Nigerian Bonny Light Crude Oil Research Articles

Modeling the Nigerian Bonny Light Crude Oil Price: The Power of Fuzzy Time Series

Several authors have used different classical statistical models to fit the Nigerian Bonny Light crude oil price but the application of machine learning models and Fuzzy Time Series model on the crude oil price has been grossly understudied. Therefore, in this study, a classical statistical model—Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), two machine learning models—Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Random Forest (RF) and Fuzzy Time Series (FTS) Model were compared in modeling the Nigerian Bonny Light crude oil price data for the periods from January, 2006 to December, 2020. The monthly secondary data were collected from the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) and Reuters website and divided into train (70%) and test (30%) sets. The train set was used in building the models and the models were validated using the test set. The performance measures used for the comparison include: The modified Diebold-Mariano test, the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) and Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) values. Based on the performance measures, ANN (4, 1, 1) and RF performed better than ARIMA (1, 1, 0) model but FTS model using Chen’s algorithm outperformed every other model. The results recommend the use of FTS model for forecasting future values of the Nigerian Bonny Light Crude oil. However, a hybrid model of ARIMA-ANN or ARIMA-RF should be built and compared with Chen’s algorithm FTS model for the same data set to further verify the power of FTS model using Chen’s algorithm.

Mitigating Toxic Effects of Nigerian Bonnylight Crude Oil on Sperm Motility and Morphology of Wistar Rats with Ethanol Leaves Extract of Ageratum ConyzoidesSupplementation

Crude petroleum and aromatic hydrocarbons are among environmental pollutants with estrogenic tendency reported to have directly and indirectly impacted negatively on reproductive health with a decline in fertility of human and wildlife...

Benzo [a] Pyrene- carcinogenic and mutagenic equivalents of fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) exposed to water soluble fractions of Nigerian Bonny Light crude oil BLCO

Benzo [a] Pyrene- carcinogenic and mutagenic equivalents of fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) exposed to water soluble fractions of Nigerian Bonny Light crude oil BLCO

Adverse Effect on the Liver Biochemical Indices Following Dermal Exposure to Nigerian Bonny Light Crude Oil

Adverse Effect on the Liver Biochemical Indices Following Dermal Exposure to Nigerian Bonny Light Crude Oil

Anti-Inflammation Potentials of Ageratum Conyzoides against Crude Oil-Induced Inflammation and Sperm DNA Damage in Male Wistar Rats

Sperm carry the necessary genome materials require for procreation in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and the integrity of this DNA is cardinal to the survival and function of spermatozoa. This integrity can be compromised due to the vulnerability of sperm cell which could impact negatively on male reproductive health. Forty male Wistar rats (119-128g body weight) were divided into eight groups of five rats each. Group I served as the control and were oral gavaged 3ml/kg of normal saline; groups II-IV gavaged 374.17mg/kg, 748.33mg/kg and 1122.50mg/kg body weight of the extract of Ageratum conyzoides respectively. Group V was gavaged 3ml/kg body weight of Nigerian Bonnylight crude oil (NBLCO). Groups VI-VIII was co-administered the aforementioned doses of the extract of Ageratum conyzoides with 3ml/kg body weight of NBLCO respectively. The results showed that NBLCO significantly increased DNA damages, elevated C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 levels compared to the control and extract of Ageratum conyzoides groups (p<0.05). The co-administration of ethanol leaf-extracts of Ageratum conyzoides with NBLCO significantly reversed these trends (p<0.05). While the NBLCO significantly decreased platelet count and percentage of the circulating neutrophils compared to the control and extract treated groups (p<0.05), it significantly elevated the total white blood cell count (p<0.05). But the co-administration of the extract with NBLCO significantly increased platelet count as well as the percentage of circulating neutrophils (p<0.05). It is concluded that the co-administration of ethanol leaf-extract of Ageratum conyzoides with NBLCO can ameliorate sperm DNA.

