Nickel-based Metal-organic Framework Research Articles

A nickel-based metal-organic framework as a new cathode for chloride ion batteries with superior cycling stability.

Chloride ion batteries (CIBs) have drawn growing attention as attractive candidates for large-scale energy storage technology because of their high theoretical energy densities (2500 W h L-1), dendrite-free characteristics and abundance of chloride-containing materials available worldwide. However, the further development of CIBs is greatly limited by sluggish Cl- diffusion and distinct structural variation of cathode materials, resulting in severe decayed capacity and inferior rate performance. Metal-organic framework (MOF) materials possess regular pores/channels and flexible structural designability to accommodate charge carrier ions, but the application of MOFs in anion-type batteries has not been reported. Here, we demonstrate the first example of Ni(dpip) with two different opening sizes of tubular channels serving as the cathode for high performance CIBs. The Ni-based MOF exhibited a stable reversible capacity of 155 mA h g-1 with an admirable low capacity decay of 0.026% per cycle over 500 cycles and superior kinetics with a 10-10 cm2 s-1 average diffusion coefficient for chloride ions as well. The high performance of the Ni(dpip) cathode results from the synergetic redox couples of Ni metal nodes and N-ligands, the unique double-channel structure for reversible Cl-storage, and the low chloride diffusion energy barrier. This work switches on the new application of MOF-based materials as cathodes for CIBs.

Metal organic framework derived NiO x nanoparticles for application as a hole transport layer in perovskite solar cells.

NiO x as a hole transport layer (HTL) has gained a lot of research interest in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), owing to its high optical transmittance, high power conversion efficiency, wide band-gap and ease of fabrication. In this work, four different nickel based-metal organic frameworks (MOFs) using 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid (BTC), terephthalic acid (TPA), 2-aminoterephthalic acid (ATPA), and 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalic acid (DHTPA) ligands respectively, have been employed as precursors to synthesize NiO x NPs. The employment of different ligands was found to result in NiO x NPs with different structural, optical and morphological properties. The impact of calcination temperatures of the MOFs was also studied and according to field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), all MOF-derived NiO x NPs exhibited lower particle size at lower calcination temperature. Upon optimization, Ni-TPA MOF derived NiO x NPs calcined at 600 °C were identified to be the best for hole transport layer application. To explore the photovoltaic performance, these NiO x NPs have been fabricated as a thin film and its structural, optical and electrical characteristics were analyzed. According to the findings, the band energy gap (E g) of the fabricated thin film has been found to be 3.25 eV and the carrier concentration, hole mobility and resistivity were also measured to be 6.8 × 1014 cm-3; 4.7 × 1014 Ω cm and 2.0 cm2 V-1 s-1, respectively. Finally, a numerical simulation was conducted using SCAPS-1D incorporating the optical and electrical parameters from the thin film analysis. FTO/TiO2/CsPbBr3/NiO x /C has been utilized as the device configuration which recorded an efficiency of 13.9% with V oc of 1.89 V, J sc of 11.07 mA cm-2, and FF of 66.6%.

Engineering defective trimetallic metal-organic framework nanosheets for advanced water oxidation electrocatalysis.

Limited by single metal active sites and low electrical conductivity, designing nickel-based metal-organic framework (MOF) materials with high activity and durability remains a challenge. Here, a novel class of two-dimensional trimetallic MOF nanosheets with plentiful active sites, rich metal defects, and facilitated mass and electron transfer channels is developed as efficient electrocatalysts for boosting oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The unique 2D nanosheet structure enlarges the active area; meanwhile, the organic ligand in the MOF can work as a pillar to enlarge the interplanar space to boost the ion and electron transportation, and the synergistic effect between multi-metal active sites can effectively promote the electrocatalytic activity. Interestingly, after an electrochemical activation process, the optimized NiFeZn MOF nanosheets can yield abundant metal defects, enabling them to deliver a low overpotential of 233 mV at 10 mA cm-2 with a much smaller Tafel slope of 37.8 mV dec-1. More importantly, this method is also universal for the synthesis of the NiFe-MOF family for achieving outstanding electrocatalytic OER performance. These findings present a universal strategy for the construction of a novel class of 2D trimetallic MOF nanosheets for the OER.

