Nickel-cadmium Research Articles

Anchoring high-mass iodine to nanoporous carbon with large-volume micropores and rich pyridine-N sites for high-energy-density and long-life Zn-I2 aqueous battery

Aqueous Zn-I2 batteries (AZIBs) are highly desirable for green energy-storage technologies, but their development was greatly limited by their unsatisfactory energy densities. Herein, we report high-energy-density rechargeable AZIBs achieved by anchoring high-mass iodine to a distinctive N-doped hierarchical porous carbon (NHPC) material with large micropore volume and rich N-doping. The NHPC combined strong iodine confinement caused by the micropore and powerful chemisorption of iodine species with pyridine-N doping, which enabled high loads of iodine up to 61.6 wt%. Notably, density functional theory calculations and experimental studies showed that abundant pyridine-N active sites promoted electron transfer, and the interconnected micro-mesoporous structure facilitated the Zn-ion diffusion to synergistically promote the redox kinetics of AZIBs. The high content of iodine-loading cathode exhibited a high capacity of 219.3 mA h g−1 at 1.0 C, indicating excellent rate capability and superior cycling stability with a low capacity decay of 0.00147% per cycle within 10,000 cycles at 5.0 C. In addition, a preliminary device assembled with three batteries in series provided a high energy density of up to 72.6 W h kg−1 calculated by the total mass of the battery, which is almost two times that of the commercial aqueous lead-acid and Ni-Cd batteries. The high energy density and long cycle life of this aqueous battery indicate its great application potential in large-scale energy storage.

Induced linear and nonlinear optical modifications of nickel cadmium borosilicate glass by sunlight irradiation

Herein, we investigate the impacts of sunlight on different optical parameters of borosilicate glasses containing nickel, barium, and cadmium oxides. We studied the influence of sunlight on the optical band gap (Eg), Urbach energy (EU), refractive index (n), and nonlinear refractive index (n2) at different times of irradiations; t = 0, 40, 60, and 120 min. The absorbance of all glass samples showed a decreasing behavior, particularly in the ultraviolet (UV) range. The reduction in the UV absorption band at around 307 nm is ascribed to the photo-reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+, producing a decrease in the amount of Fe3+ in the glass samples. The percents of changes for the studied optical parameters such as Eg, EU, n, and n2 are insignificant (<10%), confirming the glasses' stability under the effect of solar irradiation. The good stability of the investigated glasses makes them good candidates for optical applications, especially those exposed repeatedly to sunlight, such as smart windows and solar cell panels.

Selective Recovery of Cadmium, Cobalt, and Nickel from Spent Ni–Cd Batteries Using Adogen® 464 and Mesoporous Silica Derivatives

Spent Ni–Cd batteries are now considered an important source for many valuable metals. The recovery of cadmium, cobalt, and nickel from spent Ni–Cd Batteries has been performed in this study. The optimum leaching process was achieved using 20% H2SO4, solid/liquid (S/L) 1/5 at 80 °C for 6 h. The leaching efficiency of Fe, Cd, and Co was nearly 100%, whereas the leaching efficiency of Ni was 95%. The recovery of the concerned elements was attained using successive different separation techniques. Cd(II) ions were extracted by a solvent, namely, Adogen® 464, and precipitated as CdS with 0.5% Na2S solution at pH of 1.25 and room temperature. The extraction process corresponded to pseudo-2nd-order. The prepared PTU-MS silica was applied for adsorption of Co(II) ions from aqueous solution, while the desorption process was performed using 0.3 M H2SO4. Cobalt was precipitated at pH 9.0 as Co(OH)2 using NH4OH. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were also investigated. Nickel was directly precipitated at pH 8.25 using a 10% NaOH solution at ambient temperature. FTIR, SEM, and EDX confirm the structure of the products.

