Nida Basin Research Articles

Bacterial communities inhabiting the ascomata of the ectomycorrhizal summer truffle (Tuber aestivum)

This paper continues the studies on the role of bacteria in the environment of summer truffle (Tuber aestivum), focusing on ascomata at three sites in the Nida Basin (southern Poland). Bacterial taxa and the number of OTU sequences identified were determined based on analysis of peridium and gleba collected in 2017 and 2018. The aim of the presented work is to learn the structure of bacterial communities associated with the ascomata of the summer truffle T. aestivum forming in specific stands in south Poland and fine roots of surrounding trees. Sanger DNA sequencing, and next-generation sequencing (NGS) were used. NGS sequencing platforms short-read (300 bases) was selected, using a MiSeq Illumina. The Kruskall-Wallis test was used for alpha diversity analysis and the PERMANOVA test for beta diversity. Alpha and beta biodiversity analyzes were performed using various indices (Chao1, Simpson, Shannon, Faith's phylogenetic, observed OTUs, Heip's evenness measure - alpha diversity; UniFrac, Jaccard, Bray–Curtis - beta diversity).The Sanger method identified six bacterial taxa that were dominant in the community: Bacillus (86.7 %), Pseudomonas (51.5 %), Stenotrophomonas (15.5 %), Paenibacillus (7.9 %), Rhizobium (7.3 %), and Chryseobacterium (8.5 %). In contrast, NGS results showed the dominance (at OTUs >10,000) of taxa: Bradyrhizobiaceae, Sphingobacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, Yersiniaceae, Sphingomonadaceae, Rhizobiaceae, Flavobacteriaceae, and Comamonadaceae. The PERMANOVA test for the Bray-Curtis and Jaccard indices showed dissimilarities between samples from two of the sites with respect to beta diversity. Significant differences were found in the bacterial communities colonizing the ascomata of T. aestivum and in the root communities with T. aestivum ectomycorrhizae the purpose of this study. The results obtained may be helpful in selecting and monitoring sites suitable for the formation of ascomata of T. aestivum.

Water level fluctuations in selected lakes of the Nida Basin

Postępujący dynamicznie rozwój cywilizacyjny znacząco pogłębia antropopresję i modyfikuje środowisko. Z kolei wydłużające się okresy suszy skutkują niedoborami wody i powodują wahania oraz obniżanie się poziomów wód powierzchniowych i podziemnych. Celem badań była ocena zasięgu tych zmian na obszarze miasta powiatowego Staszów, położonego w południowo-wschodniej części województwa świętokrzyskiego. Wahania poziomu wody w jeziorach, a zwłaszcza ich amplituda, częstotliwość, czas trwania są znaczącymi czynnikami wpływającymi na te ekosystemy. Ponadto jeziora są bardzo dobrym wskaźnikiem zmian klimatycznych, a poziomy ich zwierciadła odzwierciedlają zasobność wód terenów, w których te akweny istnieją. W opracowaniu zaprezentowano zmiany poziomów wód 12 niewielkich jezior staszowskich w latach 2011–2020, przy czym ciągłe obserwacje prowadzono od marca 2011 r. Zaobserwowano zróżnicowanie amplitud stanów wody od 16 cm (Duży Staw) do 127 cm (Jezioro Ciemne) i obniżenie poziomu wód. Jeziora te utworzyły się w formach krasu reprodukowanego. W analizowanej grupie akwenów odnotowano stan: wzrostu (1 jezioro), spadku (8 jezior) oraz braku wyraźnych tendencji zmian poziomu zwierciadła wody (3 jeziora). Najwyższym i stałym wzrostem poziomu wody charakteryzowało się Jezioro Ciemne (aż +87 cm), a najgłębszym spadkiem – Jezioro Przedpole (−90 cm) i Jezioro Odrodzone (−89 cm). Jeziora o różnym charakterze zmian poziomów wody, występowały nawet w akwenach położonych w bardzo niewielkich odległościach od siebie. Uzyskane wyniki z zakresu fluktuacji poziomu wody i ich zróżnicowanie w jeziorach wskazują na kluczową rolę czynników lokalnych nad klimatycznymi. Wśród czynników lokalnych miały wyraźny wpływ: wysokość lokalizacji nad poziomem morza, charakter akwenu (bezodpływowy, odpływowy, przepływowy) oraz działalność bobrów. Ponadto zasadnicze znaczenie wydaje się mieć wielkość i charakter zlewni zarówno powierzchniowej, jak i podziemnej oraz parametry mis jezior.

