Nickel-cadmium Research Articles

Recycling of Rechargeable Batteries: Insights from a Bibliometrics‐Based Analysis of Emerging Publishing and Research Trends

Recycling rechargeable batteries while addressing environmental burden requires the conversion to scrap materials into high added‐value products. Statistical analysis can help to understand hot spots and difficulties in recycling technologies, to develop breakthrough recycling technologies. Herein, a bibliometrics‐based analysis is applied to mine the patents and scientific literature from 1999 to 2020 and identifies the research trends of rechargeable battery recycling globally. The investigations demonstrate that the recycling of batteries experiences three important stages. Lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) recycling has dominated the number of patent applications and articles published, followed by lead‐acid batteries, nickel–metal hydride (Ni‐MH) batteries, and nickel–cadmium (Ni–Cd) batteries. Recycling enterprises have more distributed over patents, while universities or research institutions contribute more to literary publications. Technology distribution of electrical/metallurgy/chemistry/environmental protection and other fields, with strong interdisciplinary characteristics, occurs. With the countries from the policy aspect of strict control of environmental protection and the improvement on resource demands, recycling technology still has great room for improvements. Industrial policies, especially pollution prevention norms, and standards provide important support for the research and application of related technologies. The “5M” and “3S” principles should be implemented in technology and policy for next‐generation recycling technology, respectively.

Estimating State of Charge and State of Health of Vented NiCd Batteries with Evolution of Electrochemical Parameters

Estimating State of Charge and State of Health of Vented NiCd Batteries with Evolution of Electrochemical Parameters

Co-Ni alloy coatings electrodeposited using real leachates generated from positive electrodes of Ni Cd batteries

The feasibility to recover a Co Ni alloy is evaluated in the present study by electrodeposition using real liquors from the leaching of Ni Cd batteries (positive electrodes) in H 2 SO 4 , with saccharin as additive. Ni content in the alloy rises with increasing the applied current density for all baths, while current efficiencies higher than 70% are achieved with the use of the sulfate-chloride electrolyte containing saccharin. The additive could strongly interact with chloride to suppress the occurrence of parasitic reactions (H + and H 2 O reductions), while the formation of chlorocomplexes particularly of Ni(II) accelerate their reduction on the electrode surface. This mixed electrolyte also enables to obtain more pure Co Ni alloys at −600 A m −2 , as detected in the analysis of O composition (5.12 at.%/1.36 wt%). The impurities favorably affected the contributions of both parasitic reactions. Saccharin predominantly blocks H 2 O reduction at high overpotential, but not H + discharge at low overpotential. The particle size and shape of the alloys strongly rely on current density imposed and bath composition. All deposits contain Cd, although its content is considerably less favored as the current density is increased to −600 A m −2 . XRD confirms the microstructure of the formed alloys, mainly comprised of the following planes: Ni(111) and Co(111), CoOOH(003) and Cd(OH) 2 (001). • Ni content in the alloy rises in all baths as current density is increased. • Sulfate-chloride electrolyte with saccharin presents the highest current efficiency. • Metal chlorocomplexes reduce faster than sulfate species on electrode surface. • Cd content is considerably decreased at high current density for real baths. • Alloy texture strongly depends on current density and bath composition.

Cadmium Recovery from Spent Ni-Cd Batteries: A Brief Review

The significant increase in the demand for efficient electric energy storage during the past decade has promoted an increase in the production and use of Cd-containing batteries. On the one hand, the amount of toxic Cd-containing used batteries is growing, while on the other hand, Cd is on a list of critical raw materials (for Europe). Both of these factors call for the development of effective technology for Cd recovery from spent batteries. The present paper is aimed at providing a short review of the recent progress in Cd recovery from spent batteries. Statistical data from the past decade on the source of Cd, its global production, and Ni-Cd battery recycling are given in the introduction. A short overview of the pyro-and hydro-metallurgical methods of metal production is provided. Recent progress in Cd recovery by commercial methods during the past decade is reviewed.