EFFECTS OF NICKEL TOXICITY ON VARIOUS ORGANS OF THE Swiss albino MICE

Nickel was discovered by A. F. Cronstedt in 1754 and is a bountiful metal in the Earth's outside layer, it is the 24th most plentiful element and 28th component of the periodic table. It is a silver-white metal found in a few oxidation states (going from - 1 to +4); nonetheless, the +2 oxidation state [Ni (II)] is the most widely recognized one in natural systems. Nickel is famous as a haematotoxic, immunotoxic, neurotoxic, genotoxic, regenerative harmful, aspiratory poisonous, nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, and cancer-causing operator. The mass number of nickel (Ni) is 58.71 and the atomic number of Nickel is 28 just as the thickness is 8.9g/cm3 and the softening point is 1453°C and the edge of boiling over is 2732°C. Nickel (Ni) is silver-white pliable metal. In the living cells of plants, animals, and humans, minor components have a significant influence on synthetic, organic, biochemical, metabolic, catabolic, and enzymatic actions. Nickel (Ni), an occurring element, is found in a variety of environments, including soil, water, and air. Many industrial and commercial applications for Ni compounds and metallic Ni exist, including alloy manufacture, luster, nickel-cadmium batteries, and catalytic agent in the chemical and foodstuff industries. Acute and intense toxicity in mammals resulting from assimilation by consumption through lungs or gastro-intestinal tract was mainly reported. Nickel carbonyl ingestion produces two types of acute venomous effects. Nickel produces the variation of the (p53 gene), which is a transcription factor and crucial tumor suppressor gene, in epithelial cells of the kidney. The removal of sewage and industrial is a significant issue. It is oftentimes drained to agricultural regions, where it is used to develop yields like vegetables. Heavy metal pollution in wastewater water systems represents various dangers to the climate. . Most vegetables have contained a large number of organic compounds that are role-playing in cell reinforcement. The significant cell reinforcements in vegetables are phenolic acids, flavonoids, α-tocopherol, β-carotene, lutein, and ascorbic destructive. Although in different nourishments like grains, nuts and a few types of meat, chicken meat and fish.

Approaches Towards Improving Zinc-Nickel Batteries Performance

The zinc/nickel electrochemical system has long been proposed as a good candidate of secondary alkaline batteries due to its excellent performance versus other aqueous batteries, such as high practical specific energy, excellent specific power, high open circuit voltage, low cost and low toxicity [1,2]. These advantages make it suitable for replacing lead-acid and nickel-cadmium batteries [3]. However, the high solubility of zinc in concentrated alkaline electrolytes is still a significant problem that induces two main failure mechanisms: a shape-change of the zinc electrode and a redistribution of the zinc active material due to its dissolution/redeposition during cycling. Dendritic growth can occur as a consequence of zinc dissolution/redeposition, and if severe, may lead to separators’ perforation and internal electrical short-circuits [4]. These drawbacks reduce the cell's capacity and lifetime, especially compared to traditional competing systems [5]. In addition, since the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is thermodynamically possible (especially during charging), the coulombic efficiency of the zinc electrode can be lowered by this parasite reaction [6]. The undesirable HER consumes water and some of the active material, yielding zinc hydroxide which in turn can generate a passivation layer that lowers the usability of the zinc anode materials [7]. There are different approaches to overcome these problems, such as the integration of additives in the active material formulation and/or in the electrolyte.In this contribution, we will show how regeneration of the active material can be obtained via appropriate steps of rest submitted to the active material and without the need for additional energy input. The so-called “self-healing” of the active material allows to recover a substantial part of the electrochemical performance. The concept was deeply studied and monitored by scanning electron microscopy coupled with elemental mapping by X-ray energy dispersive spectrometry, and operando tomography. An increase in the coulombic efficiency has been demonstrated making this discovery very promising for the future of zinc-based alkaline batteries. Keywords: Zinc-nickel batteries, additives, self-healing

All-Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries Enabled By Solid Electrolytes with Low-Temperature Processability