Assessing the mobility of Bronze Age societies in East-Central Europe. A strontium and oxygen isotope perspective on two archaeological sites.

European Bronze Age societies are generally characterised by increased mobility and the application of isotopic methods to archaeology has allowed the rate and range of human travels to be quantified. However, little is known about the mobility of the people inhabiting East-Central Europe in the late Early and Middle Bronze Age (1950-1250 BC) whose primary subsistence strategy was herding supported by crop cultivation. This paper presents the results of strontium (87Sr/86Sr) and oxygen (δ18O) isotope analyses in the enamel of people buried in collective graves at the cemeteries in Gustorzyn and Żerniki Górne. These sites are located in Kujawy and the Nida Basin, a lowland and an upland region with clearly different environmental conditions, respectively. Both sites are classified as belonging to the Trzciniec cultural circle and were used between 16th and 13th centuries BC. Among the 34 examined individuals only an adult female from Gustorzyn can be assessed as non-local based on both 87Sr/86Sr and δ18O signatures in her first molar. This may indicate the practice of exogamy in the studied population but more generally corresponds with the hypothesis of limited mobility within these societies, as has previously been inferred from archaeological evidence, anthropological analysis, and stable isotope-based diet reconstruction. New and existing data evaluated in this paper show that the 87Sr/86Sr variability in the natural environment of both regions is relatively high, allowing the tracking of short-range human mobility. A series of oxygen isotope analyses (conducted for all but one individuals studied with strontium isotopes) indicates that δ18O ratios measured in phosphate are in agreement with the predicted modern oxygen isotope precipitation values, and that this method is useful in detecting travels over larger distances. The challenges of using both 87Sr/86Sr and δ18O isotopic systems in provenance studies in the glacial landscapes of temperate Europe are also discussed.

Early Middle Ages pottery with admixture of calcium carbonate in ceramic mass (examples from hillforts in the Nida Basin)

Among vessels used in the Early Middle Ages in the area of western Lesser Poland, the special attention should be paid to specimens made of ceramic mass with leaning admixture composed of minerals containing calcium carbonate. Such vessels are usually determined as Cracow “white” pottery. It seems that the centre of production of pottery with ceramic mass with admixture of calcium carbonate was situated in Lesser Poland in Cracow region. A particular place in this group has pottery production in the Nida Basin in hillforts in Stradów. There is the matter if pottery with leaning admixture of calcium carbonate could have been some kind of a tribal emblem. It seems that it could. The product so sensitive to changes, impermanent and challenging - for more than 200 years -was dominating among vessels in western Lesser Poland. The attachment to tradition of production vessels from challenging material requiring attention at each stage of production (mainly firing) testifies creating and maintaining the specific style and consciousness of its integrating meaning inside the group. From the outside it proves affiliation with the group. The group producing vessels made of calcium carbonate masses may be mentioned in written sources Vistulans.

Diversity Patterns of Macrofungi in Xerothermic Grasslands from the Nida Basin (Małopolska Upland, Southern Poland): A Case Study.

