Absolute Space Research Articles

Quantum Gravitation Solutions

This is intended to clarify the so called problem of quantum gravitation. In absolute geometry space-time is intrinsically quantum-gravitational implying that there is no need to try to quantize gravity.

$$K_0$$-group of absolute matrix order unit spaces

In this paper, we describe the Grothendieck group $$K_0(V)$$ of an absolute matrix order unit space V. For this purpose, we discuss the direct limit of absolute matrix order unit spaces. We show that $$K_0$$ is a functor from category of absolute matrix order unit spaces with morphisms as unital completely $$\vert \cdot \vert$$ -preserving maps to category of abelian groups. We study order structure in $$K_0(V)$$ and prove that under certain condition, $$K_0(V)$$ is an ordered abelian group. We also show that the functor $$K_0$$ is additive on orthogonal unital completely $$\vert \cdot \vert$$ -preserving maps.

Investigating Total Collisions of the Newtonian N-Body Problem on Shape Space

We analyze the points of total collision of the Newtonian gravitational system on shape space (the relational configuration space of the system). While the Newtonian equations of motion, formulated with respect to absolute space and time, are singular at the point of total collision due to the singularity of the Newton potential at that point, this need not be the case on shape space where absolute scale doesn’t exist. We investigate whether, adopting a relational description of the system, the shape degrees of freedom, which are merely angles and their conjugate momenta, can be evolved through the points of total collision. Unfortunately, this is not the case. Even without scale, the equations of motion are singular at the points of total collision (and only there). This follows from the special behavior of the shape momenta. While this behavior induces the singularity, it at the same time provides a purely shape-dynamical description of total collisions. By help of this, we are able to discern total-collision solutions from non-collision solutions on shape space, that is, without reference to (external) scale. We can further use the shape-dynamical description to show that total-collision solutions form a set of measure zero among all solutions.

Non-relativistic limit of gravity theories in the first order formalism

We consider the non-relativistic limit of gravity in four dimensions in the first order formalism. First, we revisit the case of the Einstein-Hilbert action and formally discuss some geometrical configurations in vacuum and in the presence of matter at leading order. Second, we consider the more general Mardones-Zanelli action and its non-relativistic limit. The field equations and some interesting geometries, in vacuum and in the presence of matter, are formally obtained. Remarkably, in contrast to the Einstein-Hilbert limit, the set of field equations is fully determined because the boost connection appears in the action and field equations. It is found that the cosmological constant must disappear in the non-relativistic Mardones-Zanelli action at leading order. The conditions for Newtonian absolute time be acceptable are also discussed. It turns out that Newtonian absolute time can be safely implemented with reasonable conditions.

The Proximity of Light: A deconstruction of space

A deconstruction of the implicit notion of Absolute space that dominates modern physics. The deconstruction is enacted by juxtaposing the common notion of Absolute space abstracted from Newton’s Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica with Levinas’ particular present treatment of space in Otherwise than Being: Or Beyond Essence.

The Third Discussion on Cosmic Space in Zero Dimension<br/>—A Discussion on Spatial Questions According to the Correspondence between Clarke and Leibniz

The relationship between space (absolute space) and matters (relative space) is similar to that between a stage and performers, where they both exist independently and are interconnected. This work first explores the hypothesis that the Essential space of the Universe is absolute and is zero-dimensional. The second part of the hypothesis discusses that the three-dimensional Universe is a relative space occupied by matters and a representation of its relative positions. The hypothesis in this work will be explored and discussed using reference from the correspondence between Clarke and Leibniz. This work tentatively concludes that the space is absolute and zero-dimensional.

Метафизика пространства как эпистемологическая основа гетеродоксальной теологии и историографии Исаака Ньютона

The article deals with the Newtonian concept of space, which became not only the basis of classical mechanics, but also the central component of Newton’s Christian theology and his non-canonical preaching. The author of the paper analyses the ontological dualism of the thinker. Newton distinguished absolute and relative space, defending the principles of ontological dualism. It is revealed that Newton’s ontological dualism is directly caused by his theological conclu­sions about the presence of God in the Universe. It was characteristic for Newton to combine the ideas in physics and theological metaphysics into one indivisible unity. It is found out that the English scientist regarded the absolute space as in­herent to God, and relative spaces as characteristic of the Universe in which we exist and which we can explore. Newton formulated the basic principles of his “scientific” Christian homiletics, non-canonical and often heterodox from the view of the Anglican religion. It is revealed that Newton’s Christian sermon was intended for an extremely narrow circle of people, mainly his followers Newtonians and the members of the Royal Society. An attempt is made to ana­lyse the effectiveness of Newtonian “scientific” homiletics in the context of the social life of England in the late 17th – early 18th centuries.