Fe, S-uniformly dispersed Ni MOFs based on FeS substrate precipitation-dissolution equilibrium for water and seawater oxidation

In the pursuit of advancing electrocatalysts for alkaline oxygen evolution reaction (OER), the development of nickel-based metal–organic frameworks with a judicious balance of cost-effectiveness and catalytic efficacy is of paramount importance.

Flame retardancy and wear resistance of epoxy composites modified by whisker-shaped nickel phyllosilicate and microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate.

Whisker-shaped nickel phyllosilicate (NiPS) was synthesized using rod-like nickel-based metal-organic frameworks as the hard templates, and highly efficient flame retardant and wear resistant EP composites were prepared by synergizing with microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (MFAPP). The research results indicated that at a total addition amount of 8 wt% and a mass ratio of 2 : 5 for NiPS to MFAPP, the limiting oxygen index of the EP composite was 28.2%, which achieved the V-0 rating in the UL-94 standard. Meanwhile, the peak of heat release rate and total heat release was reduced by 33.9% and 22%, respectively, compared with pure EP. The synergistic system of NiPS and MFAPP promoted the formation of high-quality char layer, preventing the diffusion of heat, oxygen, and combustible gases effectively during combustion of the EP composite. Dry friction test showed that the wear rate of the EP composite was 0.847 × 10-5 mm3 N-1 m-1, which was 87.9% lower than pure EP, indicating a significant improvement in wear resistance. This study provided a promising method for the preparation of high performance epoxy composites with excellent flame retardancy and wear resistance.

Demonstration of multiple dissipative solitons with nickel-based metal organic framework saturable absorber

In this work, we have demonstrated the generation of dissipative soliton from single to multi-pulsing phenomenon. The generation of ultrashort pulses was achieved with nickel-based metal organic framework (Ni-MOF) as saturable absorber in a ring cavity erbium-doped fiber laser. The SA was fabricated by spin-coating Ni-MOF/polydimethylsiloxane composite on a tapered fiber substrate, which had an insertion loss of 2.82 dB, a modulation depth of 4.61 %, and saturation intensity of 30.12 MW/cm2. A self-started DS mode-locked pulse was observed at 1559.89 nm central wavelength with 3-dB bandwidth of 19.72 nm at threshold pump power of 33.5 mW. Its pulse width of 7.89 ps was recorded at 7.94 MHz repetition rate. The nature of pulse splitting was observed up to three pulses which were separated with 2.62 ns time spacing with the increment of pump power until 134.2 mW. The generated multiple dissipative soliton pulses realized in the laser cavity through Ni-MOF saturable absorber were stable and invariant for 1-hour stability measurement.

Fabrication of Nanometer-Sized Nickel-Based Metal Organic Frameworks on Carbon Nanotubes for Electro-Catalytic Oxidation of Urea and Arsenic Removal

Even though metal organic frameworks (MOFs) have rapidly emerged as useful materials in many applications, their inherent low conductivity necessitate hybridizing them with conductive carbon nanostructures like graphene or carbon nanotubes (CNTs) or carbon black especially in energy storage and energy generation applications like batteries, super capacitors, and electro-catalysts in oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). However, to date the synthesis of MOF/CNT is carried out by mixing pre-synthesized MOFs with oxidized or chemically modified CNTs. In this article, we report synthesis of nanometer-sized Ni-MOF/CNT by the reaction of nickelocene-derived nickel oxide-decorated CNTs with terepthalic acid synthesized from waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET ). Morphological studies by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy shows nanometer-sized Ni-MOF particles anchored on defect-rich carbon nanotubes, whereas the chemical changes associated wit transformation of NiO@CNT into nanometer-sized Ni-MOF/CNT were evaluated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis. The utility of nanometeric Ni-MOF/CNT as an electro-catalyst in urea oxidation reactions and removal of arsenic from contaminated water is reported. The applicability of our developed technique to synthesize nanometer Fe-MOF/CNT is also demonstrated.