Simulation Model of Lithium Ion Battery Cells for Electrical Aircraft Applications Considering Electrical and Thermal Behavior

All-electric or hybrid electric aircrafts, wherein batteries are key components, are promising to reduce CO2 emissions. Knowing a battery’s behavior over a broad range of different conditions, mainly temperature and load changes, is crucial for efficient usage of a battery, especially in aircrafts. Therefore, a model that can predict the battery behavior in relation to electric airplanes was developed. For this contribution, a model using an equivalent circuit with a voltage source, one R and two RC parts was used to have a good trade-off between accuracy and computation time [1]. Due to the short computation time, it is possible to combine the model with a whole aircraft model or even integrate it into the battery management system. The model was done for three different commercial lithium ion batteries planned for aviation applications: The 20 Ah HP602030 LFP cylindrical cell was chosen due to good thermal stability and safety of LFP [2][3] which is crucial for aviation.The 10 Ah HE 341440 NCA cylindrical cell was chosen since NCA has a high specific energy due to a high specific capacity and high voltage vs lithium [4]. This high specific energy leads to lower weight which is another important aspect for aviation.The 12 Ah SLPB065070180 NMC pouch cell was chosen, since NMC has a good trade-off between energy density, costs and safety [4]. The open circuit voltage (OCV) of each battery was determined by measuring a charging and discharging curve with low current of C/40. The medium of these two curves had a good accordance to galvanostatic intermittent titration technique measurements and therefore was assumed to correspond to the open circuit voltage over state of charge (SOC). The SOC is calculated by coulomb counting based on the usable capacity dependent on temperature and current. To calculate the resulting battery voltage at the current collectors, the OCV is reduced by voltage drops due to the equivalent circuit resistances and capacitances using typical equations for electrical circuits. These resistance and capacitance are dependent on current, temperature and SOC. To determine these dependencies, cycles at different currents and temperatures were performed. To keep temperature and humidity constant, the batteries were placed in a climate chamber. The two main heat sources for batteries are considered in the simulation. Joule heat is calculated by power losses. The reversible heat is calculated with the entropic potential. Heat distribution is considered to be equal over the whole cell.Figure 1 shows the comparison of first simulation results with measured data of two NCA battery cells. The simulated data for 2 A is in between the two battery measurements. The comparison at 5 and 10 A shows a good agreement at high SOC. At low SOCs, there is some deviation which is tolerable since the batteries will only be discharged up to approximately 80% SOC in the aircraft due to safety considerations. Additionally, the 5 and 10 A simulation values are below the measured values which means the real battery would at least be capable of powering the aircraft load. Therefore, the described model is suitable to predict the behavior of the mentioned batteries for aircraft applications.A battery system model is formed by connecting the battery model in series and parallel and this in turn is coupled to a model describing the drive train of an aircraft for example a hybrid electric aircraft powered by fuel cell and battery like the HY4 [6]. This tool analyzes the unique system behavior of novel drive trains, improved system designs, control strategies, flight profiles and the overall efficiency of an aircraft to reach the goal of emission-free flight.

Growth Kinetics, Optical studies of Pure and Mg2+ Doped Nickel Cadmium Oxalate Single Crystals

Growth of pure (nickel cadmium oxalate) and Mg2+ doped nickel cadmium oxalate (MNCO) single crystals were grown by the single diffusion gel method at room temperature, by optimizing the various growth parameters such as specific gravity of sodium meta silicate (SMS), gel pH, gel temperature, gel aging, concentration of supernatant solution and concentration of oxalic acid. The morphology and composition of elements present in the crystals were identified using SEM-EDX analysis. The FTIR study shows that the occurrences of C=O, C-O, C-C, O-H and M-O bonding within the crystal lattice. The triclinic crystal system with P-1 space group were identified using, X-ray diffraction method. The absorbance, transmittance, energy gap, refractive index (n), reflectance (R) and insulating behaviour of the grown crystals were analysed using UV-Visible spectrophotometer.

