Nickel Wire Research Articles

Effect of Filler Wire Composition on Weld Metal Microstructure and Mechanical Properties in X80 Steel Laser Welds.

Laser welding was performed using different filler wires, ER70S steel, commercially pure iron, and pure nickel filler, in the context of welding X80 pipeline steel to assess the microstructure and mechanical properties of the weld metal. Introducing an ER70S wire promoted acicular ferrite formation in the fusion zone, compared to a bainitic microstructure in an autogenous laser weld. The use of pure iron wire was considered as a potential strategy for reducing hardenability, as it led to the dilution of alloying elements in the fusion zone, increasing ferrite content and reducing weld metal hardness to a level compliant with API pipeline standards. The addition of pure nickel wire was used to reveal the degree of weld metal mixing imposed by the laser (thus providing an unambiguous tracer element) when it is combined with filler material dilution in the fusion zone, revealing that the upper region contained 38% wire material and the lower region only 12%. This accounts for the differences observed between the upper versus lower portions of the weld metal when other wires are used, and the use of hardness mapping and micro-indentation demonstrates the correlation between the variations in mechanical properties and microstructural differences introduced by incomplete mixing of the filler wire elements.

Phase composition and microstructure of intermetallic alloys obtained using electron-beam additive manufacturing

The paper investigates the microstructure and phase composition of nickel- and aluminum-based intermetallic alloys obtained using two-wire electron-beam additive manufacturing (EBAM). Relevance of the research is related to the widespread use of intermetallic alloys based on nickel and aluminum (mainly Ni3Al) in various high-temperature applications and the need to use modern production methods when creating machine parts and mechanisms from these alloys. Using EBAM, the billets from intermetallic alloys with different ratios of the content of main components were obtained. Change in concentrations of the basic elements was carried out varying the ratio of feed rates of nickel and aluminum wires during additive manufacturing in the range from 1:1 to 3:1, respectively. The results of microscopic studies of the obtained alloys showed that, regardless of nickel content, the obtained alloys are characterized by a large–crystalline structure with grain sizes in the range of 100 – 300 μm for alloys with a component ratio of 1:1 and 150 – 400 μm for alloys with a component ratio of 2:1 and 3:1. At the same time, the alloy with an equal content of base components is characterized by more uniform grain and microstructure compared to those with high content of Ni. By changing the concentration ratio of the components, phase composition of the resulting billet can be purposefully controlled. In the case of an “equiatomic” content of the base components in the alloy, a NiAl-based compound with a small phase content based on the intermetallides Ni3Al5 and Ni3Al is formed. At high concent­rations of nickel, the intermetallic Ni3Al phase is formed, and at a component ratio of 3:1, structure of the resulting billet consists mainly of Ni3Al phase and the γ solid substitutional solution based on nickel. The paper demonstrates the possibility of direct production of intermetallic alloys with a given phase composition during electron-beam additive manufacturing.

Design and Preparation of One-Dimensional Cathode By Electrophoretic Deposition Method for Flexible Knitted Batteries

Rechargeable batteries are highly promising energy storage systems that can convert and store electrical energy. Effective energy storage systems should have high energy density, high power, safety, environmentally friendliness, and long cycle life. To meet the aforementioned objectives, researchers have attempted to use different morphologies of nanomaterials as electrodes to improve the electrochemical performance of batteries. Among the materials available, one-dimensional structures have unique properties over traditional ones and extensive applications in wearable devices due to their flexibility [1]. Flexible batteries have several advantages such as mechanical flexibility, good energy storage capabilities, affordability, and environmental safety [2]. They knitted or sewed into textiles, folded into random forms, and wrapped around body parts like the neck or wrist [3]. However, there is little research that covers Li-ion batteries that have a one-dimensional flexible structure.Achieving simultaneous high electronic/ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability is difficult in a homogeneous single-component electrode material. Consequently, the development of precisely defined functional one-dimensional (1D) hetero-nanostructures that effectively integrate the advantages and address the limitations of various electrochemically active materials becomes critical [1].The proposed methodology involves the electrophoretic deposition of lithium iron phosphate on conductive nickel wire, providing a one-dimensional cathode structure. As an anode, nickel-tin is deposited on nickel wire by electrochemical deposition. The deposition method allows greater precision and control over the deposition of active material on the current collector and also has possible applications on different structures such as 1D and 3D. Also, the electrolyte was obtained by layer-by-layer method, by dipping the cathode and anode, separately, in polymers to coat the cathode material as an electrolyte-separator film. The full cell was assembled and the better results will be presented in the meeting. Acknowledgments This research was funded by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Grant No. АР19679855).