Serum proteins and enzymes levels in rats following co-administration of ethanolic leaf extracts of Ageratum conyzoides and Nigerian Bonnylight Crude Oil

The role of administration of leaf extract of Ageratum conyzoides following the administration of Nigerian Bonnylight crude oil (NBLCO) on serum proteins and enzymes was investigated. Twenty female Wistar rats (120 to 150 g body weight) were divided into four groups of five rats each. The rats in group I served as the control group and were oral gavaged 3 ml/kg of normal saline; group II gavaged 748.33 mg/kg body weight of the extract of A. conyzoides, which was 20% of the LD50 (3741.66 mg/kg). Group III was gavaged 3 ml/kg body weight of NBLCO. This dose was calculated as 20% of the lethal dose of 14.14 ml/kg. Group IV animals were gavaged 748.33 mg/kg body weight of the extract of A. conyzoides, and 3 ml/kg body weight of NBLCO. In all cases, doses were applied daily for 31 days according to animal’s most recent body weight. The results showed that NBLCO significantly increase serum albumin, globulin, fibrinogen Alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) compared with groups I and II (P<0.05). Co-administration of leaf extracts of A. conyzoides with NBLCO caused significant reduction in the aforementioned parameters when compared with crude oil group (p<0.05). It is concluded that co-administration of the ethanolic leaf extracts of Ageratum conyzoides with the NBLCO can be hepatoprotective to the extent of ameliorating its hazardous effects on the liver cells.

Evaluation of Some Inflammatory Biomarkers in Male Albino Wistar Rats Following Ingestion of Crude Oil and the Role of Bee Honey, Vitamins C and E

Evaluation of some biomarkers of inflammation in male Albino Wistar rats following ingestion of Nigerian Bonny Light Crude Oil (NBLCO) and the effect of antioxidant supplementation was the focus of this study. Forty-eight adult male Albino Wistar rats weighing 150 - 180 g were randomly divided 8 per group into: group I (control) oral gavaged 3 ml/kg of normal saline; group II received 3 ml/kg of NBLCO; groups III, IV and V received in addition to 3 ml/kg of NBLCO 1 ml/kg vitamin C, vitamin E and 3 ml/kg of honey bee respectively; group VI received 3 ml/kg of honey. After 28 days of treatment, all animals were anaesthetized with chloroform and blood collected by cardiac puncture for analysis. Results showed that NBLCO administration significantly increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein while supplementation with antioxidant significantly reversed such effects (p < 0.05). NBLCO significantly reduced platelets and fibrinogen levels compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the vitamin supplementation significantly reduced platelets and fibrinogen levels compared to group II (NBLCO) (p < 0.05). Honey supplementation on the other hand significantly reduced platelets and fibrinogen compared to group II (NBLCO) (p < 0.05). From the results obtained it is concluded that ingestion of NBLCO has the potential to induce development and progression of inflammation but could substantially be mitigated by supplementation with antioxidant vitamins C, E and honey.

Molecular Diversity of Microbes with Probable Degradative Genes in Agricultural Soil Contaminated with Bonny Light Crude Oil

This study looked at the diversity of microorganisms persistent in agricultural soil sample polluted with 100 ml of 100% Nigerian Bonny light crude oil left for four years. DNA from crude oil polluted agricultural soil sample was extraction using ZYMO soil DNA extraction Kit. DNA sequencing was performed by Next Generation Sequencing Technique [NGST] using automated PCR cycle- Genome Sequencer™ FLX System from 454 Life Sciences™ and Roche Applied. Sequence analysis and alignment was performed using Vecton NTI suite 9 (InforMax, Inc.). The resulting nucleotide sequences were compared to sequences obtained from GenBank by BLASTx analysis using CLO Bio software as well as BLASTn using NCBI. Molecular Identities of microbial community was obtained by creating different dendrograms. Gene sequencing carried out read 513 different nucleotide sequences. Seven phyla with 47 corresponding culture-dependent species and 169 culture-independent bacteria clone were obtained. The resultant tree showed cladogram of proteobacteria ( b and g - proteobacteria), bacteria/enterobacteria, firmicutes, plantomycetes, acidobacteria group/ fibrobacteres, Bacteriodetes/chlorobi Actinobacteria/high G + C and chloriflexi phyla. Furher taxonomical classification was carried out with reads of sufficient Q scores (> q30) and lengths and a total of 420 read count of top kingdom classification of 100% bacteria kingdom was obtained. Proteobacteria phyla of class betaproteobacteria, order Burkholderiales and family Comamonadaceae had the highest read count with percentage diversity of 57.14%, 53.81%, 53.81 and 53.57% respectively. The nucleotide sequences with no hit (208) was sent to Genbank for asigning of ascension number. The detection of these diverse organisms from crude oil polluted agricultural soil left for four years, depict that the organism probably, have degradative genes which aided their survival.