Simple SummarySouthern Poland exhibits a diverse array of habitats for fungi; however, little is known about the richness and diversity of macrofungi occurring in xerothermic grasslands known as dry grasslands. Xerothermic grasslands with their unique flora and fauna are among the most valuable and, at the same time, most severely threatened habitats of Europe’s natural environment. Studies on such habitats were conducted in southern Poland during the period of 2010 to 2013.Macrofungal communities were investigated in seven plant associations of xerothermic grasslands in the Nida Basin located in the Małopolska Upland of southern Poland. Designation of associations at selected study sites was based on phytosociological relevés using the Braun-Blanquet method. During the years 2010–2013, we studied the diversity and distribution of macrofungi in dry grasslands, where 164 species of basidio- and ascomycetes were recovered. We determined the properties of the studied fungal communities and habitat preferences of individual species found in the analyzed xerothermic plant associations using ecological indicators for macrofungi according to Ellenberg indicator values. Diversity patterns of fungal communities in xerothermic grasslands are strongly influenced by various environmental factors. In our study, we focused on recording the fruiting bodies of all macrofungi and the proportion of each species in the study communities, as well as possible identification of the most likely indicator species for particular habitats. We found significant differences for two of the seven associations analyzed, namely Thalictro-Salvietum pratensis and Inuletum ensifoliae. However, based on Ellenberg indicator values for fungi, it is not possible to clearly define fungi as indicator species.

An elusive ritual or a weave of adverse environmental conditions? From a research on the issue of a small number of sepulchral objects in the Trzciniec culture

Abstract Over the past dozen years or so, there has been a significant increase in the pace of research on the phenomenon of the Trzciniec cultural circle. This is due to a snowballing increase of the source base, which was obtained as part of modern excavations, currently being conducted in a wide spatial scope (research on routes of planned motorways). A number of synthesis publications have also appeared. Coherent periodizations of development of this cultural circle has been worked out for many regions. It should be noted, however, that these are mainly systematics created on the basis of materials originating from settlements. The number of sepulchral discoveries that have been made so far is incomparably smaller than those of settlement-type objects. The problem of the scale of occurrence of cemeteries seems to be very clear, because in some thoroughly researched areas, no single confirmed grave has yet been discovered. The areas of the San, Vistula and Wisłoka river interfluves, the central Warta region and the sandy areas of the Nida Basin can, among others, be considered as such regions. This article is an attempt to address this problem more broadly. It is also a search for possible explanations the indicated irregularity of an absence of grave sites. The work analyses three aspects of this issue: the degree of excavation reconnaisance of the Trzciniec ecumen, environmental conditions and cultural factors. For the purposes of the analyses, a current list of sepulchral sites of the Trzciniec culture in Poland has been created and all relevant information has been collected. Selected aspects have been illustrated with various types of mapping, specific examples from selected Trzciniec culture sites or groups remote territorially or remote in time, chemical analyses of soil for phosphorus content and radiocarbon facts.

Comparison of bacterial communities in roots of selected trees with and without summer truffle (Tuber aestivum) ectomycorrhiza

Abstract In this study, we examined the effect of the presence of mycorrhiza and ascomata of summer truffle (Tuber aestivum) on the bacterial composition of roots from small trees growing in selected sites of the Nida Basin. Qualitative DNA sequencing methods such as Sanger and next-generation sequencing (NGS) were used. The Sanger method revealed different bacterial species compositions between the samples where summer truffle ascomata was recorded and control samples. Five genera of bacteria could be distinguished: Bacillus, Erwinia, Pseudomonas, Rahnella and Serratia, among which the most numerous were Pseudomonas (Gammmaproteobacteria class) at 32.9%. The results obtained by the NGS method also showed differences in species composition of the bacteria depending on the study sample. Seven genera of bacteria were distinguished: Rhizorhabdus, Methylotenera, Sphingomonas, Nitrosospira, Streptomyces, Methyloceanibacter and Niastella, which dominated in roots from the truffle sites. Telmatobacter, Roseiarcus, Granulicella, Paludibaculum, Acidipila, Acidisphaera and Aliidongia dominated in roots from the control sites. With the NGS method, it is possible to identify the microbiome of a whole root, while only a root fragment can be analysed by the Sanger method. These results extend the scope of knowledge on the preferences of certain groups of bacteria associated with truffles and their influence on the formation of ascomata in summer truffles. Our results may also be useful in selecting and monitoring sites that promote ascomata of Tuber aestivum.