Biomass lignin as dispersion to substantially enhance carbon nanotubes thermoelectric converter for energy harvesting

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have attracted much attention as promising thermoelectric materials to harvest waste energy, however the agglomeration between nanotubes greatly limits their application. Despite various dispersants that have been devised to enhance the dispersion of CNTs, biomass lignin has been rarely employed to facilitate the dispersion of CNT for enhancing its TE properties. Herein, green lignin was incorporated with CNTs to synergistically improve the dispersion and TE properties of CNTs, in which π-π interactions between the aromatic ring structure of lignin and CNTs, as well as electrostatic charge brought by ionized groups of lignin promote the exfoliation of nanotubes and reduces CNTs entanglement. The well-dispersed structure of CNTs facilitates efficient charge transfer, and thereby enhances the thermoelectric properties. CNTs/lignin composite could reach a maximum power factor of 198.0 μW m−1K−2 at a lignin content of 11.8 wt%, which was then raised to 223.1 μW m−1K−2 with subsequent partial removal of lignin by alkali immersion treatment, higher than 98.6 μW m−1K−2 of pristine CNTs film. Furthermore, the flexible TE device with five pairs of CNTs/lignin and nickel wires generates a high power of 288 nW at ΔT = 30 K, demonstrating potential applications of lignin for sustainable energy harvesting.

Rancang Bangun Alat Pengemas Biji Kopi Otomatis Berbasis Arduino Uno

Before coffee products are marketed, packaging is generally carried out first. Apart from protecting against damage, the packaging also aims to make it easier to carry while traveling. The conventional packaging process is quite time and energy consuming. This results in the packaging process being less efficient. With an automatic packaging system, it is hoped that it will make things easier and save time and energy. Automatic coffee bean packaging tools are built using several electronic devices. Arduino Uno is used as a controller, a load cell sensor to weigh the coffee packaging, a DS18B20 temperature sensor to measure the temperature of the packaging sealer and a proximity sensor to detect plastic packaging. In the actuator section, a servo motor is used to open the coffee bean reservoir valve (hopper tank), a DC motor is used to pull the packaging plastic and a stepper motor is used to press the packaging plastic. The plastic press is equipped with a heating mechanism using nickel wire so that the two layers of plastic can stick together. An LCD module is used to display information on the weight value of the coffee packaging, the temperature value of the sealer and the status of the packaging process. From the test results, it is known that the coffee bean packaging tool is capable of packaging coffee beans automatically. Coffee beans can be packaged in plastic with the weight and length of the packaging according to the design with a success rate of up to 87.5%

First X-ray spectral ptychography and resonant ptychographic computed tomography experiments at the SWING beamline from Synchrotron SOLEIL.

X-ray ptychography and ptychographic computed tomography have seen a rapid rise since the advent of fourth-generation synchrotrons with a high degree of coherent radiation. In addition to quantitative multiscale structural analysis, ptychography with spectral capabilities has been developed, allowing for spatial-localized multiscale structural and spectral information of samples. The SWING beamline of Synchrotron SOLEIL has recently developed a nanoprobe setup where the endstation's first spectral and resonant ptychographic measurements have been successfully conducted. A metallic nickel wire sample was measured using 2D spectral ptychography in XANES mode and resonant ptychographic tomography. From the 2D spectral ptychography measurements, the spectra of the components of the sample's complex-valued refractive index, δ and β, were extracted, integrated along the sample thickness. By performing resonance ptychographic tomography at two photon energies, 3D maps of the refractive index decrement, δ, were obtained at the Ni K-edge energy and another energy above the edge. These maps allowed the detection of impurities in the Ni wire. The significance of accounting for the atomic scattering factor is demonstrated in the calculation of electron density near a resonance through the use of the δvalues. These results indicate that at the SWING beamline it is possible to conduct state-of-the-art spectral and resonant ptychography experiments using the nanoprobe setup.

Modification of nickel wire electrodes with platinum in the presence of copper ions via galvanic replacement reactions

In the galvanic replacement reaction between Ni wire and PtCl42- in an aqueous solution, the deposition of Pt nanoparticles (PtNPs) on Ni wire is generally unfavorable. However, the addition of Cu2+ into an aqueous solution of PtCl42- was found to promote the deposition of PtNPs effectively for the immersion of Ni wire. This promoted deposition of PtNPs on Ni wire could be confirmed by observing the electrocatalytic responses for ethanol oxidation, electrochemical impedance and the surface images. In addition, the EDS analysis showed that the deposited PtNPs did not contain Cu. The formation of PtNPs without containing Cu was also verified by observing the electrocatalytic properties of other alcohols. Although we had previously reported the stepwise modification of Pt on Ag-deposited Ni wire, the Cu2O-modified Ni wire was useless to allow the deposition of PtNPs in a similar stepwise treatment. Hence, the simple preparation using aqueous solutions containing both PtCl42- and Cu2+ can be proposed as a useful approach to modify PtNPs on Ni materials via galvanic replacement reactions.