All-Solid-State lithium metal batteries are highly sought-after to improve the safety of high energy density batteries for electric vehicles, aircraft, and seacraft. Despite the proliferation of high-conductivity solid electrolytes, it remains a significant challenge to create conformal interfaces between them and the active materials in the battery. Furthermore, the poor electrochemical stability of known solid electrolytes often necessitates the co-design of protective coatings and interlayers, which increase cell resistance. Here, I will discuss a novel materials platform for advanced solid electrolytes that are readily processed at <150C, creating molecularly coherent interfaces with both lithium metal as well as a diverse selection of high-voltage storage materials and conductive carbons integrated in the cathode. I will describe how the composition may be tailored to achieve conductivity up to 10 mS/cm at ambient temperature. In stride, I will present electroanalytical and surface analytical characterization to define pathways for promoting or inhibiting the formation of interphases at the anode and cathode. Through control over interphases, we realize highly stable all-solid-state cells with >500 cycles with less than 80% capacity fade at current densities up to 1 mA/cm2 at an cell temperatures <45 C and stack pressures less than 0.5 MPa.

USE OF TRANSITIONAL MOUNTING FOR THE USE OF ALKALINE BATTERY

It is offered to use nickel-cadmium rechargeable batteries in aviation equipment. Taking in consideration the positive experience of replacement of lead-acid batteries with nickel-cadmium batteries in aircrafts such as Su-24, Su- 25, Su-27 and due to the ban on the purchase of Russian-made goods for the needs of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, there was an urgent need to equip the transitional mounting aircraft L-39M1 for the use of alkaline battery NCSP B 25150 RM with better performance.&#x0D; The aim is:&#x0D; &#x0D; verification of compliance with the performance characteristics and the possibility of using the alkaline battery 20FP25H1C-R on the aircraft type L-39 with transitional mounting;&#x0D; obtaining materials to clarify the flight manual and operating documentation of the aircraft type L-39 while using the battery NCSP B 25150 RM with transitional mounting;&#x0D; determining the peculiarities of operation of the aircraft type L-39 with battery 20FP25H1C-R with transitional&#x0D; &#x0D; The object of experimental research was the L-39M1 aircraft, equipped with a transitional mount for the use of serial alkaline battery NCSP B 25150 RM manufactured by HBL (India) instead of the acid battery 12CAM-28P.&#x0D; Transitional mount for the use of alkaline batteries NCSP B 25150 RM on aircraft type L-39 is made in accordance with the design documentation of the state enterprise “Odessa Aviation Plant” (hereinafter – SE “OAP”) to order of the Air Force Command of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.&#x0D; Transitional mount is designed to mount the NCSP B 25150 RM battery on L-39 aircraft in a designated location.&#x0D; Alkaline rechargeable battery (nickel-cadmium flameless spread) NCSP B 25150 RM is an emergency source of direct current electricity and is designed to provide short-term electricity to vital consumers in flight in the event of failure of the main and spare generators.&#x0D; During the tests, the ground part, in the amount of 3 inspections and the flight part in the amount of 2 test flights were performed.&#x0D; During the ground part of the tests, we tested the possibility of starting the engine AI-25TLSH from the emergency power supply, ensuring the work of consumers of the 1st category (when performing the task day and night) from the emergency power supply (rechargeable battery NCSP B 25150 RM).&#x0D; During the flight part of the tests, the strength characteristics and properties of the transition mount were tested.&#x0D; Alkaline rechargeable battery NCSP B 25150 RM confirmed its performance. The possibility of using the transitional mounting of the alkaline battery NCSP B 25150 on the aircraft type L-39 is provided.&#x0D; The materials obtained during the tests are sufficient to clarify the operational documentation of the aircraft type L-39 while using the battery NCSP B 25150 RM with transitional mounting.&#x0D; Features in the operation of the aircraft type L-39 with a battery type NCSP B 25150 RM with transitional mounting are missing.&#x0D; An L-39 aircraft equipped with an NCSP B 25150 RM alkaline battery with transitional mounting may be approved for operation in the State Aviation of Ukraine.

Multimodal synchrotron X-ray fluorescence imaging reveals elemental distribution in seeds and seedlings of the Zn-Cd-Ni hyperaccumulator Noccaea caerulescens.