Extra-large grains in Late Glacial – Early Holocene aeolian inland dune deposits of cold climate, European Sand Belt, Poland: An evidence of hurricane-speed frontal winds

Only exceptionally, grains larger than 2–3 mm are involved in dune-forming processes. In 16 Late Glacial – Early Holocene inland dunes deposits from three regions of the northern and central Poland, beds, layers, laminae and lenses containing extra-large grains, up to 20.5 × 12.5 × 11 mm in the longest axes, are present. Occurrences of the extra-large grains are documented in the dunes dispersed in three distinct physiographic regions, Biebrza Basin, Central Poland Lowlands, Przedbórz Upland and the adjacent part of the Włoszczowa - Nida Basin. An aeolian genesis of these deposits is proven by sedimentary features and morphology of the landforms, including simple forms of parabolic, longitudinal and transverse dunes, as well as large, complex depositional forms. The extra-large grains occur at various depths in the sandpit sections, ranging from a few tens of centimetres just the above contact of dune deposits with the substrate up to a few tens of centimetres below the top of the dune section. Outcrops with the extra-large grains are located on both lee and stoss sides in the dune landforms. Deposits bearing extra-large grains show nearly horizontal and low angle lamination, which is typical of the dune stoss sides, to high angle foresets, which are typical of lee sides of dune landforms. Several sites display up to seven layers of the extra-large grains, indicating a few episodes of extremely strong and relatively steady wind during the dune-forming period. Estimation of the wind velocity threshold for such coarse material shows values between 23 and 82 m s−1, for speeds 1 m above the surface. On the basis of measured dimensions and volumes of particular pebbles, a principal component analysis demonstrates that the distribution of grain dimensions is clearly heterogeneous between the three physiographic regions of northern and central Poland. The concentration of values from the Central Poland Lowlands dataset is significantly higher than in the other two regions. This might have been caused by the lack of wind-flow terrain constraints in the mostly flat area of the Central Poland Lowlands. In contrast, the relatively high variance of grain dimension parameters could have been caused by the inconstancy of wind velocity and direction over the undulated morphology of the other two regions. The prevailing western direction of transportation points to frontal, episodically hurricane-speed winds (>20–40 m s−1), which were able to transport the extra-large grains during Late Glacial – Early Holocene times, in the area south of the Scandinavian ice sheet. The relatively rare occurrence of layers and laminae with extra-large grains in the investigated dune deposits suggests specific processes leading to their formation. However, reports of 16 outcrops with the extra-large grains imply that aeolian transport of very coarse material is not only a scientific curiosity, but a process occurring on a broader scale.

Application of the TAI (Thermal Alteration Index) and palynofacial analysis for determining the degree of organic matter termal maturity in the Upper Permian and Triassic deposits in the northern part of the Nida Basin (central Poland)

Application of the TAI (Thermal Alteration Index) and palynofacial analysis for determining the degree of organic matter termal maturity in the Upper Permian and Triassic deposits in the northern part of the Nida Basin (central Poland)

Diversity of soil bacteria complexes associated with summer truffle (Tuber aestivum)

Abstract This paper describes the quantitative and qualitative composition of bacteria isolated from soil in the selected sites in the Nida Basin, in places where mycorrhizae and ascocarps of summer truffle (Tuber aestivum) were found, and in a control soil (without truffle). A classic growth culture method was used with Sanger DNA sequencing to obtain quantitative and qualitative measures of bacterial cultures. The obtained results showed differences in bacteriome composition between the case samples, in which summer truffle fructification was observed, and the control samples. Seven classes of bacteria were identified: Actinobacteria, Bacilli, Deinococci, Flavobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria. The most numerous bacterial genera were Pseudomonas (class Gammaproteobacteria) – 33%, Streptomyces (class Actinobacteria) – 29% and Bacillus (class Bacilli) – 15%. This research broadens the understanding of individual groups of bacteria accompanying truffles and their potential impact on the formation of summer truffle ascocarps.