Weld Chemistry and Microhardness Studies of Formulated SrO-CaF2-CaO- SiO2 Silica Based SMAW Electrode with Nickel Wire

Weld Chemistry and Microhardness Studies of Formulated SrO-CaF2-CaO- SiO2 Silica Based SMAW Electrode with Nickel Wire

Monoatomic Nickel Wires via Columnar Self-Assembly of Tribenzocyclyne Nickel Complexes

Monoatomic Nickel Wires via Columnar Self-Assembly of Tribenzocyclyne Nickel Complexes

ProSPyX: software for post-processing images of X-ray ptychography with spectral capabilities.

X-ray ptychography is a coherent diffraction imaging technique based on acquiring multiple diffraction patterns obtained through the illumination of the sample at different partially overlapping probe positions. The diffraction patterns collected are used to retrieve the complex transmittivity function of the sample and the probe using a phase retrieval algorithm. Absorption or phase contrast images of the sample as well as the real and imaginary parts of the probe function can be obtained. Furthermore, X-ray ptychography can also provide spectral information of the sample from absorption or phase shift images by capturing multiple ptychographic projections at varying energies around the resonant energy of the element of interest. However, post-processing of the images is required to extract the spectra. To facilitate this, ProSPyX, a Python package that offers the analysis tools and a graphical user interface required to process spectral ptychography datasets, is presented. Using the PyQt5 Python open-source module for development and design, the software facilitates extraction of absorption and phase spectral information from spectral ptychographic datasets. It also saves the spectra in file formats compatible with other X-ray absorption spectroscopy data analysis software tools, streamlining integration into existing spectroscopic data analysis pipelines. To illustrate its capabilities, ProSPyX was applied to process the spectral ptychography dataset recently acquired on a nickel wire at the SWING beamline of the SOLEIL synchrotron.

Inhibition mechanism of metal barrier explosion-proof materials on ethane explosion

In order to better study the explosion suppression effect of metal barrier explosion-proof materials (iron wire (Fe), nickel wire (Ni), copper wire (Cu), expand aluminum (EA) and aluminum wire (Al)) on ethane-air, the 5.7% C2H6-air explosion experiments were carried out. The experimental results show that they have significant explosion suppression effects, and the effect of Fe is the best. The analysis of 5.7% C2H6-air explosion products showed that in addition to residual C2H6, in addition, CH4, C2H4, C3H6, C3H8, CO, and CO2 were also produced; After comparing the filling of Fe, it was found that its residual C2H6 was relatively large, and more alkanes were generated, while the oxide content decreased significantly. By simulation, the chain reaction of the 5.7% C2H6-air explosion is determined by the crucial radicals ∙H, ∙O, and ∙OH. The explosion-proof materials can mainly promote the wall destruction and gas phase destruction effect of ∙H, ∙O, and ∙OH, further inhibiting the generation of CO and CO2, resulting in more hydrocarbon substances remaining, leading to continuous positive feedback, and finally leading to the failure of explosion reaction in advance. It provides a detailed explanation of the suppression mechanism of metal barrier explosion-proof materials on ethane-air explosion, providing guidance for the development of new materials and the mechanism of alkane gas explosion.

Subgingival titanium wire implantation induces weak inflammatory responses but does not promote substantial T cell activation.

Titanium is a biocompatible material commonly used for dental treatments. However, the detailed mechanism underlying the weak biological activity of titanium has not been elucidated. We investigated both the inflammatory responses and T cell activation induced by solid titanium in the gingiva in mice. Both titanium and nickel wire implantation promoted neutrophil infiltration into the gingiva on day 2. Nickel, but not titanium, wire implantation enhanced proinflammatory cytokine expression and dendritic cell activity in gingival tissue by day 2. Nickel wire implantation enhanced the activity of T cells in draining lymph nodes on day 5. Moreover, T cell and neutrophil infiltration and elevated proinflammatory cytokine expression in the gingival tissue were still observed on day 5. However, no such augmented biological responses were observed after titanium wire implantation. These findings suggest that, unlike nickel, solid titanium does not induce sufficient inflammatory responses leading to T cell activation in gingival tissue.

