacre activities, which threatens African democracy, political stability, and economic development. The wave of terrorism activities and terrorism financing in Africa have remained a major cause for concern. The pervasive widespread of terrorist attacks seem to have defile all situations. Apparently, in Nigeria, terrorist attack reports have become a daily menu. The lethal killings by Boko Haram in Nigeria can be likened to the era of the Nigerian Civil war. This paper therefore, compares and contrasts the terrorism financing vis-à-vis the nascent democracy in Africa with a focus on Nigerian cases of Boko Haram. Terrorism financing misrepresents democratic growth and economic development in Africa, which brought about a rise in terrorist widespread and negative financial growth and progress in Nigeria and Africa. The multi-dimensional of terrorist financing has brought difficulties to trace terrorist funds due to legitimize illegal sourcing of funds to terrorist accounts. The paper finds that the current wave of terrorism financing have made African democracy unstable and pathetically feeble.
 Keywords: Terrorism, financing, security, democracy

Exportation of Monkeypox Virus From the African Continent.

BackgroundThe largest West African monkeypox outbreak began September 2017, in Nigeria. Four individuals traveling from Nigeria to the United Kingdom (n = 2), Israel (n = 1), and Singapore (n = 1) became the first human monkeypox cases exported from Africa, and a related nosocomial transmission event in the United Kingdom became the first confirmed human-to-human monkeypox transmission event outside of Africa.MethodsEpidemiological and molecular data for exported and Nigerian cases were analyzed jointly to better understand the exportations in the temporal and geographic context of the outbreak.ResultsIsolates from all travelers and a Bayelsa case shared a most recent common ancestor and traveled to Bayelsa, Delta, or Rivers states. Genetic variation for this cluster was lower than would be expected from a random sampling of genomes from this outbreak, but data did not support direct links between travelers.ConclusionsMonophyly of exportation cases and the Bayelsa sample, along with the intermediate levels of genetic variation, suggest a small pool of related isolates is the likely source for the exported infections. This may be the result of the level of genetic variation present in monkeypox isolates circulating within the contiguous region of Bayelsa, Delta, and Rivers states, or another more restricted, yet unidentified source pool.

Salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma: A clinicohistologic study in a nigerian tertiary institution

Background: Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ADCC) is a slow-growing salivary gland tumor with high recurrence and mortality rates. Histologic variants present variable aggression. This has not been investigated in Nigeria. This study aimed to investigate association of histologic variants with clinical aggression in Nigerian cases. Patients and Methods: Fifty-nine ADCC from 363 salivary gland tumors were selected from the departmental oral biopsy archives. Clinical data were retrieved, and hematoxylin and eosin sections were reviewed for confirmation and categorization into solid, cribriform, and tubular (modified Perzin, Spiro and van Weert systems). Estimated mean tumor growth rates (EMTGRs) were computed and matched with histologic variants. Statistical analysis was Chi-square, Kruskal–Wallis, and Mann–Whitney's test. P value was ≤0.05. Statistical package was SPSS. Results: Age ranged between 7 and 83 years (mean 49.2 ± 16.8 years). About 75.1% occurred in the 4th–6th decade (P = 0.02). Most common histologic variant was predominantly cribriform no solid (PCNS) pattern (40.7%). In major salivary glands, there was association between histologic variant and EMTGR (P = 0.025). PCNS had the highest EMTGR (0.840) followed by predominantly solid (PS) (EMTGR, 0.744). These were significantly higher than predominantly tubular no solid (PTNS) (EMTGR, 0.442) and predominantly tubular 30% solid (EMTGR, 0.115). In minor glands, there was also association between histologic variants and EMTGR (P = 0.017). However, the highest EMTGR (0.509) occurred in PTNS followed by PCNS (0.428). These were significantly higher than PS (0.259) with the least EMTGR. Conclusion: Trend of clinical aggression of histological variants based on EMTGR of ADCC varies depending on the type of salivary gland (major vs. minor).

