Adult Nigerians Research Articles

Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Internal Derangements and Other Knee Pathologies in Adult Nigerians.

Knee joint pathologies/injuries are one of the most common musculoskeletal complaints in adults worldwide. The aetiologies of knee joint disorders are diverse. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a sophisticated method of detecting and characterizing knee pathologies. This study was conducted to document the clinical presentation and MRI patterns of knee joint abnormalities in a group of adults in Lagos, Nigeria, and to juxtapose it with reports from other climes. A retrospective hospital-based analysis of the knee MRI of 158 adult Nigerians was conducted in a single health facility. The clinical history and knee MRI findings were extracted, analyzed, and documented. Statistical significance was established at P≤0.05. There were 158 participants comprising 92 males (58.2%) and 66 females (41.8%) between the ages of 18 and 79. The mean age of the males was 44.75 ± 14.41 years, while that of the females was 47.76 ± 13.72 years (P = 0.19). A history of previous trauma was elicited in 135 (85.4%) participants. Eighty-two right knees (51.9%) and 76 left knees (48.1%) were examined. The dominant joint pathologies detected include effusion (77.2%), medial meniscopathy (48.1%), tibial abnormalities (46.2%), femoral abnormalities (46.2%), patella abnormalities (46.2%), anterior cruciate ligament disorders (37.3%), lateral meniscopathy (27.2%), medial collateral ligament disorders (22.2%), and popliteal (Baker's) cysts (15.8%). ACL abnormalities were significantly more prevalent in male subjects. Knees with ruptured sACL had significantly more joint effusion and injuries to the medial meniscus, lateral meniscus, posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), medial retinacular ligament (MRL), femur, tibia, and fibula. There was no significant difference in the frequency of abnormalities between the right and left knees. Joint effusion, medial meniscopathy, osseous abnormalities (tibia, femur, patella), ACL abnormalities, lateral meniscopathy, and MCL abnormalities, in decreasing order, were the most frequent pathologies in the knee joints evaluated.

Enhancing social connectedness: How adults with vision impairment perceive and use social media in Nigeria

As the number of social media users continues to increase globally, it is important to explore the experiences of different segments of users. While research on social media use by people with vision impairment is growing, lacking is research in this area in Nigeria. This qualitative study describes the lived experiences and perceptions of social media use among Nigerian adults with vision impairment, using a transcendental approach. Findings showed that people with vision impairment experienced a reduction in social connectedness due to their vision impairment, but those who used social media were able to enhance social connectedness, increase social interaction, develop social relationships and expand their social networks. Participants described social media as a good medium for learning and education as it enabled ready access to information. Results indicated that supporting adults with vision impairment experiencing reduced social connectedness to engage with social media could help improve their social well-being.

Prevalence, determinants, and reasons for malaria vaccine hesitancy among caregivers of under-five children in Nigeria: Results from a nationwide cross-sectional survey.

Malaria contributes to an enormous global burden of disease and mortality, especially in children. Approximately one in every four global cases and deaths from malaria occurs in Nigeria. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence and correlates of community hesitancy to the malaria vaccine, including the reasons for the hesitancy, following the approval of the RTS,S malaria vaccine by the World Health Organization (WHO). This was a nationwide cross-sectional online survey of Nigerian adults conducted from 20th October to 30th November 2021. Participants who replied 'no' or 'maybe' to a question assessing their willingness to accept the RTS,S malaria vaccine were considered "hesitant". We fit a multivariate logistic regression model to report the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the factors associated with vaccine hesitancy. Among 3377 total respondents (1961 [57.86%] males; mean age [SD]: 30[9.1]), 1010 (29.91%) were hesitant. Receiving information about the RTS,S malaria vaccine initially from healthcare workers (vs. the internet) (aOR:0.55; 95% CI:0.35-0.87) was significantly associated with lower odds of hesitancy. Conversely, earning a high income of over NGN100, 000 (vs.<NGN 30,000) per month (aOR: 2.10, 95% CI: 1.36-3.24), belonging to other religious groups (vs. Islam) (aOR:3.25, 95% CI:1.18-8.98), and having a family size of more than ten (vs.<5) (aOR:1.84; 95% CI:1.08-3.13) were significantly associated with a higher odds of hesitancy. The main reasons for vaccine hesitancy included fear of vaccine adverse effects (34.95%), availability of other malaria preventive measures (33.96%) and not seeing the positive effect of the vaccine in others first (32.97%). The findings of this survey provide a valuable blueprint for the development of targeted interventions to facilitate caregiver acceptance of the RTS,S vaccine.

Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies in vaccinated and vaccine naïve adult Nigerians.

Reports on the evaluation of immune responses to different COVID-19 vaccines are limited. Similarly, effects of age and gender have not been well explored as variables that could impact on the vaccine-induced antibody response. Therefore, seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies in vaccinated and vaccine naïve adult Nigerians was determined in this study. A total of 141 adults were enrolled into this study. Presence or absence of SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase-chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay on nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab specimens. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Specific IgG and IgM antibodies were qualitatively detected using a Rapid Diagnostic Test kit. Pre-vaccination, 77% of the study participants had never had PCR-confirmed COVID-19 test yet 66.7% of them were seropositive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Of 111 COVID-19 vaccinated participants, 69.2% and 73.8% of them had SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG post-first and second doses of COVID-19 vaccine respectively. However, 23.1% and 21.4% of the participants who have had first and second doses respectively had no detectable anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The proportion of participants with SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG was insignificantly higher in those between the ages of 18-40 years and 41-59 years compared with individuals aged ≥60 years. No significant association was observed between gender and seropositivity for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. There is high SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence among Nigerian adults who never had PCR-confirmed COVID-19. Also, there is the need for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies screening post vaccination as this could be essential in achieving herd immunity. Age and gender do not seem to have significant association with seropositivity.

Reference Values for 3-Meter Backward Walk Test among Apparently Healthy Adults

Objective: The 3-meter backward walk (3MBW) test is an outcome performance measure to assess backward walking mobility, balance, and risk of fall. However, the lack of baseline values is a potential limitation for its use as a rehabilitation target value or predictor of outcomes. This study aimed at ascertaining a gender- and age-reference value of 3MBW and determining its correlation with sociodemographic and anthropometric variables. Methods: A total of 1,601 Nigerian healthy adults participated in this cross-sectional study. 3MBW was measured following standardized procedure on a marked 3-m floor. Anthropometric and sociodemographic parameters were taken. Data were summarized using the descriptive statistics of mean, standard deviation, and percentile (less than the 25th, between the 25th and 75th, and above the 75th percentiles were regarded as low, average, and high 3MBW, respectively). Results: From this study, less than 2.23 s and 2.60 s were regarded as low risk of fall for males and females, respectively; 2.23–3.00 s and 2.60–3.50 s were regarded as average risk of fall for males and females, respectively, while greater than 3.00–3.9 s and 3.50–3.90 s were regarded as high risk of fall for males and females, respectively. 3MBWT was significantly associated with age (r = 0.51, p = 0.001), sex (r = 0.315, p = 0.001), weight (r = 0.14, p = 0.001), BMI (r = 0.28, p = 0.001), but not height (r = −0.03; p = 0.250). Conclusion: This study provided a reference set of values according to age and gender for 3MBW in healthy individuals. Males have shorter 3MBW than females, and the time taken to accomplish 3MBW increases with age.

Sonographic Measurement of the Spleen in the healthy adult Nigerian Population in Enugu State, Nigeria