Fouling and corrosion of electrode plates in nickel cadmium batteries

The aim of this study is investigation of fouling propensity in nickel cadmium electrodes after degradation of alkaline-electrolyte from rich-hydroxide to rich-carbonate along with time. Gradually, CO2 absorption from the air into the alkaline electrolyte leads to the destruction of electrodes and the formation of precipitated layers resulting in reduction of electrical capacity and life time of batteries. Based on the microscopic observations (SEM), spectroscopic evidences (FTIR and XRD) and thermal experiments (TG-DTA) significant damages and fouling phenomena were categorized as: salt islands, graphite films, etched graphite, cadmium dendrites, cadmium oxide/sulfide and cathodic corrosion. The experimental results revealed that nickel cathodes have experienced more surface damages with respect to cadmium anodes. Although the anode is the source of cadmium species, however the fouling layers of cadmium oxide and cadmium sulfide were assigned to be the main causes of cathode damage, leading to the decreasing of electrode current and the increasing of internal resistance of the cells. On the other hand, the main damage on the surface of anode electrode was attributed to graphite coatings and cadmium hydroxide stripped from the cathode. The microscopic observations showed that almost 2% of cathode surface was corroded, while the anode surface had experienced no corrosion.

Efficiency Analysis of Various Batteries with Real-time Data on a Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Battery selection remains an up-to-date engineering problem for hybrid and electric vehicle manufacturers. Type of battery and its capacity will depend on the trip and vehicle parameters. An electric vehicle produced with the ideal bat-tery type will undoubtedly be preferred by customers. Data collected from black boxes of trolleybuses operated by Malatya Metropolitan Municipality were used in this study. The real road and driver characteristics were included in the study with the experimentally obtained data. These data are the accelerator pedal data obtained from vehicles driven by different drivers in regular and congested traf-fic hours. In this study, four different battery chemistries were run separately on a hybrid vehicle model and analyzed. Chosen battery chemistries are the most commonly used by manufacturers. These are Lead Acid, Nickel Cadmium, Nickel Metal Hydride and Lithium Iron Phosphate batteries. The results of the study are presented in detail comparatively. Among the battery chemistries, Lithium iron phosphate is observed to be the most ideal battery type for hybrid electric vehi-cles.

The effect of dysprosium on nickel–cadmium spinel ferrites

ABSTRACT In the present work, Ni0.6Cd0.4Dy x Fe2-x O4 (x = 0.0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20) nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by using sol–gel method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns confirmed that the pure and dysprosium substituted Ni–Cd ferrites are in single-phase spinel structures, while a trace of DyFeO3 appears as a minor phase for higher concentrations (x = 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20). The Debye–Scherrer’s method and Williamson–Hall (W-H) method were used to evaluate the crystallite sizes and lattice strain. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images show that reduction of grain size with Dy3+ content. Elemental composition features of samples were examined by Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The average particles size estimated from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis is in good agreement with results obtained from XRD. The results showed that saturation magnetization (M s) decreases and coercivity (H c) increases with an increase in Dy3+ concentrations. The dielectric constant was found to decrease with increasing Dy content in Ni–Cd ferrites.

An optimization framework for planning wayside and on-board hybrid storage systems for tramway applications

Electric mobility is gaining importance on pursuing decarbonisation of transport sector. In this context, electric tramways are recognised as a clean urban collective conveyance. Strong evidences manifest the advantages of storage systems in tramway applications. Despite its apparent benefits, the planning of such kind of systems for tramway applications has received few attention in literature. This work aims at filling this gap. To this end, a novel optimization framework for planning hybrid storage systems (batteries + super-capacitors) for tramway applications on either wayside or on-board configurations is developed, which incorporates an energy management tool to effectively coordinate the different storage technologies. Specific issues related with high resolution tramway demand measurements are addressed by using data dimensionality reduction techniques and temporal representation by representative trips. The new proposal is validated for a real Cuenca - Ecuador tramway for which extensive simulations are carried out with different storage system layouts (super-capacitors, super-capacitors + batteries), and configurations (wayside and on-board) including different electrochemical batteries technologies (lead-acid, nickel cadmium and lithium ion). The results obtained show the benefits of storage systems in tramway facilities (in fact, the total cost of the project can be reduced by 71%), highlighting the importance of fast-acting technologies such as super-capacitors to handle high peak demand consumptions, while batteries are primarily dedicated to providing backup long-term storage capacity. Wayside and on-board configurations are also compared, revealing that total weight of the storage system suppose the main barrier for large capacity installation in on-board layouts.