Characteristics of Selected Lakes with Aeolian and Karst Genesis in the Holy Cross Region

Abstract In the belt of the Polish Uplands, including the Holy Cross Region, lakes occur sporadically. In some places, however, they are somewhat more abundant. They are usually objects with a small surface area. The majority of them have not been subject to thorough investigation. Therefore, the objective of the paper is the expansion of knowledge regarding these lakes. The paper among others presents the characteristics of several lakes with aeolian genesis located on the Przedbórz Upland in the catchment area of the Wierna River and in the Nida Basin near the towns of Busko-Zdrój and Pińczów. The study results determine the morphometric parameters of the lakes, also pointing to an exceptionally high variability of physical and chemical water properties, as well as the possibility of periodical disappearance of the lakes. Moreover, the study results provide a necessary and solid basis for further investigation of the lakes, which in the context of the observed increasingly serious water deficit and decrease in the level of surface waters and groundwaters is undoubtedly of high importance.

Chemistry of Bottom Sediments from Selected Karst Lakes in the Vicinity of Staszów (Nida Basin)

Abstract The aim of this study was to reveal the chemical composition of bottom sediments in karst lakes located in the northern part of Połaniec Basin (eastern part of the Nida Basin, vicinity of Staszów municipality). A field investigation was carried out in 2010 on four lakes: Duży Staw, Donica, Dziki Staw and Łajba. The contents of a very wide range of chemical elements were determined, which is a rarity. On the basis of our research, it was found that the analysed lakes differed considerably between each other in spite of their close location. In general, sediments contained fair amounts of organic substances as well as Fe, Al, Ca and Mg due to the type of source rock and soligenic lake water supply. Increased concentrations of V, Cr and Ni might be explained by the weathering of rock material. In turn, higher contents of Zn, Pb, Cu and Co in the bottom sediments from Duży Staw indicated anthropopression. The measurement results obtained in this study will allow a future comparative analysis with bottom sediments from other lakes.

Herpetofauna of the Kozubów Landscape Park

Abstract The research was conducted in 2016–2017 in the 6,613-ha Kozubów Landscape Park (KLP). It focused on the occurrence and distribution of amphibians and reptiles, the biology and phenology of selected species and the existing threats. The KLP, established in 1986, is located in the Nida Basin, covering the eastern part of the Wodzisławski Ridge. This area is characterised by diverse landscape features formed on a chalk substrate. A significant part of the KLP (48.8%) is covered by forests growing on the tops and slopes of loess hills intersected by valleys and gorges. Hornbeam forests and fragments of riparian forests have retained a semi-natural character. The steep, non-forested slopes with a southern and south-western exposure are overgrown by thermophilic xerothermic grasslands. Xerothermic plant communities show a relatively low species diversity, because the main type of substrate in this area is loess. Two nature reserves, Polana Polichno and Wroni Dół, are located within the KLP borders. The following amphibian species were found in the KLP: smooth newt (Lissotriton vulgaris L.), great crested newt (Triturus cristatus Laur.), European fire-bellied toad (Bombina bombina L.), common spadefoot toad (Pelobates fuscus Laur.), common toad (Bufo bufo L.), European green toad (Bufotes viridis Laur.), European tree frog (Hyla arborea L.), edible frog (Pelophylax esculentus L.), pool frog (Pelophylax lessonae Cam.), moor frog (Rana arvalis Nilss.) and common frog (Rana temporaria L.). Reptiles are represented by the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis L.), viviparous lizard (Zootoca vivipara Jacquin), slow worm (Anguis fragilis L.), grass snake (Natrix natrix L.), smooth snake (Coronella austriaca Laur.) and common European adder (Vipera berus L.). The study also included the phenology and reproductive biology of common toad and common frog. Major threats to the herpetofauna are posed by grass burning. Unfavourable changes include decreasing water levels and drying out of water bodies.