Revealing the nexus between oil and exchange rate in the major emerging markets—The timescale analysis

AbstractThis paper investigates the interrelationship between Brent oil price and exchange rate in 10 emerging markets of East Europe, Asia, Africa, and South America. For computational purpose, we apply two innovative methodologies—wavelet coherence and phase difference that are capable of observing different frequency scales. Wavelet coherence results suggest that strong coherence is present during world financial crisis (WFC) in the oil‐exporting countries and in majority of the oil‐importing countries. Phase arrows as well as phase difference suggest negative coherence between oil and exchange rates in the oil‐importing countries during WFC. Negative coherence is found in these countries because currency depreciation was accompanied by immense oil price drop in WFC period. In addition, phase difference has relatively stable in‐phase dynamics in long term in the oil‐importing countries during tranquil periods, which confirms theoretical stance that higher oil prices cause currency depreciation and vice versa. As for the oil‐exporting countries, we find constant and relatively long‐lasting anti‐phase pattern in Russian and Nigerian cases for long‐term horizons but not for Brazilian one.

Lymphoma of the Spleen in a Developing Community

From China, there was the report of a female patient with spleen lymphoma which involved the pancreas. In the USA case, the presentation was by way of rupture. Therefore, 4 Nigerian cases are deemed to be worthy of documentation.

Cadherin Expression in the Nigerian and United Kingdom Breast Cancer Cases: A Comparison of Clinicopathological and Prognostic Characteristics

Background: The expression of the cadherins have been shown to have both clinicopathological and prognostic significance in breast cancer from different ethnic populations. However, the clinicopathological and prognostic significance of the cadherins expression in Nigerian breast cancer (BC) have hitherto not been determined. The aim of this study was therefore to describe the expression patterns of E- and P-cadherin in Nigerian and United Kingdom (UK) BC cases and to compare the clinicopathological and prognostic significance of the cadherins between the two cohorts. Methods: Tissue microarray of about 266 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded Nigerian and 301 UK BC samples with well-characterized clinicopathological indices were subjected to immunohistochemical staining for E- and P-cadherins and other biomarkers. These biomarkers were correlated with the patients’ clinicopathological and prognostic data using the appropriate statistical tests on SPSS. A p value of < 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Results: A lower rate of E-cadherin expression was found in the Nigerian cohort (29.2%) compared to their UK counterparts (54.8%). However, the rate of P-cadherin expression was similar in both Nigerian (53.4%) and UK (52.9%) series. While E-cadherin expression showed no pathobiological significance in the Nigerian cases, it was associated with favourable clinicopathological features in the UK cohort. P-cadherin on the other hand was associated with adverse clinicopathological features, including the triple-negative and basal-like BC subtype in both BC populations. However, we found no prognostic significance for either E-cadherin or P-cadherin in both BC cohorts. Conclusion: While P-cadherin expression is high in both the Nigerian and UK BC cohorts and might therefore function as a biomarker for the basal-like BC, E-cadherin expression was associated with favourable clinicopathological indices in UK, but not in the Nigerian, cohorts.

Clinical Pattern of Autism in Nigeria.

Autism, a global disorder has been widely studied in the Western world. However, there are limited studies on its occurrence, risk factors, and presentation in developing countries such as Nigeria. This retrospective study highlights the pattern of presentation of autism and presence of some risk factors in 75 Nigerian cases referred to a private autism center. The diagnosis of autism was made using Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM IV), International Classification of Diseases Fourth edition, the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers, Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist, and Childhood Autism Rating Scale. There were 60 males and 15 females with a male to female ratio of 4:1. The mean age at presentation to the center was 6.87 ± 4.20 years and majority (91.9%) belonged to a high socioeconomic class. Already established risk factors, clinical features, and comorbidities of autism present among the study group were similar to findings in individuals with autism in other parts of the world.