Context: measurement of the spleen with ultrasound in order to obtain normal lengths (nomogram) is possible because ultrasound is devoid of ionizing radiation, it is real time, readily available, cheap easily reproducible and has high specificity and high sensitivity values. &#x0D; Aim: Sonographic measurement of the spleen was carried out in 500 healthy adult Nigerians in Enugu State in order to determine the nomogram for the spleen and to correlate the measurements with the sex, age, height, weight and body mass index, so as to find out whether there is a significant difference in the size of this organ as compared to other races in the reviewed literature. &#x0D; Materials and Methods: Measurement of the spleen was carried out in 500 healthy adult Nigerians comprising 195 males (39%) and 305 females (61%). The individuals were not less than twenty (20) years as at the time of data collection. The data was analyzed using SPSS statistical package version 20.0. The mean, median, variance, standard deviation of the spleen sizes were evaluated and correlated with the age, sex, weight, height and body mass index of the subjects. &#x0D; Results: the mean splenic length for males was 104.1±14.5mm and 103.3±13.4mm for females with P values of 0.515. The mean splenic width was 62.9±12.8mm for males and 60.3±10.6 for females with P values of 0.013 which is significant showing that males have longer splenic width than females. There was a significant relationship between age and spleen width in both sexes with P values of 0.001. There is also a significant correlation of the spleen dimension with body mass index in both sexes with P values &lt;0.05. Furthermore, the result shows that there was a correlation of the splenic length and width with age. There was also positive correlation of the splenic length with Body Mass Index P values 0.014, height P values 0.000 but not with subject’s weight P values 0.311. &#x0D; Conclusion: There is significant correlation of the spleen width with height, weight but not with body mass index. Males have greater splenic width than females. There is also a significant correlation of the splenic length and width with age.

Who Wants to Go Where? Regional Variations in Emigration Intention in Nigeria

There has been an increase in the number of Nigerians desperately leaving the country. In the absence of accurate data on the rate of actual emigration, this study investigated emigration intention in Nigeria, and how it varies between northern and southern Nigeria – two regions with perennial sociocultural differences that have been neglected in migration research. The study also investigated the factors associated with emigration intention. It utilized secondary data from the Afrobarometer survey, including 1,600 Nigerian adults aged 18 and above. Logistic regression models were fitted to address the study objectives. The study found that the emigration intention rate in Nigeria was 35.5%, but it varied from 30.3% in the north to 40.3% in the south. The rate ranged from 26% in the north-east to 46.4% in the south-eastern part of the country. The most preferred destination for northern Nigerians was another country in Africa (32.4%), but it was North America for southerners (43.2%). At the multivariate level, the study found that living in the south, being educated, using the internet frequently, having tolerance for homosexuals, and participating in politics increased the likelihood of emigration intention. However, being old, employed and having religious tolerance reduced the odds of emigration intention. The regional models revealed notable differences in the influence of age, education, employment, tolerance, and political participation. The study discusses the implications of the findings.

The Influence of Oral Health Care on Prevalence of Urinary Symptoms and mean plasma Prostatic Surface Antigen (PSA) concentration in a Population of Nigerian Adult Males

Background/Aims and Objectives: Inflammatory mediators from ongoing oral infection induce intense immune response that could lead to the carcinogenesis as well as progression of pathogenesis of systemic diseases. Development of prostatic carcinoma and presence of urinary symptoms may be linked to the presence of oral problems.

Obesity in Nigerian Adults and the Associated Cause and Impact on the Population

ABSTRACT Background: Obesity has been on the rise in developed and developing countries such as Nigeria. Data from the WHO demonstrated the prevalence of obesity increased by 15% between 2002 and 2016 in Nigeria. Here, we examine the rate of obesity in Nigerian adults and the associated cause and impact on the population.

Atrial Septal Defect in Two Nigerian Adults: 2 Case Reports

ASD is one of the most common asymptomatic congenital heart defects manifesting in adulthood. We report two cases managed in a tertiary facility in Nigeria. The first case is a 31-year-old woman who came to the hospital with overt symptoms of heart failure. Color Doppler showed a left to right shunt in the inter-atrial septum (Ostium Primum type). She subsequently improved with anti-failure regimen and anticoagulants. The second case is a 32-year-old man who presented with easy fatigability of four months. Transthoracic echocardiogram revealed a mid-inter-atrial septal defect (Ostium Secundum type) with dilated heart chambers. He is for surgery pending when finances permit.