Monitoring electrolyte stability in lithium-air batteries for electric aircraft

Monitoring electrolyte stability in lithium-air batteries for electric aircraft

Life prediction of Ni-Cd battery based on linear Wiener process

Life prediction of Ni-Cd battery based on linear Wiener process

Review: Li-ion Batteries: Basics, Advancement, Challenges & Applications in Military

Abstract: Li-ion battery technology has become very important in recent years as these batteries show great promise as power source. They power most of today’s portable devices and seem to overcome the psychological barriers against the use of such high energy density devices on a larger scale. Lithium-ion batteries are being widely used in military applications for over a decade. These man portable applications include tactical radios, thermal imagers, ECM, ESM, and portable computing. In the next five years, due to the rapid inventions going on in li-ion batteries, the usage of lithium batteries will further expand to heavy-duty platforms, such as military vehicles, boats, shelter applications, aircraft and missiles. The aim of this paper is to review key aspects of Li-ion batteries, the basic science behind their operation, the most relevant components, anodes, cathodes, electrolyte solution as well as important future directions for R&D of advanced Li-ion batteries for demanding use in Indian Armed Forces which are deployed in very harsh conditions across the country. Keywords: Li-ion Battery, NiCd battery

The greenhouse gas emissions’ footprint and net energy ratio of utility-scale electro-chemical energy storage systems

Electro-chemical batteries are widely used in portable devices and transportation, but they can also be used in the electricity grid for various applications. The assessment of the environmental impacts of electro-chemical storage systems for stationary use has received little attention. In this study, data-intensive, bottom-up life cycle assessment models were developed to assess the life cycle net energy ratios (NERs) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of utility-scale stationary applications of five electro-chemical energy storage systems: sodium-sulfur, lithium-ion, valve-regulated lead-acid, nickel–cadmium, and vanadium redox flow. Four stationary application scenarios were considered: bulk energy storage, transmission and distribution (T&D) investment deferral, frequency regulation, and support of voltage regulation. The Li-ion storage system has the highest NER and lowest GHG emissions in every scenario. The life cycle GHG emissions range from 715 to 784 kg-CO2eq for sodium-sulfur, 625–659 kg-CO2eq for lithium-ion, 749–803 kg-CO2eq for valve-regulated lead-acid, 742–806 kg-CO2eq for nickel–cadmium, and 800–963 kg-CO2eq for vanadium redox flow per MWh of electricity delivered, depending on the application scenario. The results are highly influenced by the operation phase that involves charging the batteries. Lithium-ion and sodium-sulfur storage systems are the most suitable for all the application scenarios because of their longer cycle lives and higher energy densities.

Prospects for China's Maritime Strategy in the Indian Ocean

Prospects for China's Maritime Strategy in the Indian Ocean Hu Bo (bio) There is much exaggerated speculation about China's military strategy in the Indian Ocean, including the so-called string of pearls, and military intentions for the Belt and Road Initiative. Before analyzing China's Indian Ocean strategy over the next ten to fifteen years, it is first useful to focus on some general development trends of sea power rather than speculation about China's intentions. The Dominance of Sea Denial Today, we are living in a period of sea-denial dominance. Because maritime hegemony is so expensive to gain and sustain in the 21st century, no powers, including the United States and China, can have the capacity and bear the cost. Compared with sea control, sea denial is a much more realistic and cheaper goal. Definitions of sea control and sea denial vary according to different perspectives, and the two concepts are usually intertwined. Nonetheless, from a strategic perspective, we may define sea control as assuring one's own use of the sea and denying its use to the rivals in wartime. Sea denial, by contrast, can be defined as preventing adversaries from using the sea. Sea control means the desire to gain maritime dominance, whereas sea denial entails a balance of power. The 2020 version of the U.S. Navy's Naval Doctrine Publication 1 defines sea denial as an "offensive, cost-imposing approach that can be applied when it is impossible or unnecessary to establish sea control."1 Achieving sea control has always been more difficult than sea denial because the former is highly dependent on a country's capacity to project air and naval power, while the latter does not require massive power projection and intense joint operations. Moreover, today's task of sea control includes joint operations in all domains—land, sea, air, space, [End Page 18] and cyber—and the vulnerability of any domain may mean that the strategy fails. What makes sea denial different now from the past is the rapid improvement in sensor, guidance, and communication technology in recent decades and new ways of implementing strategies that such technology creates.2 Therefore, states are increasingly able to threaten an opponent's ships at long range from relatively safer and cheaper land-based aircraft and missile batteries—a range of capabilities termed anti-access/area-denial by U.S. military planners.3 Thus, with heightened interdependence of great powers and multiple paths of military technology, maritime predominance is becoming increasingly difficult to obtain, and perhaps will even be impossible in the future. However, for great powers, it is progressively simpler to ensure the other side's fleet cannot sail unhindered if needed. In this regard, most waters of the world are in the contested "no man's sea."4 Usually, great powers enjoy an advantage in their near seas and must accept others' advantages elsewhere. The United States may be the only exception based on its status as a superpower and its alliance system. However, even the United States is finding it harder to maintain its edge, especially in the western Pacific, Indian Ocean, and Arctic. China's Interests in the Indian Ocean China is a power with a relatively unfavorable marine geography, and it has no formal military ally around the Indian Ocean. No matter how China rises, it would be difficult for the country to wield dominant sea power in the Indian Ocean region as long as the United States and India make no major strategic mistakes nor suffer a sharp decline in national power. In the Indian Ocean, China is confronted with a similar anti-access dilemma and the disadvantage of distance that the United States faces in East Asian waters. Therefore, China can only operate in the ocean as a relatively weak sea power, or perhaps by using a "fleet in being" strategy, which means maintaining an effective but inferior military presence so as to deter and [End Page 19] check the stronger sea power from obtaining absolute command of the sea and violating its own vital interests.5 At present and for the foreseeable future, China's most important interest in the Indian Ocean is to...