Corrigendum

Conway, Brian. 2014. “Religious Public Discourses and Institutional Structures: A Cross-National Analysis of Catholicism in Chile, Ireland, and Nigeria.” Sociological Perspectives 57(2):149–66. Original doi: 10.1177/0731121414523400 . In the June 2014 issue of Sociological Perspectives, there were some data discrepancies in the text and Tables 1 and 2. Please find the corrected tables and data below: [Table: see text][Table: see text] 1. On page 152, line 32; “Chilean. . . Nigerian” should be “Nigerian. . . Chilean.” This is despite the fact that—as Table 1 shows—the greatest post–Vatican II generational personnel shift within the episcopacy took place in the Irish hierarchy, followed by the Nigerian hierarchy, and then the Chilean hierarchy. 2. On page 154, line 27; “7” should be “11.” For this content analysis, the full document—ranging in length from 2 to 109 pages, with an average length of 11, 14, and 25 pages for the Chilean, Irish, and Nigerian pastoral letters, respectively—was the unit of investigation. 3. On page 156, lines 17, 18, 19, and 20; “20” should be “16,” “13” should be “10,” “1” should be “2,” “9” should be “7,” “2” should be “4,” and “34” should be “21.” I found that the church in Chile and Nigeria appealed to national identity more than its counterpart in Ireland (see Table 2)—in Chile, 16 percent of pastoral letters in the faith and morals category and 10 percent in the social action category made mention of national identity, compared with 2 and 7 percent, respectively, in the Irish case. In Nigeria, 4 percent of faith and morals and 21 percent of social action pastoral letters invoked references to national identity. 4. On page 157, lines 28, 29, and 30; “20” should be “16,” “13” should be “10,” “2” should be “4,” and “34” should be “21.” When the Chilean and Nigerian cases are compared, however, I found that the church in Nigeria was more likely to mobilize national identity in the social action domain while the church in Chile was more likely to do so in the faith and morals domain—in Chile, 16 percent of pastoral letters in the faith and morals category and 10 percent in the social action category invoked national identity compared with 4 and 21 percent, respectively, in the case of Nigeria. 5. On page 158, lines 37 and 38; “42” should be “47” and “56” should be “53.” A total of 47 percent of legitimations by the Irish hierarchy in the social action domain belonged to the secular category compared with 53 percent falling into the Catholic category.

Feminist asylums and acts of dreaming

This article explores how US legal expansions narrow justice possibilities. Drawing from Joan Scott's work on experience, echo and reverberation, the article puts forth a method for reading the convergence of historical absences within legal subjectivity. In particular, it traces the denial of one Nigerian woman's US political asylum claim within the context of US handlings of Nigerian human rights cases focused on petroleum violence alongside the expansion of political asylum to include gender and sexual violence. The article accounts for the production of gender within a larger context of colonial state violence and questions how gender becomes a viable legal category through a variety of violent histories that implicate the US. By reframing questions of feminist justice within the site of law, the article argues for a deeper engagement with discontinuous narratives, which read against our common sense understandings, as a first step in divesting in US legal privilege.

P53 and Ki67 expression profile of cervical carcinoma: a review of 149 Nigerian cases

Introduction Cervical cancer is a leading cause of cancer mortality in Nigerian women. The mortality rate is known to be higher in cervical carcinoma with poor prognostic indices and these have been well correlated with p53 overexpression as well as a high proliferative index, measured by Ki67 expression. Method Immunohistochemistry was performed for p53 and Ki67 expression profile of cases of cervical carcinoma seen in the department of Morbid Anatomy and Forensic Medicine, OAUTHC, Ile-Ife, Nigeria over a 20-year period. Results There were a total of 320 cases of cervical carcinoma within the period under review. Of these, the large cell non-keratinizing variant was the most common and it constituted about 50.3% of cases, while keratinizing, adenocarcinoma, adenosqua-mous, small cell non-keratinizing, clear cell, verrucous and basa-loid variants constituted 32.2%, 6.3%, 3.4%, 3.4%, 2.2%, 1.9% and 0.3%, respectively. Immunohistochemistry was performed on only 149 cases where the tissue blocks were available. About 59.7% showed significant proliferative activity as evidenced by their Ki67 expression profile. About 61.0% of cases showed significant P53 overexpression. Conclusion There is a high expression profile of p53 and Ki67 by cervical carcinoma in our environment. This may partly explain the high mortality rate associated with this tumour.