Computer Aided Design of a Multi-Component Distillation Column for Processing of Nigerian Bonny Light Crude Oil

The design of the multi-component distillation column for processing of Bonny light crude is presented using advanced process simulation software (Aspen Hysys). The steady state design models were developed from Mesh equations and were used to obtain the design parameters based on the principle of conservation of mass and energy. The design parameters were column diameter, column cross sectional area, height of the column, downcomer area, hole area, weir length, wet area and tray spacing. The equations developed are capable of predicting compositions, partial pressures and temperature of the components of interest from the mixtures of crude oil. The accuracy of the design parameters were ascertained by comparing predicted results with literature data of a distillation unit. The simulation of the design models were performed using Aspen Hysys to obtain optimum values of the most significant variables/parameters (column diameters 1.558m, column height 17.048m, cross section area 1.907m2, downcomer area 0.229m2, tray spacing 0.5m, weir length 1.200m, hole area 0.191m2 and wet area 1.678m2). The result obtained from the steady state simulation shows that the feed flow rate, temperature and pressure influence the efficiency of the distillation column.

Transient effect of single dose exposure of Nigerian Bonny-light crude oil on testicular steroidogenesis in Wistar rats is accompanied by oxidative stress

The folkloric use of Nigerian Bonny-light crude oil (BLCO) in Niger Delta area of Nigeria is a common practice. There is increasing experimental evidence portending the adverse effects of BLCO an environmental toxicant on testicular function. We investigated the effects of single dose of BLCO (800 mg/kg body weight) on the activities of steroidogenic and antioxidant enzymes such as serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone, 3 β-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase (3 β-HSD), 17 β-hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase (17 β-HSD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO), glutathione reduced (GSH) and steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein, in testes of rats. There was a sequential reduction in the concentration of steroid hormones and activities of steroidogenic enzymes with a concomitant decrease in levels of StAR protein, followed by a parallel increase in antioxidant enzyme activities and levels of LPO. These findings revealed inhibitory effects of BLCO on testicular steroidogenesis and the possible role of oxidative stress in testicular dysfunction observed in this study.

Influence of vitamin E and quercetin on Nigerian Bonny Light crude oil-induced neuronal and testicular toxicity in Wistar rats.

Mounting experimental evidence highlights the testicular and neuronal toxicity of environmental/industrial chemicals in experimental animals via the mechanism involving oxidative damage. Nigerian Bonny Light crude oil (BLCO) has been reported to exhibit reproductive and neuronal toxicity in male rats. Studies have shown that vitamin E and quercetin protect rat neuronal and testicular cells from environmental chemical-induced oxidative damage. We investigated the possible protective role of quercetin and vitamin E in BLCO induced-neuronal and testicular toxicity. Male rats were administered BLCO at doses of 400 and 800 mg/kg body wt/day p.o. three times/week for 6 weeks. Other groups were co-administered BLCO (400 and 800 mg/kg body wt/day p.o.) with/without vitamin E (50 mg/kg body wt/day p.o.) or quercetin (10 mg/kg body wt/day p.o.) three times/week for 6 weeks, respectively. Semen quality deteriorated, testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were significantly decreased, and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) increased following BLCO reatment. There was a significant decline in the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) with concomitant increased levels of lipid peroxidation and activities of xanthine oxidase (XO) in a dose-dependent manner, in testes and brain of rats. Co-administration with vitamin E or quercetin reversed BLCO-induced neuronal and testicular toxicity by preventing oxidative stress, improving sperm quality, and restoring hormonal levels relative to controls. BLCO altered reproductive indices and induced neuronal toxicity via the mechanism of oxidative stress. Quercetin and vitamin E showed possible chemoprotection against the toxicity.

The Relationship between Nigerian Bonnylight Crude Oil-Induced Hypoglycaemia and Endogenous Serum Insulin Concentration in Male Wistar Rats: The Role of Antioxidant Vitamins C and E

The relationship between Nigerian Bonny Light crude oil (NBLCO) induced hypoglycaemia and endogenous serum insulin concentration; the role of antioxidant vitamin C or E supplementation was the focus of this study. Forty adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into group I, which served as the control, group II, which was oral gavaged 6 ml/kg of NBLCO, groups III and IV, which were in addition to 6 ml/kg of NBLCO supplemented with 9 ml/kg and 1 mg/kg of vitamin E or C, respectively for 28 days. Results showed that NBLCO significantly (p p p p been demonstrated in this study that direct oral ingestion of crude oil (NBLCO) could reduce food intake, body weight and cause hypoglycemia; the hypoglycemia may not be a function of serum insulin concentration. Interestingly, the hazardous effects of NBLCO could be ameliorated with antioxidant vitamin C or E supplementation.