The molecular biology and genetics of the Ni–Cd–Zn hyperaccumulator Noccaea caerulescens has been extensively studied, but no information is yet available on Ni and Zn redistribution and mobilization during seed germination. Due to the different physiological functions of these elements, and their associated transporter pathways, we expected differential tissue distribution and different modes of translocation of Ni and Zn during germination. This study used synchrotron X-ray fluorescence tomography techniques as well as planar elemental X-ray imaging to elucidate elemental (re)distribution at various stages of the germination process in contrasting accessions of N. caerulescens. The results show that Ni and Zn are both located primarily in the cotyledons of the emerging seedlings and Ni is highest in the ultramafic accessions (up to 0.15 wt%), whereas Zn is highest in the calamine accession (up to 600 μg g–1). The distribution of Ni and Zn in seeds was very similar, and neither element was translocated during germination. The Fe maps were especially useful to obtain spatial reference within the seeds, as it clearly marked the vasculature. This study shows how a multimodal combination of synchrotron techniques can be used to obtain powerful insights about the metal distribution in physically intact seeds and seedlings.

Advanced Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy of Industrial Ni-Cd Batteries

Advanced electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was applied to characterize industrial Ni-Cd batteries and to investigate the electrochemical redox processes. A two-term calibration workflow was used for accurate complex impedance measurements across a broad frequency range of 10 mHz to 2 kHz, resulting in calibrated resistance and reactance values. The EIS calibration significantly improved the measurements, particularly at high frequencies above 200 Hz, with differences of 6–8% to the uncalibrated impedance. With an electromagnetic finite element method (FEM) model, we showed that the impedance is strongly influenced by the cable fixturing and the self-inductance of the wire conductors due to alternating currents, which are efficiently removed by the proposed calibration workflow. For single cells, we measured the resistance and the reactance with respect to the state-of-charge (SoC) at different frequencies and a given rest period. For Ni-Cd blocks that include two cells in series, we found good agreement of EIS curves with single cells. As such, EIS can be used as a fast and reliable method to estimate the cell or block capacity status. For electrochemical interpretation, we used an equivalent electric circuit (EEC) model to fit the impedance spectra and to extract the main electrochemical parameters based on calibrated EIS, including charge-transfer kinetics, mass transport, and ohmic resistances. From the charge-transfer resistance, we computed the exchange current density, resulting in 0.23 A/cm2, reflecting high intrinsic rates of the redox electron transfer processes in Ni-Cd cells.

Perhitungan faktor utilitas baterai pesawat dengan menggunakan metode sistem dinamis untuk mengukur tingkat ketersediaan baterai

The role of the aircraft maintenance industry as an aircraft maintenance service which is expected to be able to maintain the survival of the aircraft itself. For example, PT GMF Aero Asia is one of the Strategic Business Units (SBU) owned by PT Garuda Indonesia which is specialized in aircraft maintenance, repair and overhaul services which include aircraft frames, engines, components and their support. In this study, a quantitative assessment of the availability and capability of maintenance facilities was carried out using a preventive maintenance method with a dynamic system model approach that describes the level of availability and maintenance capability of aircraft batteries. Calculations have been made with a computer program, POWERSIM, in actual conditions that in December 2020 the total number of batteries in maintenance was 102 batteries for Airbus types and 80 batteries for Airbus types. With the assumption that starting in 2021 there will be an increase in the number of aircraft by 1 (one) unit per month, then at the end of the study period until July 2021 the calculation of the utility factor will be as follows, the total utility factor for Boeing is still below 1, while for Airbus starting April 2021 the utility factor is above 1. So that the operator's ability to handle Airbus type battery maintenance is not sufficient. For this purpose, an alternative scenario needs to be created, namely scenario 1 by adding one operator per shift and scenario 2 by increasing the operator's workload in handling the number of batteries handled to as many as 6 battery units. The results of the calculation of the utility factor show that in both conditions the scenario gives a value below 1. The best choice in terms of simplicity in handling the number of operators, then the choice of condition scenario 2 is the best choice.