VARIANT MORPHOLOGICAL SHAPES OF THE FORAMEN MAGNUM IN DELTA STATE NIGERIA: CT STUDY

Background: The morphology of the foramen magnum (FM) is of growing interest among forensic and anthropological experts. It is also important in the surgical management of lesions around the craniovertebral junction. This study elucidates the morphological shapes of the FM in adult Nigerians of Delta state. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at the Radiology Department of a Tertiary Hospital in Delta State, Nigeria following the institution's ethical approval. The FM was identified on skull computed tomographic images of 336 adult patients (199 males and 137 females). The shape of the foramen was assigned from its appearance and using the foramen magnum index, calculated as length/width. Data analysis was accomplished using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 23. Weighted Cohen kappa statistics and intraclass correlation coefficient were used to assess the categorical and continuous variables respectively for inter and intra-observer agreement. The frequencies of the variant shapes were presented in percentages while their association with sex and age were assessed using Chi-square test. P-value was considered significant at &lt;0.05. Results: The most predominant shape was the oval shape (109, 32.4%) followed by the egg shape (108, 32.1%). The FM shapes did not show any significant association with age or gender (p&gt;0.05). Using the foramen magnum index, the asymmetrical shapes were more 66.7% (224) than the oval FM (112, 33.3%). Conclusion: The variant morphological shapes of the FM in our studied population highlight the need for preoperative radiological assessment for successful and safe surgeries at the craniovertebral junction. Key words: foramen magnum, shape, craniovertebral, morphology

Estimating the Biological Age and the Magnitude of Lifestyle Determinants of Ageing among Nigerian Adults

Considering the various limitations of using chronological age, biological age estimation is becoming increasingly recognized as one of the novel public health and clinical strategies for preventing and controlling the rising global prevalence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and for achieving healthy ageing. The objectives of this study are to estimate the biological age and compare it to the chronological age of Nigerian adults. Also, to score the magnitude of some of the lifestyle determinants of biological age among the study population. This cross-sectional study uses simple random sampling technique to select 82 Nigerian adults for the study, while standardized instruments were used to collect data. The P value for the study was set at 0.05 level of significance. The result of the study noticed poor mean Mediterranean Diet Adherence (MDAQ) score of 7.0 ± 2.28 and mean International Physical Activity (IPAQ) score of 1.3 ± 0.51. There was also suboptimal mean Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) score of 5.9 ± 3.01, mean Perceive Stress Scale-4 (PSS-4) score of 6.3 ± 2.79, and mean Social Connectedness Scale (SCS) score of 15.2 ± 4.13. Furthermore, the estimated biological age of the respondents (45.9 years, ±10.31), was higher than their chronological age (43.2 years, ±8.92). The study concluded that the magnitudes of the lifestyle determinants of ageing are high enough to result in accelerated biological ageing among the study population. Such development, if not mitigated, may result in a significant increase in the prevalence of NCDs and premature deaths in the near future. Keywords: Accelerated Ageing, Biological Age, Chronological Age, Lifestyle determinants of ageing, Health Promotion Intervention.

Finnish Diabetes Risk Scores Positively Correlates Some Anthropometric Parameters in Young Adult Nigerians

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is increasing steadily. The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) was developed for the identification of individuals at risk of developing diabetes mellitus. The relationship between FINDRISC and biochemical and anthropometric parameters in young adult Nigerians has not been investigated, thus creating a knowledge gap. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between FINDRISC and biochemical and anthropometric parameters in young adult Nigerian populations. A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted amongst 240 young adults (aged 15-35 years) without a previous diagnosis of diabetes, in an urban and rural location in Delta State. Participants filled out the FINDRISC questionnaire prior to a fasting blood glucose test while other biochemical and anthropometric measurements were done following standard protocols. Pearson correlation analysis was used to analyze the relationship between FINDRISC and the parameters of interest. FINDRISC had a significant (p &lt; 0.05) positive correlation with Body Mass Index [r = +0.596 (rural); r = +0.620 (urban)]; Waist Circumference [r = +0.609 (rural); r = +0.587 (urban)] and Fasting Blood Sugar [r = +0.364 (urban)] in the study population. All other biochemical parameters did not show a significant correlation with FINDRISC. These findings provide compelling evidence to suggest that anthropometric parameters could play significant roles in the prediction of future diabetes risk in the population

Physical activity during covid-19 lockdown: Relationship with sedentary behaviour, health-related quality of life, loneliness, and sleep quality among a sample of Nigerian adults

Physical activity during covid-19 lockdown: Relationship with sedentary behaviour, health-related quality of life, loneliness, and sleep quality among a sample of Nigerian adults