Design and synthesis of NiCo2O4 wire-shaped electrode based on nickel wire with porous foam structure for wire-shaped hybrid supercapacitors

The wire-shaped supercapacitors (SCs) have been widely concerned in wearable electronic devices because of their portability. However, it is still a challenge to prepare wire-like current collectors and high-performance active materials for wire-shaped SCs. Herein, we designed a nickel wire with a three-dimensional porous foam structure, which can be used as the wire-like current collector for loading active materials. And then self-supporting NiCo2O4 nanosheet arrays were electrodeposited into the as-prepared nickel wire without any binder. Moreover, the wire-shaped NiCo2O4@Ni electrode shows excellent electrochemical performance with specific capacitance of 1396.4 F g−1, high rate performance and good cycling stability maintaining capacitance retention of 84.3% after 5000 charge/discharge cycles. In addition, the NiCo2O4@Ni//N-RGO@Ni wire-shaped SCs device has a high specific energy of 25.0 Wh kg−1. Therefore, nickel wire with a three-dimensional porous foam structure can be used as a promising wire-like current collector, and self-supporting NiCo2O4 nanosheet arrays have great potential in wire-shaped supercapacitor devices. This work may provide a new solution for the design of wire-shaped current collectors and electrodes.

Experimental investigations on wire arc additive manufacturing process using an Inconel 625 alloy wire

The current research investigates the use of an automated cladding welding machine for wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) of a semi-cylindrical part using a 1.2 mm nickel- chromium-molybdenum alloy wire (ERNiCrMo-3). The gas tungsten arc welding process was adopted to create a 32 mm thick and 60 mm long part. Onwards, standard tests were performed to evaluate the part’s hardness, yield, and tensile strengths at various sections along the part’s length and thickness. One of the objectives was also to identify any potential change in the mechanical properties of the Nickel wire when employed in WAAM process. Moreover, microstructure along the depth was examined using SEM to ascertain bonding between deposited layers and identify any porosities. The material’s hardness was found relatively higher than the original wire; somewhere about 27 HRC in the horizontal plane and 26.8 to 28.5 HRC in the vertical plane. Additionally, the study shows that the direction across the thickness (X) had the lowest values for both tensile and yield strength. While, examination at the microscopic level revealed that in both orientations: parallel (X) and perpendicular (Y) to the direction in which the layers were deposited, exhibited a high level of ductility. This confirms the possibility of an additive manufacturing procedure adopted for this super-alloy material without significantly changing its mechanical properties. While, there is room for improvement in properties by optimizing the machine parameters.

Designing of virtual laboratory on elasticity for Physics learning

Elasticity is one of the materials that students learn through laboratory experiments. In general, real and virtual laboratory conditions are still limited to spring elasticity experiments where the elasticity properties can be observed directly to determine the material’s elastic modulus. While on other objects and materials, elasticity experiments are still problematic to do because of the limitations of measuring instruments and microscopic observation scales. This study aims to produce a virtual laboratory of the Elasticity of various materials using wire for physics learning in universities. This study chose the Development Research (DDR) design with the ADDIE model for its development. The feasibility of the virtual laboratory is seen based on the results of the expert validation test. This research produced a Virtual Laboratory on Elasticity using aluminum, steel, iron, brass, nickel, copper, and tin wire. This virtual laboratory has four variables that can be varied, namely the type of wire material, the mass of the object, the diameter of the wire, and the initial length of the wire. The validation results with expert input show that the Elasticity virtual laboratory is valid and can be used for learning physics in universities.

FEM Simulation on First-Step Drawing Process of Platinum-Clad Nickel Bars

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of semi-angle and platinum tube wall thicknesses on the first-step drawing process of platinum-clad nickel bars using finite element simulation. Three different semi-angles of die (3°, 5°, 7°) and three different platinum tube wall thicknesses (0.275 mm, 0.3 mm, 0.325 mm) were selected in the study. The effects of semi-angle and platinum tube wall thicknesses on drawing force, equivalent stress, cladding behavior and damage coefficients during the first-step drawing process were discussed in detail. The simulated results of cladding condition and damage obtained from Deform 3D V11 software are validated with experimental results, and it was found that the results were in good agreement. The results of this study may provide a reference for the practical production of platinum-clad nickel wires.