On the Factors Affecting Battery Unit Contributions to Fault Currents in Grid-Connected Battery Storage Systems

This article investigates factors affecting the contributions of battery units to fault currents in grid-connected battery storage systems (BSSs). The work in this article is intended to examine the effects of the state-of-charge (SOC) on battery currents that are drawn due to faults. This article also examines the impacts of charger controller actions on the currents drawn from battery units to faults in grid-connected BSSs. The impacts of the SOC and charger controller on battery currents due to faults are examined for the lead-acid, lithium-ion, and nickel–cadmium battery units. Examination results show that the battery currents due to faults are directly dependent on the SOC. Moreover, these results show that actions of charger controller can support the battery terminal voltage, thus preventing the fast reduction of the SOC. The support of the battery terminal voltage helps in limiting the currents drawn from battery units during faults. The effects of the SOC and charger controller are verified using a 1-MW, <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3\phi$</tex-math></inline-formula> grid-connected BSS, which has lead-acid battery units. Several faults have been created during charging and discharging operations, and at different values of SOC. Test results confirm the direct dependence of battery currents (due to faults) on the SOC. In addition, obtained results demonstrate the ability of charger controller to limit the currents drawn from battery units due to faults in different parts of a grid-connected BSS.

Targeting Inhibition of Notch1 Signaling Pathway on the Study of Human Gastric Cancer Stem Cells with Chemosensitization.

Background Gastric cancer is the second most frequent cause of cancer death worldwide, although much geographical variation in incidence exists. Prevention and personalized treatment are regarded as the best options to reduce gastric cancer mortality rates (Hartgrink et al., 2009). Numerous studies have suggested that Notch1 and its ligands are overexpressed in gastric cancer, and its knockdown can inhibit the proliferation and survival of gastric cancer cells. Objective To investigate the effect of Notch1 on the stemness and drug sensitivity of human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells. Methods Highly expressed Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD1) and Notch1-shRNA lentiviral expression vector were used to infect human gastric cancer SGC-7901 cells cultured in vitro, and western blot and immunofluorescence staining were used to identify highly expressed NICD and Notch1 silenced cells. The percentage of CD133+ cells was analyzed by flow cytometry, the expression of nestin and CFAP by immunofluorescence staining, the formation rate of tumor cell spheres and the tumorigenicity of SCID mice in vivo, and the regulation of cell stemness by Notch1. The sensitivity of each group of cells to the chemotherapeutic drugs teniposide (VM-26) and carmustine (BCNU) was also detected by the MTT method. Results The stemness phenotype of tumor cells with the increased NICD expression was enhanced, such as an increased proportion of CD133+ cells, enhanced nestin expression, decreased GFAP expression, increased tumor cell sphere formation rate and tumorigenic rate of SCID mice implantation, and decreased sensitivity to VM-26 and BCNU. In contrast, the stemness phenotype of tumor cells with downregulated Notch1 gene expression was significantly suppressed, while the sensitivity to VM-26 and BCNU was increased. Conclusion High Notch1 expression increased the stemness of SGC-7901 cells and decreased the sensitivity of SGC-7901 cells to chemotherapeutic drugs.

New method for recovery of nickel and cadmium from the ”black mass” of spent Ni-Cd batteries by solvent extraction

The paper presents experiments with solid–liquid-liquid extraction of heavy metals from the “black mass” (BM) of waste batteries related to the recycling of nickel and cadmium, as well as cobalt (for several samples) from spent Ni-Cd batteries. The extraction and separation of Ni(II) and Cd(II) from the solid BM with Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) and other extractants dissolved in toluene or naphtha (kerosene) have been investigated in detail. It has been shown that the extraction efficiency of DESs, contrary to ionic liquids (ILs), is at the level of 30 wt% Ni(II) and 100 wt% Cd(II) from the BM, without the primary process of leaching with sulphuric acid. Solvent extraction has been proposed with two DESs (choline chloride + lactic acid and choline chloride + malonic acid), with ionic liquids (ILs): trihexyltetradecylphosphonium chloride [P6,6,6,14][Cl] (Cyphos IL 101) and trihexyltetradecylphosphonium thiocyanate [P6,6,6,14][SCN], and with organophosphorous-based acids (OPBAs) such as bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinic acid (Cyanex 272) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA). Process factors such as extracting solvents and additives, solvent concentration, holding time, pH and liquid/solid, as well as organic/aqueous (O:A) ratios were studied. For all the systems, the extraction efficiency (E) and the distribution ratio (D) were specified. The metal content in the solid BM was analyzed by the SEM/EDS method and with the use of the UltraWAVE digestion system combined with an atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS and FAES techniques). An inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) was used to determine the concentration of metal ions in aqueous solutions and stripped organic solutions.