Assessment of electrolytes, markers of glycaemic control and renal dysfunction among adult Nigerians recently diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic and progressive endocrine disorder that may result in macro and microvascular complications. This study assessed some biochemical analytes in Nigerians who were recently (≤ 6 months) diagnosed with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). 160 T2DM and 90 non-diabetic control participated in this study. Blood samples were collected and analyzed for Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (HFABP), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), electrolytes, lipid and renal profile parameters, glycated haemoglobin (HBA1C) and fasting blood glucose (FBG), using standard guidelines. The body mass index (BMI) of the T2DM volunteers was higher than control (P <0.001). The lipid profile, potassium, glucose, HBA1C, urea and creatinine values were elevated (P <0.001) while estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was lower (P<0.05) in diabetes. The median HFABP and hs-CRP were raised (P <0.05) in T2DM. Positive associations existed between FBG and urea (P <0.001), Creatinine and HBAIC (P <0.001). A logistic regression analysis, shows that an increased BMI, HBA1C, FBG, Cholesterol, urea and creatinine were associated with higher odds (p<0.001) of cardiovascular and renal complications. Elevated hs-CRP, glycated haemoglobin, urea and creatinine among T2DM increase the odds of cardiovascular and renal insults in this population.

Prevalence of HIV drug resistance in Nigeria: results from a cross-sectional, population-based survey of Nigerian adults with unsuppressed viral load.

HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) surveillance is an important tool to monitor threats to progress towards epidemic control. The characterization of HIVDR in Nigeria at the national level is needed to inform both clinical decisions and population-level HIV policy strategies. This study uses data obtained from the Nigeria HIV/AIDS Indicator and Impact Survey (NAIIS) to describe the prevalence and distribution of HIVDR in Nigeria. NAIIS was a cross-sectional, population-based survey of households throughout Nigeria in 2018. NAIIS was designed to provide estimates of HIV prevalence and related health indicators from a nationally representative sample. The study population included participants aged 15-64 years who tested positive for HIV, had a viral load at least 1000 copies/ml, and had available HIV drug resistance genotypes. HIV isolates were genotyped to detect drug resistance mutations. Individual characteristics of study participants associated with HIVDR were identified using a weighted multivariable logistic regression model. Of 1355 respondents with available HIV genotypes, 293 (19%) had evidence of drug-resistant mutations (DRMs) that conferred resistance to at least one antiretroviral drug. The majority of DRMs observed conferred resistance to NNRTIs (17.6%) and NRTIs (11.2%). HIVDR was associated with being ART-experienced, longer duration on ART, and lower CD4+ count but not sociodemographic characteristics. The population level DRM prevalence in Nigeria was consistent with what would be expected in a mature HIV treatment landscape. The continued roll out of dolutegravir-anchored regimens should mitigate the impact of NNRTI resistance on population viral load suppression and progress towards epidemic control.

“They will only remember us during elections”: The culture of government support to Nigerian older adults and policy implications

ABSTRACT Governments are obliged to ensure the healthy living, well-being, and life satisfaction of every citizen. This, however, has not been achieved in Nigeria, especially with regard to older adults. Despite the notable shift in the country’s demographic stance, few studies have investigated the government’s roles in addressing the support to Nigerian older adults given that inadequate support is a risk factor for general poor health conditions and high mortality rates. This study, therefore, sought to investigate views on available government support to older adults in Nnewi, South-East Nigeria. Focus Group Discussion and In-depth interviews were adopted to collect data from older adults. The generated data were subjected to a thematic method of analysis. Findings show that Nigerian older adults are usually remembered during political activities, such as electioneering and election. However, the support is not all-inclusive but reserved for those who could actively participate in these political activities. To achieve the African Union and the 2030 global agenda’s commitment to “leave no one behind,” the study recommends social policies that address all-inclusive support and care for Nigeria older adults. Social workers’ intervention will also be crucial to facilitate the formulation and implementation of welfare policies and programmes for the support and well-being of older adults.