Transcendentalism as a Program for the Development of Epistemology

The author discusses some tensions between realism and constructivism in the theory of knowledge and the corresponding research programs in the philosophy of science. In this paper, he argues that the development of transcendentalism can help reduce these tensions. He considers the way for Kant’s transcendentalism development, which is connected with the semiotic interpretation proposed by K.-O. Apel. The author suggests the new interpretation of transcendentalism according to which the transcendental exists as a proto-norm, which is a spontaneous act that assigns the “given” object either the status of a sign reffering to a certain meaning, or the status of a meaning reffering to a certain expression (sign). The author develops G. Frege’s concept of meaning and argues that the existence of two kinds of meaning (meaning-1 and meaning-2), which corresponds with the two fundamental characteristics of consciousness: intensionality and responsiveness. Given this, a transcendental act generates either intensional or responsive meanings of the reality. The proposed symbolic interpretation of transcendentalism allows us explain the emergence of realism and constructivism as semiotic types of cultures and overcome the tensions between them. It is also shown that this version of symbolic transcendentalism is promising for explaining the nature of absolute existences in both classical and non-classical physical theories. The examples of such existences as absolute space and absolute time in Newtonian mechanics and absolute standards in G. Weil's theory of gauge fields are considered. These transcendental existences cannot be interpreted as real physical objects, and at the same time they are necessary for the interpretation of physical experiments. The author comes to the conclusion that transcendentalism is a promising program for the development of philosophy of science as an area for researches in normativity, sign-symbolic structures of cognitive processes, and the forms of knowledge.

A Second Discussion on Cosmic Space in Zero Dimension <br/>—A Discussion on Spatial Questions According to Classical Physics

Since their publications, theories in classical and modern physics have thoroughly studied the essence of matters. However, modern physical models only examined the change on the appearance of substances within its surrounding space, and it has never involved the study of absolute space as models in modern physics did not endorse the existence of absolute space. This work put in question the theories of higher-dimensional Universe accepted in mainstream physics. In order to reignite discussions in the Essence of the Universe, the author proposed the hypothesis that the Essence of the Universe is the zero-dimensional space and that it does not change accordingly with the change in substances, and that space is only and solely space. This work explored the topic of a zero-dimensional Universe using Western and Eastern philosophical concepts and their derivatives. This work concluded that zero-dimensional space could be a possibility that should be further studied, that the cause and information of Intelligent Energy proposed by the author influenced the motion and change of substances, and that time and force were merely parameters that describe the state of matters.

Partial isometries in an absolute order unit space

In this paper, we extend the notion of orthogonality to the general elements of an absolute matrix order unit space and relate it to the orthogonality among positive elements. We introduce the notion of a partial isometry in an absolute matrix order unit space. As an application, we describe the comparison of order projections. We also discuss finiteness of order projections.

The Metric of Space-Time Curvature in a Weak Gravitational Field and it’s Consequence in Newtonian Approximation

In Newtonian mechanics, space and time are separate but in General, Relativity is unified. It is considered that the space in the weak-field approximation is quasi-static and it arises from a perfect field whose particles have very small velocity in comparison to light velocity in this coordinate system and the metric is a gravitational potential tensor of rank two which implies the field of empty space. If each point of an area in N-dimensional space there existed a corresponding definite tensor, where the components of the tensor are the function of space and space acts as the strong or weak gravitational field.

Sir Isaac Newton Stranger in a Strange Land.

The theme of this essay is that the time of dominance of Newton’s world view in science is drawing to a close. The harbinger of its demise was the work of Poincaré on the three-body problem and its culmination into what is now called chaos theory. The signature of chaos is the sensitive dependence on initial conditions resulting in the unpredictability of single particle trajectories. Classical determinism has become increasingly rare with the advent of chaos, being replaced by erratic stochastic processes. However, even the probability calculus could not withstand the non-Newtonian assault from the social and life sciences. The ordinary partial differential equations that traditionally determined the evolution of probability density functions (PDFs) in phase space are replaced with their fractional counterparts. Allometry relation is proven to result from a system’s complexity using exact solutions for the PDF of the Fractional Kinetic Theory (FKT). Complexity theory is shown to be incompatible with Newton’s unquestioning reliance on an absolute space and time upon which he built his discrete calculus.

Effect of migration, distribution and spacing of pig embryos on pregnancy and fetal survival

Pig embryos enter the uterus from the oviduct about 48 h after ovulation at about the 4-cell stage. They remain near the tip of the uterine horn until about Day 6 when they migrate towards the body of the uterus. By Day 9 some embryos have entered the horn opposite the one of origin and continue migrating until Day 12. At Day 12 embryos can no longer successfully move to a different site. The critical signal for recognition of pregnancy occurs at Day 12 at the same time that embryos are elongating at a rapid rate. The distribution of embryos throughout the length of the horns has occurred by this time and spacing accompanied by uterine growth takes place. The speed of migration is not influenced by the number of embryos but may be affected by secretions from the embryos acting on the uterus. A significant section of unoccupied uterus at Day 12 will prevent continuance of pregnancy regardless of the number of embryos present in the occupied section. When the number of embryos is so few as to not occupy the uterus fully, pregnancy will not continue. Removal of embryos from a significant section of the uterus after Day 14 does not stop an existing pregnancy. Embryos are spaced nearly equidistant from each other with the absolute space between fetuses dependent on the total uterine space available. The position of the fetus in the uterus affects the spacing between fetuses; fetuses at the tip of the horn before Day 25 have the greatest space with the space decreasing from the tip to the body.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Some Properties of Algebra Fuzzy Absolute ValueSpace and Algebra Fuzzy Normed Space

Our aim in the this research is to introduce the notion of algebra fuzzy absolute value in order to introduce new type of fuzzy normed space called algebra fuzzy normed space after that some examples is introduced to illustrate these notions. Then some properties of algebra fuzzy absolute value space are proved after that basic of algebra fuzzy normed space also proved.