Nickel and cadmium phytoextraction efficiencies of vetiver and lemongrass grown on Ni–Cd battery waste contaminated soil: A comparative study of linear and nonlinear models

A comparative assessment of the phytoremediation efficiency of two tolerant grass species viz. vetiver and lemongrass were performed in pots against simulated Ni–Cd battery electrolyte waste (EW) contaminated soil (EW1%, EW2% and EW4% w/w). Ni (μg g−1) accumulation was higher in shoots (36.8) and roots (252.9) of vetiver than in lemongrass (12.5 and 79.7, respectively). While the same trend was true for Cd (μg g−1) accumulation in vetiver and lemon grass roots (232.2 and 147.2, respectively), however, the accumulation in vetiver shoot (43.4) was less than in lemongrass (99.9). The bioaccumulation factor of metals in both grasses increased with EW contamination. Vetiver was tolerant towards EW toxicity than lemongrass, as it exhibited lesser decline in morphological parameters, lesser rise in TBARS against the doses of EW. The activities of SOD, APX, POD enzymes were higher in vetiver whereas, only GR in lemongrass. Multiple linear regression model show, pH had strong and positive influence over the Ni and Cd uptake by the plants whereas, phosphate, OM and bioavailable metals influenced negatively. The higher R2 (>0.9) and Chi-square values ≤ 1 in sigmoid non-linear model demonstrates robustness of the model for predicting the Ni and Cd accumulation (MHM) in both the grasses. Ni accumulation was higher than Cd, roots had greater accumulation of heavy metal and vetiver was a greater accumulator of Ni and Cd from EW the contaminated soil than lemongrass.

Thermal, optical and electrical susceptibility studies of pure and calcium-doped nickel cadmium oxalate crystals

Thermal, optical and electrical susceptibility studies of pure and calcium-doped nickel cadmium oxalate crystals

Coupled Simulation of Electric Flight Dynamics and Physics Based Battery Model for Electric Aircraft Battery Pack Sizing Analysis