Nigerian bonny light crude oil induces endocrine disruption in male rats

Exposure to Nigerian bonny light crude oil (BLCO) in the southern part of Nigeria has been reported to be associated with reproductive toxicity, but there is paucity of information on its interference with steroidogenesis. This study investigated the influence of BLCO on testicular steroidogenesis and plasma levels of hormones from the pituitary and thyroid components of the brain–pituitary–testicular axis. Adult male Wistar rats were orally treated with BLCO dissolved in corn oil at 0, 200 and 800 mg/kg for 7 days. Immunoblot analysis revealed that BLCO exposure suppressed steroid acute regulatory protein and androgen-binding protein expression with concomitant decrease in 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activities. BLCO exposure significantly decreased plasma concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin and intratesticular testosterone, but elevated thyrotropin, triiodothyronine and thyroxine above the control values. The data presented herein indicate that undue exposure to BLCO has an inhibitory effect on testicular steroidogenesis. The underlying mechanisms for BLCO-induced testicular dysfunction may involve its disruptive effect on the brain–pituitary–testicular axis. These observations highlight the potential risk to public health for a population where, unfortunately, oil spillages occur frequently.

Vitamin C or E Supplementation Ameliorates Nigerian Bonny Light Crude Oil-Induced Erythrocyte Haemolysis in Male Wistar Rats

Exposure to Nigerian Bonny Light crude oil contamination may lead to disruption and interference with the physiology of biological membranes leading to disease conditions. The paucity of information on the influence of oral ingestion of Nigerian Bonny Light Crude Oil (NBLCO) and antioxidant vitamin supplementation on the erythrocyte membrane necessitated this study. Forty male Wistar rats (150 - 165g body weight) were divided into four groups of 10 rats each. Group I served as control and was gavaged 6ml/kg normal saline, group II was gavaged 6ml/kg NBLCO. Groups III and IV were in addition to 6ml/kg of NBLCO supplemented with 1mg/kg and 9mg/kg of vitamin C or E respectively. The results show that the median corpuscular fragility (MCF) was significantly higher (p<0.001) in NBLCO group. The MCF of vitamin supplemented groups were significantly higher (p<0.001) than control but significantly lower (p<0.05) than NBLCO group, the instability index for NBLCO group was significantly higher than control (p<0.001). Vitamin supplementation significantly (p<0.05) lowered the instability index when compared to NBLCO group, but were significantly higher (p<0.001) than control. The NBLCO significantly reduced (p<0.001) erythrocyte parameters which were significantly (p<0.01) reversed by vitamin supplementation. It is concluded that NBLCO is harmful to erythrocyte membrane, causing haemolysis accounting for its anaemic potentials. Interestingly, these effects can be ameliorated by antioxidant vitamin supplementation.

Neurotoxicity of Nigerian bonny light crude oil in rats

Biometal accumulation may contribute to organ toxicity in individuals using the Nigerian bonny light crude oil (BLCO) for ailment management. We assessed the levels of biometals, antioxidant status, along with histomorphometric analysis to investigate the effect of BLCO, commonly use in folklore medicine, on the brain. Adult male Wistar rats were dosed by gavage with BLCO at 0, 200, and 800 mg/kg–1 of BLCO for 7 days. Results showed the accumulation of iron, zinc, nickel and lead, in contrast to copper, in BLCO-treated rats. Administration of BLCO disrupted the brain’s antioxidant system and significantly increased levels of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation. Although the Purkinje layer and maximum width of Purkinje cells were not affected, BLCO treatment significantly decreased molecular layer, granular layer, and density of Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. The neurotoxicity of BLCO may be the result of oxidative stress resulting from loss of biometal homeostasis as well as toxicant injury from other constituents of BLCO.

Lack of recovery from hepatic oxidative damage in rats treated with Nigerian bonny light crude oil

The use of Nigerian bonny light crude oil (BLCO) in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, burns, foot ulcers and reproductive capacity is a common practice in the southern part of Nigeria. Towards understanding the mechanism and the reversibility of hepatotoxicity induced by BLCO, adult male Wistar rats were orally administered with BLCO at 0, 50, 100 and 200 mg kg(-1) for 21 days. One-half of the rats were sacrificed on day 22, whereas the remaining half stayed for an additional 21 days without treatment. Whereas the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase were significantly (p < 0.05) increased, gamma glutamyl transferase activity was significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner. The levels of glutathione, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde were significantly elevated in BLCO-treated animals. In addition, hepatic degeneration was accompanied with elevation in serum aminotransferases activities without affecting bilirubin levels. Whereas most of the above-mentioned parameters were consistent in animals from withdrawal experiment, both total and conjugated bilirubin levels were significantly increased after 21 days of BLCO-treatment withdrawal. Taken together, BLCO-induced hepatotoxicity could be due to increased oxidative stress which was not reversible upon withdrawal of treatment within the time course of investigation in male rats.