Determinants of venous return in steady-state physiology and asphyxia-induced circulatory shock and arrest: an experimental study

BackgroundMean circulatory filling pressure (Pmcf) provides information on stressed volume and is crucial for maintaining venous return. This study investigated the Pmcf and other determinants of venous return in dysrhythmic and asphyxial circulatory shock and arrest.MethodsTwenty Landrace/Large-White piglets were allocated into two groups of 10 animals each. In the dysrhythmic group, ventricular fibrillation was induced with a 9 V cadmium battery, while in the asphyxia group, cardiac arrest was induced by stopping and disconnecting the ventilator and clamping the tracheal tube at the end of exhalation. Mean circulatory filling pressure was calculated using the equilibrium mean right atrial pressure at 5–7.5 s after the onset of cardiac arrest and then every 10 s until 1 min post-arrest. Successful resuscitation was defined as return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) with a MAP of at least 60 mmHg for a minimum of 5 min.ResultsAfter the onset of asphyxia, a ΔPmca increase of 0.004 mmHg, 0.01 mmHg, and 1.26 mmHg was observed for each mmHg decrease in PaO2, each mmHg increase in PaCO2, and each unit decrease in pH, respectively. Mean Pmcf value in the ventricular fibrillation and asphyxia group was 14.81 ± 0.5 mmHg and 16.04 ± 0.6 mmHg (p < 0.001) and decreased by 0.031 mmHg and 0.013 mmHg (p < 0.001), respectively, for every additional second passing after the onset of cardiac arrest. With the exception of the 5–7.5 s time interval, post-cardiac arrest right atrial pressure was significantly higher in the asphyxia group. Mean circulatory filling pressure at 5 to 7.5 s after cardiac arrest predicted ROSC in both groups, with a cut-off value of 16 mmHg (AUC = 0.905, p < 0.001).ConclusionMean circulatory filling pressure was higher in hypoxic hypercapnic conditions and decreased at a lower rate after cardiac arrest compared to normoxemic and normocapnic state. A Pmcf cut-off point of 16 mmHg at 5–7.5 s after cardiac arrest can highly predict ROSC.

Experimental investigation of contaminated clay slabs for X-ray shielding

The advent of radiation is a challenge to the human race therefore; a suitable material is a solution to effective radiation shielding. This research aims to investigate the effectiveness of clay slabs mixed with some heavy metals in radiation shielding. Thereafter, absorption coefficients (mass and linear) were calculated from both incident and transmitted intensity measured with a detector at different energies: 40 keV, 60 keV, 80 keV, 100 keV,120 keV, 150 KeV and 200 Kev. The following procedures were taken: the clay was mixed with heavy metals (Lead, Nickel Cadmium, Zinc and Copper) using the ion exchange capacity technique and then slabs were moulded using a wooden frame of dimensions 4 cm x 4 cm x 1 cm. A narrow collimated beam transmission geometry condition was used for the measurements. The measured values of these parameters were in good agreement with the literature. At selected energies, the values of linear and mass attenuation for lead were 2.29 cm-1 and 0.466 gcm-2, 1.58 cm-1 and 0.392 gcm-2, 1.23 cm- 1 and 0.281 gcm-2, 1.09 cm-1 and 0.216 gcm-2, 0.88 cm-1 and 0.180 gcm-2, 0.74 cm-1 and 0.168 gcm-2 and 0.57 cm-1 and 0.161 gcm-2, respectively. The results obtained were compared with concrete. The clay slabs mixed with heavy metal showed good shielding properties for moderate radiation energy. Hence, these slabs are feasible and cost effective compared with traditional concrete used for construction.