Novel Sn-0.7Cu composite solder reinforced with ultrafine nanoscale nickel particles/porous carbon

In this study, the nickel-based metal organic framework (Ni-MOF) was carbonized at high temperature and the nanoscale nickel particles anchored in the carbon skeleton ([email protected]) with flake structure were obtained. The composite solders were subsequently prepared successfully by adding the [email protected] flakes to Sn-0.7Cu solder. The effects of [email protected] on the properties, microstructure and interface reaction of the Sn-0.7Cu solders were systematically investigated. The results showed that the [email protected] flakes had a negligible effect on the melting point of the solders and improved the wettability significantly. The wetting angle decreased by 15.04% when the [email protected] was 0.08 wt% in content. In addition, the size of matrix β-Sn grains were significantly reduced and the matrix β-Sn grains appeared very fine structure after adding the [email protected] flakes. Meanwhile, the elongated (Cu, Ni)6Sn5 phase transformed from rod-shape to dot-shape. During the reflow process, the morphologies of intermetallic compounds (IMCs) gradually changed from shell-shaped to continuously planar, and their thickness decreased by 26.6%. The (Cu, Ni)6Sn5 forming at the interface and the porous carbons distributing in solder matrix effectively hindered the diffusion of Cu and Sn respectively and retarded the growth rate of IMCs.

Nickel-based metal–organic framework for efficient capture of CF4 with a high CF4/N2 selectivity

Pursuing top-performing materials with excellent structural stability and regeneration to fulfill effective adsorption of tetrafluoromethane (CF4) from the CF4/N2 mixture is of great significance. Herein, a highly stable Ni-MOF, named Ni(ADC)(DABCO)0.5 with anthracene rings-functionalized ultramicroporous chemistry, was prepared to effectively separate the gaseous CF4/N2 blend. Thermodynamic equilibrium adsorption indicates that the Ni(ADC)(DABCO)0.5 owns an excellent CF4 adsorption capacity (0.52 mmol g−1) at 298 K and 0.1 bar, exceeding most of the materials reported until now. Especially, the corresponding selectivity (23.0) at 1.0 bar is higher than that of most existing materials and solves the trade-off issue between CF4/N2 separation selectivity and CF4 uptake. Meanwhile, the separation mechanism underlying the disparity of material affinity toward CF4 and N2 was deciphered via the DFT result. Furthermore, the stronger interaction between the host framework and CF4 molecule is owing to the shorter affinity distance between the pore inner wall and F atom on CF4. Dynamic breakthrough examinations verify this material can utterly separate the CF4/N2 (10/90) blend. In combination with superb framework stability and regeneration, this MOF may be a promising candidate toward the recovery of CF4 from the CF4/N2 mixture.

Probing the effect of solvents on the electrochemical performance of graphene incorporated nickel-based metal organic frameworks

• The electrochemical performance of Ni-MOFs synthesized in different solvent systems were studied. • Binary solvent system with high polarity and viscosity was favorable for the formation of small-sized nanosheets. • The electrochemical performance was significantly enhanced by incorporating graphene. • The capacitance retention was recorded at 97.70% after 10,000 cycles. Highly porous coordinated metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted enormous interest by virtue of their promising electrochemical performance in the application of energy storage systems. In this study, the associated electrochemical performance of nickel-based MOFs ([Ni 3 (OH) 2 (C 8 H 4 O 4 ) 2 (H 2 O) 4 ]·2H 2 O, Ni-MOFs) synthesized in different solvent systems was systematically investigated. It is found that binary solvents with high polarity and viscosity were favorable for the formation of small-sized nanosheets. Meanwhile, graphene was incorporated into Ni-MOFs to further enhance the electrochemical performance of the nanocomposite via a facile one-pot solvothermal approach. By taking advantage of the synergistic effect between highly conductive graphene nanosheets and hierarchical Ni-MOFs, the as-synthesized Ni-MOF/graphene nanocomposites exhibited excellent electrochemical performance with significant reduction of charge transfer resistance. The delivered maximum energy and power density of the nanocomposite were 14.68 Wh kg −1 and 2,852 W kg −1 , respectively. Furthermore, a remarkable capacitance retention of 97.70 % over 10,000 cycles was achieved by the nanocomposite electrode, indicating its potential to be applied in high-performance and long cycle-life energy storage devices.