Gypsic rendzinas of Nida Basin (southern Poland): a review

Abstract The article presents the overview of the gypsic rendzinas that occur in the Nida Basin (Niecka Nidziańska) as based on authors’ results and observations and also literature data. The influence of gypsum forms (selenite, shale and compact gypsum) and allogenic admixtures on the properties of rendzinas was described. Furthermore, attention was paid to the specific climate conditions of the Nida Basin reflected in the native vegetation cover on the gypsum-derived soils. Finally, there is a proposal for classification of this area’s gypsic rendzinas and the soil properties were described for the specified soil units.

Open country species persisted in loess regions during the Atlantic and early Subboreal phases: New multidisciplinary data from southern Poland

A maximum Holocene afforestation occurred during the Atlantic phase in Central Europe and the first deforestation was human-induced by introducing Neolithic farming. However, the results of new multidisciplinary off-site and on-site investigations in southern Poland have revealed that in the loessic areas a persistence of plant and animal species of open landscape was possible throughout the mid-Holocene. The palynological and malacological data from Mozgawa (Nida Basin), from a phase preceding the human occupation and corresponding to the 5th millennium BC, show that the loessic plateau was forested with partly open pine-oak forests, but patches of open vegetation were also present. During the first half of the 4th millennium BC the first farmers related with the Funnel Beaker (=TRB) culture appeared in Mozgawa and built a long-lasted settlement extended over 35ha site. The pollen zone related to this Neolithic settlement phase contained a record of disturbances of the forest communities and/or the reduction of forest cover at a small, local scale, accompanied by an increase of representation of herbaceous plants associated with wet and dry grasslands. The anthracological results confirm the presence of pine-oak forest near the human settlement, while malacological (Vallonia pulchella and Chondrula tridens), zooarchaeological (Equus ferus), and carpological data (Stipa sp.) indicate the continuous presence of open vegetation in the area. During the Neolithic occupation of the Mozgawa settlement, processes of slope erosion were initiated and created the thick layer of mineral diluvium at the bottom of the loessic hill. These data reveal the first intensive human impacts onthe local wooded steppe-like landscape and the beginning of the development of anthropogenic vegetation in the region.

Disciseda verrucosa (Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota) – a species new to Poland

The genus <em>Disciseda</em> in Poland until now was represented by two species: <em>Disciseda bovista</em> and <em>D. candida</em>. During the mycological investigations on the macromycetes fungi in the xerothermic grasslands of the Nida Basin, a species new for Poland from this genus, namely <em>Disciseda verrucosa</em>, was recorded. The basidiocarps of this species were found in the village Gacki (50°26'41" N, 20°36'34" E; ATPOL square Fe 24), in the village Wola Zagojska (50°26'41" N, 20°36'34" E; ATPOL square Fe 24), and in the Krzyżanowice Reserve (50°27'13" N 20°33'36" E; ATPOL square Fe 14), in the Ponidzie region. The basidiocarps of <em>D. verrucosa</em> were collected in the xerothermic grass, within <em>Festucetum pallentis</em> and <em>Sisymbrio-Stipetum capillatae</em> associations in the neighborhood of <em>Festuca pallens</em>, <em>Stipa capillata</em>, and <em>Thymus marschalianus</em>. On the basis of collected basidiocarps, macro- and microscopic characteristics were described and compared with other European <em>Disciseda</em> species. An identification key to the species of <em>Disciseda</em> occurring in Poland is given.