Alternative feedstuffs utilisation in Nigerian poultry industry: potentials, problems and prospects

The potentials, problems and prospects of utilizing alternative feedstuffs in Nigerian poultry industry were reviewed. Research findings showed that alternative feed resources, particularly novel feed resources, were available and could be safely used in poultry nutrition. Several researchers indicated their suitability, a few envisaged the limitations to their effectiveness and some attempted to offer hints on their improvement. Generally, there was seemingly little scientific documentation about Nigerian cases that would have created the awareness for immediate adoption by prospective poultry farmers. This review therefore puts together the classifications of these feed resources with examples, their accessibility and safety to serve as a reorientation strategy to achieve research and value-addition plans of transforming the Nigerian livestock industry.

Oral cancer: The Nigerian experience

Oral cancer is one of the ten most common cancers worldwide and the five years survival rate is still disappointingly low. The incidence of oral cancer varies from different regions of the world with highest rates reported in the South-east Asia especially in India where oral cancer accounts for 15 - 40% of cancers and is the most common cancer in men. Although, tobacco and alcohol use are the most important risk factors in the development of oral cancer, some reports from Nigeria suggests otherwise. Tobacco and chronic alcohol use have been found to be low in cancer patients in various studies from Nigeria, whereas most of these patients are from the lower income, poorly educated class in the society. More so, oral cancer patients from a study in Nigeria were found to consume less fruits than controls and had statistically significant lower serum antioxidant vitamins levels when compared with a non-cancer group. We suggest that poverty, illiteracy, malnutrition and possibly a yet to be determined chronic infection may be more important risk factors than the well-established risk factors (tobacco and alcohol use) in the development of oral cancer in Nigerian cases. Key words: Oral cancer, tobacco, alcohol, risk factors.

Contribution of Antemortem Tooth Loss (AMTL) and Dental Attrition to Oral Palaeopathology in the Human Skeletal Series from the Yean-Ri Site, South Korea

Antemortem tooth loss (AMTL) and degree of dental attrition are thought to be closely related to dental caries and periodontitis, not only in ancient human skeletal remains but also in modern humans. We examined these features in the Yean-ri skeletal series (AD 4rd to 7th centuries), South Korea. There is no significant difference between males and females in AMTL and degree of dental attrition, so the male and female data in the present study were pooled. However, a significant difference in the AMTL rate was observed between individuals of different ages, particularly in the posterior teeth of the lower jaw. A significant increase in AMTL was seen with increasing age. The degree of dental attrition was also correlated with age and was closely related to dental eruption. The prevalence of occlusal dental caries was low in the Yean-ri skeleton. Yean-ri people ate food that was much harder than the food eaten by modern day people; therefore, their dental attrition was considerable. Occlusal dental caries is speculated not to have occurred in an individual with occlusal surfaces, such as severe attrition. In other words, occlusal dental caries might have occurred in young people, but it would not have been found in individuals beyond a certain age, as dental attrition progressed with aging. If dental attrition was considerable, slight occlusal dental caries could have disappeared due to dental attrition, as in the modern Nigerian cases. Furthermore, severe dental attrition in archaeological samples was closely related to caries sites.

A Comparison of Clinicopathological Features and Molecular Markers in British and Nigerian Women with Breast Cancer

Some studies have suggested that breast cancer in black women is more aggressive than in white women. This study's aim was to look for evidence of differences in tumour biology between the two cohorts. This study compared the stage, grade and pathological expression of five immunohistochemical markers (oestrogen receptor [ER], progesterone receptor [PR], ERBB2, P53 and cyclin D1 [CCND1]) in tumour biopsies from age-matched cohorts of patients from Nigeria and England. Sixty-eight suitable samples from Nigerian (n = 34) and British (n = 34) breast cancer patients were retrieved from histology tissue banks. There were significant differences between the two cohorts in the expression of ER and CCND1; and stark differences in the clinical stage at presentation. But no significant differences were observed for tumour grade. There was a significantly, low ER expression in the Nigerian cases which also predicts a poor response to hormonal therapy as well as a poorer prognosis. Differences in clinical stage at presentation will most likely influence prognosis between Nigerian and British women with breast cancer.