Synthesis, characterization and crystal structure of two nickel-based metal-organic frameworks with electrocatalytic activity

Two three-dimensional (3D) nickel-based metal-organic frameworks (Ni(II)-MOFs), {[Ni(adc)(phen)(H2O)]}n (1, H2adc = 9,10-anthracenedicarboxylic acid, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline) and {[Ni(adc)(bpy)]}n (2, bpy = 4,4’-bipyridine), were synthesized via a mixed-ligand strategy under hydrothermal and solvothermal conditions. MOF 1 could be simplified as a binodal tfc topology, while 2 possesses a three-fold interpenetrated framework, which is composed of a 4-connected dia network. The phase purity, molecular vibrations, and thermal stability of 1 and 2 have been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), infrared spectroscopy (IR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). Further electrochemical experiments reveal that 1 and 2 exhibit good methanol/ethanol oxidation (MOR/EOR) activities, with the optimal current density reaching up to 21.2 (EOR: 25.3) and 15.8 (EOR: 15.3) mA cm−2, respectively.

Highly fluorescent nickel based metal organic framework for enhanced sensing of Fe3+ and Cr2O72− ions

Heavy metal contamination has sparked widespread concern among the populace. The significant issues necessitate the creation of high-performance fluorescent pigments that can identify harmful elements in water. The present study deals with metal organic framework [MOF] based on nickel [Ni-BDC MOF]. The Ni-BDC MOF was prepared by facile solvothermal method using nickel nitrate hexahydrate and terephthalic acid ligand as precursors. The MOF was characterized by various techniques in order to examine the crystal, morphological, structural, composition, thermal and optical properties. The detailed characterizations revealed that the synthesized Ni-BDC MOF are well-crystalline with high purity and possessing 3D rhombohedral microcrystals with rough surface. The MOF demonstrate good luminescence performance and excellent water stability. According to the Stern Volmer plot, the tests set up under optimized conditions demonstrate a linear correlation between the fluorescence intensity and concentration of both ions, i.e. Fe3+, and Cr2O72− ions. The linear range and detection limit for Fe3+ and Cr2O72− were found to be 0–1.4 nM and 0.159 nM, and 0–1 nM and 0.120 nM, respectively. The mechanisms for the selective detection of cations and anions were also explored. The recyclability for the prepared MOF was checked up to five cycles which showed excellent stability with just a slight reduction in efficiency. The constructed sensor was also used to assess the presence of Fe3+ and Cr2O72− ions in actual water samples. The results of the different experiments revealed that the prepared MOF is a good material for detecting Fe3+ and Cr2O72− ions.

Highly Efficient and Cost-Effective Electrocatalysts Using Nickel-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks for Water Splitting

The low-cost nickel compound is one of the most effective electrocatalysts among the transition metals-based electrocatalysts. Therefore, understanding the electroactivity of nickel-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) plays a vital role in green energy production via hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions. The demand for green and efficient energy devices is increasing rapidly and fuels cells could be one of the solutions for such requirements. This work introduces the use of MOF-derived nickel hydroxide and oxide as highly efficient electrocatalysts. The electrocatalysts were synthesized using a hydrothermal method at different growth temperatures (140, 160, and 180 °C). Glutaric acid was used as an organic ligand. The MOF-based nickel hydroxide was converted to nickel oxide via a facile calcination process at 350 °C. The best sample of MOF-derived nickel oxide (160 °C) showed an oxygen evolution overpotential of 394 mV at 10 mA/cm2 with a Tafel slope of 73 mV/dec. The unique structure of MOF-derived nickel hydroxide provides more electroactive sites. The shorter pathway for ion transference reduces the overpotential to 330 mV at 10 mA/cm2 with the lowest Tafel slope of 107 mV/dec. The best MOF-based nickel oxide electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction required 103 mV to deliver 10 mA/cm2. On the other hand, MOF-based nickel hydroxide needed 189 mV of overpotential to reach 10 mA/cm2. The stability of the prepared electrocatalysts was tested using cyclic linear voltammetry and chronoamperometry. Both measurements showed high electrocatalytic stability of the prepared samples for over 1,000 cycles of linear voltammetry and 24 hrs of chronoamperometry test. Our research provides cost-effective and highly efficient electrocatalysts for green energy production.