Tissues distribution of heavy metals and erythrocytes antioxidant status in rats exposed to Nigerian bonny light crude oil

The harmful effects of folkloric uses of Nigerian bonny light crude oil (BLCO) in ailments management may outweigh the expected beneficial effects. We investigated the levels of heavy metal concentrations in the tissues as well as the effect of BLCO on the antioxidant status of erythrocytes of rats after oral exposure to 0, 200 and 800 mg/kg BLCO for 7 days. Analysis of heavy metal concentrations in BLCO showed that Zn > Fe > Pb > Cu > Ni. The trend of accumulation of the metals in the tissues is blood-Fe > Pb >Zn whereas Cu and Ni levels were not affected; Liver-Ni > Zn > Fe > Cu > Pb and Testes-Ni > Cu > Pb > Zn > Fe. The order of concentration of the metals in the tissues is as follows: iron-blood > liver > testes; zinc-liver > blood > testes; lead-blood > liver > testes; copper-testes > liver > blood; nickel-liver > testes > blood. Activities of the antioxidant enzymes of erythrocytes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner with significant elevation in hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde levels, whereas glutathione level was not significantly decreased in BLCO-treated animals. Collectively, the results showed that BLCO induces oxidative damage to erythrocytes of rats.

Induction of oxidative stress in liver and kidney of rats exposed to Nigerian bonny light crude oil

The local population of Niger-Delta in the Southern part of Nigeria have used bonny light crude oil (BLCO) as a remedy for various ailments and are exposed to some extent to this widespread environmental contaminant or its metabolites through the food chain. BLCO's hepatorenal toxicity was studied using oxidative stress indices to elucidate the precise nature and mechanism of action. BLCO was orally administered at concentrations of 0, 200, 400, and 800 mg kg⁻¹ to adult male rats for 7 days. After exposure, kidney weight was unaffected, but liver weight decreased significantly at 800 mg kg⁻¹ only compared with control. BLCO exposure resulted in dose-dependent elevation of serum aminotransferases, total bilirubin, urea, and creatinine. Activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase decreased significantly, whereas γ-glutamyltransferase activity and the level of glutathione increased significantly in BLCO-treated animals compared with control in both liver and kidney of rat. Renal activities of glucose-6-phosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase markedly decreased in a dose-dependent manner in BLCO-exposed rats. In addition, the levels of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation significantly increased, dose dependently, in liver and kidney of BLCO-treated rats compared with control. BLCO-treated rats showed marked degeneration of kidney evident in cortical hemorrhages, tubular necrosis, protein casts, and cellular infiltration. However, no treatment-related liver histopathology was observed. The results suggested that BLCO elicits disruption of antioxidant status and concomitant elevation of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation differentially in liver and kidney of rats. The hepatorenal toxicity of BLCO could be due to induction of oxidative stress in liver and kidney.

Reproductive toxicity of Nigerian Bonny light crude oil upon withdrawal of treatment in male rats

Reproductive toxicity of Nigerian Bonny light crude oil upon withdrawal of treatment in male rats

Effect of crude oil extracts on early stages of African catfish &lt;i&gt;Heterobranchus longifilis&lt;/i&gt; (val.) reared under controlled condition

Eggs and larvae of Heterobranchus longifilis were exposed to extracts of different concentrations of Nigerian Bonny light crude oil and Exxon Mobil Oso off-shore condensate during a comparative toxicity experiment carried out in the Institute of Oceanography Fish Farm, University of Calabar, Nigeria. Petroleum hydrocarbon was extracted from the two oils in separate 30litre glass aquaria and the eggs and young larvae were contaminated by exposing them to three concentrations of both oils, viz: 101, 103, 102ppm for approximately 10 days. Young eggs seemed to be more sensitive from 5 to 30 hours after fertilization. Extract from 104 ppm of Bonny Light Crude and Oso condensate caused 40% and 30% mortality respectively, after 100h. Embryos contaminated with Bonny Light crude extract did not recover on transfer to clean water. Delayed development was observed in the two-highest concentrations. Heterobranchus longifilis larvae were found to have a “mean critical time” of 4.2 days in the highest concentration of Oso condensate extract when larval integument was damaged. It is concluded that Bonny light crude could be a more dangerous pollutant to juvenile fish than the Oso condensate. KEYWORDS: Heterobranchus longifilis , crude Oil extracts, Mortality, Bonny Light Crude, Exxon Mobil Oso Condensate.