A Comparison of Quality-of-Life in Schizophrenia and Affective Disorder Patients in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital

This study determined the degree of satisfaction with various aspects of life in patients with affective disorders and schizophrenia in a Nigerian tertiary hospital. We compared quality-of-life (QOL) at onset-of-illness (first episode) with QOL at time of study and identified sociodemographic and clinical variables that may predict QOL. All consenting patients with ICD-10 compatible diagnosis of schizophrenia (n = 100) and affective disorders (n = 35) receiving treatment in the study center during the study period were interviewed. The WHOQOL-Bref was used to assess respondents' subjective QOL, and a data-collection sheet assessed objective domains of QOL. Respondents with schizophrenia and affective disorders had a good outcome in terms of objective QOL scores. In both groups, however, the subjective ratings were poor as the illness progresses. We conclude that in Nigerian hospital cases, patients with schizophrenia andaffective disorders have a good outcome in terms of objective QOL scores, which are not in consonance with their subjective ratings. Marital status and employment status are predictive of QOL.

A survey of temporomandibular joint dislocation: aetiology, demographics, risk factors and management in 96 Nigerian cases

A retrospective study of 96 cases of temporomandibular joint dislocation was undertaken. Patients’ ages ranged from 9 to 85 years (mean ± SD, 35.3 ± 17.4 years) and peak incidence was at 20–29 years. Mean duration was 7.9 weeks (range, 1 h to 3 years). Acute, chronic and recurrent dislocations were seen in 46 (47.9%), 29 (30.2%) and 21 (21.9%) patients, respectively. Males dominated in all three categories but this was not statistically significant ( P = 0.8). Excessive mouth opening while yawning (44 cases) was the commonest cause of dislocation, followed by road traffic accidents (13 cases). Ten patients (10.4%) had an underlying systemic disease, the commonest being epilepsy (four cases); those with acute dislocation recorded the highest incidence of underlying illness. Bilateral anterior (86 cases) dislocations were the most frequent. Of the 96 patients, 89 (92.7%) were available for treatment. Manual reduction with or without anaesthesia proved effective for 38/45 acute, 5/24 chronic and 14/20 recurrent cases. Chronic dislocations were treated mainly by surgical osteotomy (13/24). Vertical subsigmoid and oblique ramus osteotomies were the commonest surgical techniques recorded. Treatment was satisfactory for all patients surgically handled except for one case of anterior open bite postoperatively. This study has shown that excessive mouth opening while yawning is the commonest cause of temporomandibular joint dislocation in Nigerians, and conservative approaches to management remain quite effective irrespective of the duration and clinical subtype. The best choice of surgical technique should be determined by proper clinical evaluation and the need to avoid or minimize postoperative morbidity.

Ectodermal odontogenic tumours: analysis of 197 Nigerian cases

This article presents a clinico-pathologic analysis of 197 cases of ectodermal odontogenic tumours archieved in the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos Nigeria over a 21-year period. They were categorized according to the WHO classification of odontogenic tumours. Of the 197 cases, 182 (92.3%) were benign while 15 (7.6%) were malignant. Central ameloblastoma, which accounted for 88.3% in this series, was the most common benign neoplasm demonstrating predilection for males (58.6%) and the mandible (83.3%). The mean age of occurrence (±SD) was 31.0±13.9 (range 9–82 years). Similarly ameloblastic carcinoma was the most prevalent malignant tumour (5.6%) with a predilection for females (63.6%) and the mandible (81.8%). The mean age of occurrence (±SD) was 30.1±20.7 (range 16–85) years. Follicular ameloblastoma was found to be the commonest histologic subtype seen in Nigeria.