Ligand-Assisted Controllable Growth of Self-Supporting Ultrathin Two-Dimensional Metal-Organic Framework Nanosheet Electrodes for an Efficient Oxygen Evolution Reaction.

Rational design of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) into ultrathin two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets with controllable thickness is significantly attractive but is also a significant challenge. Herein, the authors report, for the first time, the synthesis of ultrathin 2D nickel-based MOF nanosheets with a thickness of only about 2 nm via a ligand-assisted controllable growth strategy, which cannot be acquired from the exfoliation of their bulky counterparts or the conventional hydrothermal method. The correlation between 2D nanosheets and crystal growth preference was demonstrated through a judicious choice of a specific [Ni(BIP)(p-BDC)(H2O)2]n framework (BIP = (3,5-bis(1-imidazoly)pyridine), p-H2BDC = terephthalic acid) to underlie the geometry of the resultant morphology. Under the modulation by the dosage of terephthalic acid through a corrosion-dissolution-coordination process, the nanosheets of Ni-MOFs with a controllable thickness can be tuned to 50 and 100 nm. Ultrathin 2D Ni-MOF nanosheet-derived N-doped Ni@carbon exhibits a satisfactory electrocatalytic performance with a small overpotential of 170 mV to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm-2, much outperforming the bulk Ni-MOF and the most reported non-noble-metal oxygen evolution reaction electrocatalysts to date. It is believed that this ligand-assisted controllable growth strategy represents a novel and simple path to prepare high-performance MOF-based electrocatalysts for wide applications.

Ostwald ripening and sulfur escaping enabled chrysanthemum-like architectures composed of NiS2/NiS@C heterostructured petals with enhanced charge storage capacity and rate capability

• Hierarchically nanostructures are regulated by competitive coordination strategy. • NiS 2 /NiS heterostructures are fabricated by balancing Ostwald ripening and sulfur escaping. • Hetero-interfaces facilitate ion migration and charge transfer significantly. Transition metal sulfides are considered as a type of promising materials for battery-supercapacitor hybrid (BSH) devices because of their high theoretical capacity, yet suffer from low output performance and poor rate capability due to the sluggish charge transport. Herein, sacrificial template strategy is proposed to design the chrysanthemum-like carbon-coated nickel sulfide heterostructures (NiS 2 @C, NiS 2 /NiS@C, and NiS@C) using nickel-based metal-organic frameworks as the precursors. Through balancing Ostwald ripening and sulfur escaping, the particle size and composition of the products are finely tuned. The abundant hetero-interfaces facilitate ion migration and charge transfer, thereby enhancing the redox activity of nickel sulfides significantly. Compared to NiS 2 @C and NiS@C, NiS 2 /NiS@C heterostructures exhibit superior performances in specific capacity and rapid charge/discharge, delivering 754 and 570 C g −1 respectively at 2 and 20 A/g. The BSH energy storage device assembled with NiS 2 /NiS@C cathode and Fe 2 O 3 anode provides 244 C g −1 at 1 A/g and 49 Wh kg −1 at 725 W kg −1 .

Fabricating of Ni-BTC/NiS2 heterostructure via self-assembly strategy for electrocatalytic methanol oxidation

A novel Ni-MOF/nickel disulfide heterojunction composite (Ni-BTC/NiS 2 ) has been constructed successfully via in situ self-assembly strategy for the first time, which exhibits excellent MOR activity and durability. • A heterojunction composite has been constructed via in situ self-assembly strategy. • Ni-BTC/NiS 2 composite exhibits excellent electrocatalytic properties for MOR. • This work provides a new vision for the design of MOR electrocatalysts. Nickel-based metal-organic frameworks (Ni-MOFs) are a promising anodic electrocatalyst for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR), but suffer from either low conductivity or poor chemical stability. The fabrication of MOF-based heterogeneous composites is one of the possible solutions. Herein, for the first time, a novel Ni-MOF/nickel disulfide heterojunction composite (Ni-BTC/NiS 2 ) has been constructed successfully via in situ self-assembly strategy, which exhibits excellent MOR activity and durability with an area specific peak current density of 34.36 mA cm −2 . The enhanced electrocatalytic performance of the composite might be attributed to the synergistic/interface effect derived from the heterojunction structure. Undoubtedly, the integration of MOFs and inorganic functional species within a heterostructure realized by this work provides a new vision for the design of MOF-based electrocatalysts for MOR and other energy conversion processes.