The Elastic Properties of Objects by Determining Young's Modulus for the Characterization of Metal Raw Materials Using a Speed Sensor Encoder and a Load Cell Sensor

The unique characteristic of a metal material can be determined from the value of Young's modulus which represents the ability of the material to deform in response to an external force given to the material. This study aims to determine the value of Young's modulus for three metal wires (copper, nickel, and steel) and the percentage of measurement errors using a self-designed Young's modulus kit equipped with a load cell sensor and speed sensor encoder. The measurement of Young's modulus was carried out in five experiments without any variation in diameter (the diameter was fixed and the same for all metals), and the results were compared with the reference values. The results showed that the values of Young's modulus for copper, nickel, and steel wires were 11.74 x 1010 N/m2, 21.63 x 1010 N/m2, and 20.84 x 1010 N/m2, respectively. The difference between the measured values and the reference values for Young's modulus for copper, nickel, and steel wires were 6.7%, 3.0%, and 4.18%, respectively. The small differences between the measured values and the reference values indicate that the measurement approach approximates the reference values and can be used to support other measurements involving Young's modulus values of a metal material

Relationship between Σ3 Boundaries, Dislocation Slip, and Plasticity in Pure Nickel.

This study investigated the relationship between the Σ3 boundaries, dislocation slip, and plasticity in pure nickel wires after grain boundary (GB) modification. Both quasi in situ tensile tests and simulations were employed. During plastic deformation, twins surrounded by Σ3 boundaries may exhibit a good deformation coordination. With an increase in strain, the slip systems corresponding to the maximum Schmid factor and the actual activated slip systems remain unchanged. Even sub-grains can maintain the dominant slip system of their origin matrix grains. Slip systems with slip planes (111) and (1-1-1) are the most active. Moreover, random boundaries have strong hindering effects on dislocations, and the nearby stress accumulates continuously with an increase in strain. In contrast, Σ3 boundaries demonstrate weak blocking effects and can release the nearby stress due to their unique interfacial structures, which is favorable for improving plasticity. They are more penetrable for dislocations or may react with the piled dislocations. In addition, some Σ3 boundaries can improve their geometrical compatibility factor with an increase in the strain, which enhances the deformation coordination of the grains. The research results provide a better understanding of the plasticizing mechanism for face-centered cubic (fcc) materials after grain boundary modification.

Experimental Determination and Calculation of the Wire Drawing Force in Monolithic Dies on Straight-Line Drawing Machines

In this article, a mathematical model has been developed for calculating the energy-power parameters of the drawing process in monolithic dies on straight-line drawing machines, and its adequacy has been validated in experimental wire drawing on a laboratory automated drawing machine. The program allows us to calculate drawing stress, drawing force, tensile strength and yield strength of the alloy after wire drawing, safety factor, and drawing power. The developed mathematical model differs in that it allows us to evaluate the uniformity of deformation over the wire section, depending on the technological parameters of the deformation zone, namely, the semi-angular die, the coefficient of friction and the degree of deformation. To select the technological parameters of the deformation zone, which ensure uniform deformation over the wire cross-section, a nomogram was compiled. The equations of hardening during nickel NP2 wire drawing are obtained. The calculation of energy-power parameters of drawing nickel NP2 (Ni 99.6) wire ∅1.8 mm from ∅4.94 mm wire rod is given. Experimental studies have been carried out to determine the energy-power parameters of nickel wire drawing on a laboratory drawing machine with an installed ring strain gauge to determine the drawing force. A change in the friction coefficient by 0.02 when drawing nickel wire leads to an increase in stress and drawing force by 20%. To improve the accuracy of the developed mathematical model, it is shown that in the future, it would be necessary to conduct experimental studies on a laboratory drawing machine to determine the effect on the energy-power parameters of the drawing process of the values of technological parameters entered into the program as constant real values, such as the friction coefficient, die half-angle, drawing speed, and back tension.

Heat flux measurement using 3D-printed continuous wire polymer composite sensors

Fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing was used to fabricate continuous wire polymer composite (CWPC) heat flux sensors; the integrated wires acted as resistive sensing elements. Sensor configurations consisting of polylactic acid (PLA) with copper wire (Cu), PLA with nickel (Ni) wire, and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) with Cu wire were investigated. For each composition, samples with different numbers of layers were 3D printed to investigate the effect of sensor thickness on performance. Element spacing, polymer conductivity, and wire temperature coefficient of resistances were quantified. Performance testing of the 3D-printed CWPC as a heat flux sensor showed promising results for all compositions and demonstrated their ability to be used as heat flux sensors for low temperature and low heat flux applications. Measurement errors were less than 17% for all configurations and less than 10% for 2-layer samples at the higher heat fluxes. A case study demonstrated the use of a 3D-printed flexible CWPC heat flux sensor to estimate heat loss from an insulated system with good accuracy. This sensor fabrication approach can potentially be employed in a wide range of applications because it allows for custom geometries and can use different types of polymers and sensing elements.