Electrification of aircraft and aviation systems is a thriving area of research and technology development in recent years1. According to the Airbus Global Market Forecast, air traffic will double every 15 years, leading to increasing fuel consumption causing severe impact due to greenhouse gases and carbon emission2. Besides the environmental impact, as the international demand for fuel increases, and the fact that petroleum resources are limited, fuel prices are projected to rise. On the other side, the drop in the cost of lithium ion batteries makes electric aircraft feasible to commercialize now. This necessitates studying the battery pack sizing problem to build efficient Energy Management System (EMS) for electric aircraft.There is a significant amount of research on EMS for electric aircraft. Most of the current literature related to electric aircraft modeling considers the battery voltage to be linear3. This may lead to inaccurate estimation of state of charge (SOC), a key state variable for batteries and battery pack. In this work, we perform coupled simulation studies of the longitudinal flight dynamics and physics-based battery model (single particle model)4 ,5. This coupling enables accurate estimation of battery pack state of charge. The simulation studies are performed to understand the interplay between battery pack configuration/design parameters and variables/parameters related to flight dynamics, such as altitude, distance, flight path angle, and velocity. We also compare the SOC prediction of the battery pack using single particle model and dynamic empirical battery model. This work will be extended to develop efficient and robust EMS for electric aircraft. Acknowledgements This research was supported by the Texas Materials Institute (TMI) at The University of Texas at Austin. References J. A. Rosero, J. A. Ortega, E. Aldabas, and L. Romeral, IEEE Aerosp. Electron. Syst. Mag., 22, 3–9 (2007).Airbus global market forecase. [Online]., https://www.airbus.com/aircraft/market/global-market-forecast.html.M. Kaptsov and L. Rodrigues, J. Guid. Control. Dyn., 41, 285–290 (2018).S. Santhanagopalan, Q. Guo, P. Ramadass, and R. E. White, J. Power Sources, 156, 620–628 (2006).V. Ramadesigan, P. W. C. Northrop, S. De, S. Santhanagopalan, R. D. Braatz, and V. R. Subramanian, J. Electrochem. Soc., 159, R31–R45 (2012).

Spatio-temporal assessment, sources and health risks of water pollutants at trace levels in public supply river using multivariate statistical techniques

The Joanes River is located in the northeast of Brazil, crosses the Camaçari Petrochemical Complex, the largest integrated industrial complex in the Southern Hemisphere, which has over 90 companies in the chemical and petrochemical industry. The present study aims to evaluate spatial distribution, seasonal variation and identify possible sources of trace metal contamination in surface water samples of the Joanes River. Samples were collected in the dry (December 2018) and rainy (August 2019) seasons. Analysis of trace elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Mn and Pb) were performed by ICP-MS. A total of 60 water samples were obtained. Samples were analyzed using exploratory techniques such as principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA). It was possible to characterize the samples according to the seasonal variation. The formation of two groups was observed. Among these, samples from the rainy season presented the higher levels of metals in relation to the samples of the dry season. Natural and anthropic sources of metal contamination were identified using CA. Similarity was shown in the relationship between the metals As–Pb and Ni–Cd–Cr–Cu in the dry season, and Cd–Ni and Pb–As–Cr–Cu in the rainy season. Dermal absorption (HQderm) and ingestion hazard quotients (HQing) routes exhibited values of less than one for all the elements analyzed for adults and children, in both rainy and dry seasons. This indicated that the pollutants analyzed posed little or no health risk over a lifetime of exposure. According to international guidelines (US EPA), the values of Cu, Pb and Cr were above the limit established.

Multi-Input Nonlinear Programming Based Deterministic Optimization Framework for Evaluating Microgrids with Optimal Renewable-Storage Energy Mix

Integration of renewable energy sources (RES) in a distribution network facilities the establishment of sustainable power systems. Concurrently, the incorporation of energy storage system (ESS) plays a pivotal role to maintain the economical significance as well as mitigates the technical liabilities associated with uncontrollable and fluctuating renewable output power. Nevertheless, ESS technologies require additional investments that imposes a techno-economic challenge of selection, allocation and sizing to ensure a reliable power system that is operationally optimized with reduced cost. In this paper, a deterministic cost-optimization framework is presented based on a multi-input nonlinear programming to optimally solve the sizing and allocation problem. The optimization is performed to obviate the demand-generation mismatch, that is violated with the introduction of variable renewable energy sources. The proposed optimization method is tested and validated on an IEEE 24-bus network integrated with solar and wind energy sources. The deterministic approach is solved using GAMS optimization software considering the system data of one year. Based on the optimization framework, the study also presents various different scenarios of renewable energy mix in combination with advanced ESS technologies to outline an technical as well as economical framework for ESS sizing, allocation, and selection. Based on the optimal results obtained, the optimal sizing and allocation were obtained for lead-acid, lithium-ion, nickel-cadmium and sodium-sulfur (NaS) battery energy storage system. While all these storage technologies mitigated the demand-generation mismatch with optimal size and location. However, the NaS storage technology was found to be the best among the given storage technologies for the given system minimum possible cost. Furthermore, it was observed that the cost of hybrid wind-solar mix system results in the lowest overall cost.