Recovery of Valuable and Hazardous Metals (Ni, Co, and Cd) from Spent Ni–Cd Batteries Using Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) in Subcritical Water

Recovery of Valuable and Hazardous Metals (Ni, Co, and Cd) from Spent Ni–Cd Batteries Using Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) in Subcritical Water

Physical properties of nanosized (x)NiO/(1−x)CdFe2O4 composites

This study investigates the optical and magnetic properties of nanosized (x)NiO/(1−x)CdFe2O4 (x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 1) composites. The samples were synthesized using the wet coprecipitation technique. The X-ray Diffraction patterns demonstrated the formation of Nickel Oxide (NiO) and Cadmium Ferrite (CdFe2O4) phases without any chemical reaction between them. Fourier Transform Infrared results confirm the formation of pure NiO, pure CdFe2O4, and nanosized NiO/CdFe2O4 composites. Transmission Electron Microscopy micrographs show agglomeration between the nanoparticles, demonstrating the magnetic interaction between the oxide and ferrite phases. High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy results verify the presence of NiO and CdFe2O4 phases in each nanosized composite without impurities, which is consistent with the XRD data. The ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy results confirmed that HCl is a better solvent than ethanol in investigating the optical properties of nanosized oxide/ferrite composites. Photoluminescence spectra exhibited asymmetricity owing to the presence of various emission peaks, which reveals the distribution of defect states within the bandgap of the nanosized composites. The Mössbauer spectra of the nanosized composites comprised an asymmetrical doublet at 300 K and an asymmetrical centered doublet within minor sextets at 77 K. Vibrating Sample Magnetometer study showed a shift at 77 K, which can be attributed to the spontaneous exchange bias effect. The magnetic parameters extracted from the M − H loops of all the synthesized nanosized composites at 77 K are higher than those at 300 K.

X-ray Photoelectric and magnetic properties of chemically synthesized Cd–Ni Ferrite nanomagnetic particles

Cadmium nickel (Cd–Ni) ferrite samples have been successfully synthesized via chemical co-precipitation technique. The structural analysis revealed the formation of FCC framework and Fe-phase in a trivalent state. The crystallite size is decreased with increasing Cd2+ ion composition whereas the lattice constant is increased. SEM was used to obtain the surface morphology and average grain size of the microstructure. The FTIR shows the formation of metal oxide, hydroxyl and carboxylic groups. EDX revealed the formation of Ni2+, Cd2+, Fe3+, and O2− ions in proper stoichiometric composition. Large optical losses were revealed by Cd2+ poor-NiFe2O4 samples whereas Cd2+ rich-CdxNi1−xFe2O4 samples revealed low optical losses and showed enhanced photoconductivity and photoelectric effect. Result from optical analysis showed that Cd2+ rich-CdxNi1−xFe2O4 nanoparticles can be used as infrared (IR) detector, ultraviolet (UV) filter and in optoelectronics device applications. VSM measurement showed an increase in saturation magnetization and decrease in coercivity as Cd2+ ion content is increased. The remanance magnetization and magnetic anisotropy were also examined. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy examined the nature of the light emission of the samples at the excitation wavelength 380 nm and emission of series of colours such as red, green, yellow, orange and violet light at different wavelengths were found.

Effect of Temperature and Discharge Rate on Electrochemical Performance of Fiber Nickel–Cadmium Cell

Effect of Temperature and Discharge Rate on Electrochemical Performance of Fiber Nickel–Cadmium Cell

Green and Sustainable Route for the Efficient Leaching and Recovery of Valuablemetals from Spent Ni-Cd Batteries

Green and Sustainable Route for the Efficient Leaching and Recovery of Valuablemetals from Spent Ni-Cd Batteries