An effective metal-organic framework-based electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose sensor

• Non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on MOF for long-term glucose monitoring. • Excellent electrocatalytic behaviour of Ni-BDC-NH 2 towards oxidation of glucose. • Ni-BDC-NH 2 displayed a lower detection limit, higher stability and sensitivity. • NH 2 functional group has facilitated the electron transfer during glucose detection. • Molecular sieve effect in the MOF enabled the selective diffusion of glucose. Herein, we report a non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on a metal-organic framework (MOF) as alternative approach for long-term glucose monitoring. Specifically, nickel-based MOFs were solvothermally synthesized using either 2-amino-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid (BDC-NH 2 ) or 2-hydroxy-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid (H 2 BDC-OH), both of which were characterized by different physicochemical techniques. The electrochemical performance of both electrodes towards glucose sensing was investigated and Ni-BDC-NH 2 exhibited a significantly better electrocatalytic behaviour towards oxidation of glucose than bare Ni-BDC or Ni-BDC-OH in an alkaline media. This was attributed to a favourable multi-layered sheet-like structure that allowed diffusion for entrapment of glucose and the incorporation of –NH 2 functional groups attached to the BDC linker which, were responsible for electrochemical adsorption of glucose molecules. Ni-BDC-NH 2 displayed a lower detection limit (3.82 μM), higher stability (>180 days), and remarkable sensitivity (308 μA mM −1 cm −2 ). Additionally, a molecular sieve effect for Ni-BDC-NH 2 led to a noteworthy anti-interference ability and the sensor displays a fast response time of 5.4 s towards glucose detection. These results indicate that the as-synthesized non-enzymatic glucose sensor operates with a longer lifetime and is viable for use as an intensive monitoring system.

Highly effective removal of Pb2+ from wastewater by nickel-based metal organic framework

Here, the thermodynamics and kinetics of Pb2+ adsorption and removal on Ni-MOF-74 from wastewater were studied. The effects of pH value, contact time, Pb2+ initial concentration, Na+ concentration, Ni-MOF-74 loading and adsorption temperature were systematically studied. The results showed a good Pb2+ adsorption capacity of the MOF. The adsorption of Pb2+ was analyzed by using different isotherms as well as different kinetics models. The results showed that Tempkin adsorption isotherm and pseudo-2nd-order kinetics were followed by the adsorption of Pb2+ on Ni-MOF-74. Thermodynamic studies (ΔG<0, ΔH<0) showed that the adsorption process is exothermic and spontaneous. The results revealed that Ni-MOF-74 has a real prospect for the application in the adsorption and removal of Pb2+.

Holey graphene oxide-templated construction of nano nickel-based metal—organic framework for highly efficient asymmetric supercapacitor

Holey graphene oxide-templated construction of nano nickel-based metal—organic framework for highly efficient asymmetric supercapacitor

A Dual-Responsive Magnetoactive and Electro-Ionic Soft Actuator Derived from a Nickel-Based Metal-Organic Framework.

There is growing demand for multiresponsive soft actuators for the realization of natural, safe, and complex motions in robotic interactions. In particular, soft actuators simultaneously stimulated by electrical and magnetic fields are always under development owing to their simple controllability and reliability during operation. Herein, magnetically and electrically driven dual-responsive soft actuators (MESAs) derived from novel nickel-based metal-organic frameworks (Ni-MOFs-700C), are reported. Nanoscale Ni-MOFs-700C has excellent electrochemical and magnetic properties that allow it to be used as a multifunctional material under both magnetoactive and electro-ionic actuations. The dual-responsive MESA exhibits a bending displacement of 30mm and an ultrafast rising time of 1.5 s under a very low input voltage of 1V and also exerts a bending deflection of 12.5mm at 50 mT under a high excitation frequency of 5Hz. By utilizing a dual-responsive MESA, the hovering motion of a hummingbird robot is demonstrated under magnetic and electrical stimuli.