A new record of Arabis recta Vill. (Brassicaceae) from Poland

Abstract Arabis recta Vill. is a therophyte currently considered to be endangered in Poland (EN category). The species has been reported from ca. 20 localities situated mainly in the Nida Basin (southeastern Poland). Arabis recta is usually a component of xero-thermophile grasslands, but it can also grow in arable fields or fallows. An abundant population of A. recta was found on slopes of the Góra Sosnówka hill (Małopolska Upland) in 2017. This newly discovered locality is currently the northernmost in Poland. The distribution of A. recta in Poland as well as collected phytosociological documentation are presented.

Selected rare and protected macrofungi (Agaricomycetes) as bioindicators of communities of xerothermic vegetation in the Nida Basin

<p>Results of mycological investigations conducted in xerothermic grasslands of the Nida Basin in the years 1984–2013 are presented. Our research brings up to date the current knowledge on ecological requirements of threatened species of macrofungi. Strong affiliations between macrofungi and specific phytocenoses of the alliances <em>Festuco-Stipion</em> and <em>Seslerio-Festucion duriusculae</em> were detected. A considerable influence of the occurrence of certain species of steppe fungi on the composition of the mycobiota in the Nida Basin was identified.</p>

ZMIANY ŚRODOWISKA NIECKI NIDZIAŃSKIEJ (POŁUDNIOWA POLSKA) W ŚWIETLE ANALIZY MALAKOLOGICZNEJ MARTWIC WAPIENNYCH W PIŃCZOWIE

ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES OF THE NIDA BASIN (SOUTH POLAND) IN THE LIGHT OF MALACOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF CALCAREOUS TUFA IN PIŃCZOW Abstract. Malacological researches was conducted in an outcrop of calcareous tufa and loess diluvium found in Pinczow, in the Nida Basin. Rich and varied mollusc assemblages were described in detail. The species composition and structure indicates changes in the sedimentary environment during the late Holocene. Calcareous tufa accumulated in a small reservoir formed at the back of travertine dam. The uppermost part of the profile composed of loess diluvium, point out to the development of slope processes induced by human agricultural activity. This sediment accumulated in the Middle Ages as determined from radiocarbon dating and numerous findings of pottery. The sussession of the faunal assemblages enables to define the major phases of changes in the sedimentary environment, determine the human impact on the sedimentation and describe the malacofauna diversity. The tufa profile from Pinczow can serve as a model section presenting the carbonate sedimentation process in small lakes and anthropogenic environmental changes.

Skład chemiczny wód w utworach siarczanowych i węglanowych neogenu i kredy w rejonie Niecki Nidziańskiej

WATER CHEMISTRY IN THE NEOGENE AND CRETACEOUS SULPHATE AND CARBONATE ROCKS OF THE NIDA BASIN AREA Abstract. The paper presents the results of groundwater chemistry research in the Nida Basin carried out in April 2011. Water from the Badenian gypsum series represents local flow systems. Its mineralization is more than 2.00 g/dm 3 and the hydrochemical type is SO 4 -Ca. Ascending springs represent an intermediate flow system. Their mineralization is 8.00–11.00 g/dm 3 and the hydrochemical type is Cl-SO 4 -Ca. Chemistry of water circulating in shallow flow systems differs depending on lithology; in Badenian lithotamnium limestones the mineralization is 0.40–0.70 g/dm 3 , and the hydrochemical type is HCO 3 -Ca, and in Upper Cretaceous marls the mineralization is 0.50–0.60 g/dm 3 , and the hydrochemical types are HCO 3 -Ca and HCO 3 -Ca-Mg. The trace elements that occurr at highest concentration in the studied groundwaters include Sr (0.34–12.48 mg/dm 3 ) and then Br (28.00–301.00 μg/dm 3 ), Ba (9.00–121.00 μg/dm 3 ) and Li (3.10–46.90 μg/dm 3 ); subordinarily there are also: Al, Cu, Sc, U, Rb, Mo and Zn (<0.50–44.00 μg/dm 3 ).