Cardiometabolic determinants of cardiorespiratory fitness at rest, during exercise and post-exercise periods

We aimed to assess the relationship between cardiorepiratory fitness (CRF) and cardiometabolic parameters among young Nigerian adults. 100 young adults (50 males, 50 females) aged 20-30 years, selected from College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nigeria, participated in the study. Subjects’ demographic data and medical information were obtained through the use of structured pre-exercise health and lifestyle screening questionnaire, physical examination and morphometric measurements. Exercise test was carried out using a mechanically braked magnetic ergometer bicycle at an incremental workload of 30 W every 2 min until the subject reached a volitional exhaustion. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were measured at rest, during exercise and at post-exercise periods. Data indicated a significantly (Ρ&lt;0.05) lower resting HR and rate pressure product (RPP), but higher targeted HR reserve, %RPP increase, peak oxygen pulse, cardiac output, exercise duration and work rate compared with the intermediate and unfit groups in both sexes. Age and BMI adjusted correlation test also indicated significant associations between peak oxygen consumption (VO2) and resting HR, resting RPP, targeted HR reserve, oxygen pulse, cardiac output, % RPP increase, actual HR reserve, exercise duration, and work rate. In contrast, resting BP, resting pulse pressure, peak systolic blood pressure (SBP), peak HR, percentage maximum HR, SBP recovery and HR recovery did not correlate with peak VO2. The present findings suggest that a multiple approach involving both metabolic and cardiovascular interventions might be appropriate when implementing strategies to enhance CRF and improve general well-being.

Variant septation of the sphenoid sinus in adult Nigerians: CT study

Preoperative evaluation of the sphenoid sinus septa is mandatory for safe endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal surgery. This study aimed at elucidating the variant septation of the sphenoid sinus using computed tomographic images of adult patients. This observational study retrospectively evaluated 336 brain Computed Tomographic images of adult patients seen in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital. The study was approved by the Research Committee of the Hospital. The presence, number, location and attachment of the sphenoid sinus septum were studied and recorded. Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23 was used to analyze the prevalence of the variants and compare them based on gender and side using the Chi-square test. The level of significance was considered at p&lt;0.05. The prevalence of a single complete septum was 179 (53.3%), while double and multiple septa had a frequency of 88 (26.2%) and 69 (20.5%) respectively. The complete septum was predominantly located in the paramedian position (185, 69.3%). The septa attached onto the carotid canal and optic canal in 91 (27.1%) and 46 (13.7%) patients respectively. The multiple and double septa had a high predilection for the carotid (52, 75.4%) and optic (32, 36.4%) canal insertions respectively. These patterns of septation did not show any significant relationship with gender or side (P&gt;0.05). The single septum was the most prevalent and frequent in the paramedian location, while multiple and double septa commonly insert onto the carotid and optic channels respectively.

Parathyroid Hormone Predicts Radial Bone Loss in Healthy Nigerian Adults

Objective: The correlation between bone mineral density (BMD) and bone markers is well studied in postmenopausal women and elderly men. However, related literature on healthy adults is scarce. This study determined the correlation between parathyroid hormone (PTH), BMD of the left distal radius, and other biochemical markers in apparently healthy Nigerian adults. Methods: This research included 80 (28 males/52 females) healthy participants between 22 and 50 years of age (32.10 ± 5.8 years) who met the inclusion criteria. All the participants were recruited by a systematic random sampling. Interview questionnaires were used to supplement clinical data and anthropometric measures. Fasting samples were analyzed for calcium, inorganic phosphorus, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D), PTH, osteocalcin (OC), alkaline phosphatase, and 24-h calcium excretion. The left distal radius BMD was examined using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The data were statistically analyzed, and the significance level was set at &lt;0.05. Results: It was found that PTH was inversely correlated with left distal radius BMD/z-score (P = 0.004). It showed positive and negative trends with serum-adjusted calcium and inorganic phosphorus (P = 0.09 and P = 0.07, respectively). Neither the OC nor 24-h calcium excretion correlated with PTH (P &gt; 0.05). The OC was inversely correlated with BMD (P = 0.003), but not with 24-h urinary calcium excretion (P &gt; 0.05). None of the participants had osteoporosis. Regression analysis showed that PTH and OC predict radial bone density in participants (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: Higher PTH levels correlate with lower left distal radius BMD in apparently healthy participants.