Non-boost invariant fluid dynamics

We consider uncharged fluids without any boost symmetry on an arbitrary curved background and classify all allowed transport coefficients up to first order in derivatives. We assume rotational symmetry and we use the entropy current formalism. The curved background geometry in the absence of boost symmetry is called absolute or Aristotelian spacetime. We present a closed-form expression for the energy-momentum tensor in Landau frame which splits into three parts: a dissipative (10), a hydrostatic non-dissipative (2) and a non-hydrostatic non-dissipative part (4), where in parenthesis we have indicated the number of allowed transport coefficients. The non-hydrostatic non-dissipative transport coefficients can be thought of as the generalization of coefficients that would vanish if we were to restrict to linearized perturbations and impose the Onsager relations. For the two hydrostatic and the four non-hydrostatic non-dissipative transport coefficients we present a Lagrangian description. Finally when we impose scale invariance, thus restricting to Lifshitz fluids, we find 7 dissipative, 1 hydrostatic and 2 non-hydrostatic non-dissipative transport coefficients.

İnternette Haber Üretimi ve Gazeteciler Üzerine Bir Araştırma: Alternatif Bir Kavramsal Çerçeve Denemesi

Bu çalışma, yeni iletişim teknolojilerinin mümkün kıldığı olanaklarla oluşan internet gazeteciliğinde çalışma ve haber üretme pratiklerini incelemektedir. Çalışmanın kavramsal çerçevesi emek süreci kuramı etrafında oluşturulmuştur. Çalışmanın varsayımı, internet gazeteciliği üzerine var olan yazında teknoloji ve dönüşüm tartışmalarının, söz konusu dönüşüme ilişkin bütüncül bir kavrayış sunmaktan uzak olduğu ve dönüşümü emek süreci teorisiyle incelemenin bu eksikliği gidermeye katkı sunacağıdır. Bu kapsamda çalışmada yeni teknolojiler, internette haber üretme pratikleri ve çalışma koşulları gazetecilerin emek sürecinin bileşenleri olarak ele alınmakta ve teknolojinin bu süreçteki önemli etkisinin emek sürecini bir bütün olarak nasıl dönüştürdüğü tartışılmaktadır. Böylece, literatürdeki geniş kanının aksine internetin gazeteciler için mutlak özgürleştirici bir alan olup olmadığı sorgulanacaktır. Bu çerçevede internet medyasında çalışan yedi gazeteciyle gazetecilik pratikleri üzerine derinlemesine görüşmeler yapılmış ve yedi kurumda sistematik olmayan gözlemler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bulgular tartışmanın kavramsal çerçevesi ekseninde sınıflandırılmıştır. Çalışmanın ilk bölümünde yeni iletişim teknolojilerinin gazetecilik üzerinde yarattığı dönüşüm tartışılacak, ikinci bölümde emek süreci bağlamında gazetecilerin temel sorun alanları saptanacaktır. Üçüncü bölümde ise internet gazeteciliğinde emek süreci alandan bulgularla açıklanmaya çalışılacaktır.

The Leibniz-Clarke Correspondence as a Case Study for the Historiography of Physics

This paper examines an important episode in the history of early modern physics – the Leibniz-Clarke correspondence of 1715-16, an exchange that occurred at the intersection of physics, metaphysics and theology – before turning to questions of interpretation in the historiography of physics. Samuel Clarke, a disciple of Isaac Newton, engaged in a dispute over Newton’s commitment to absolute space and absolute time with Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who criticized Newton’s views and advanced a rival account. I clarify the positions at stake in the Leibniz-Clarke correspondence, define a variety of terms – absolute space, absolute time, substantivalism, and relationalism – endogenous to the exchange, and reconstruct key elements in the philosophical dimension of the dispute. I then use the Leibniz-Clarke exchange as a springboard from which to examine interpretive considerations in the historiography of physics. I argue that the history of physics can benefit from reassessing its historiographical commitments by borrowing or appropriating some of the intellectual resources used by philosophers working in the history of philosophy. This historiographical reassessment, I contend, will not only shed new light on the Leibniz-Clarke exchange but may also reinvigorate the history of physics.

Absolute space and Newton's theory of relativity

Newton's metaphysical picture of space and time provides the conceptual background for his theory of motion. Philosophical discussions of absolute space and time, however, underemphasize Newton's concern with the relativity of motion. From a modern perspective, this is usually seen as a concern that Newton himself did not take seriously enough, especially in comparison with contemporaries such as Huygens and Leibniz. In one sense, however, Newton pursued the problem of the relativity of motion further than his contemporary critics. In fact, while they defended the relativity of motion as a general principle, only Newton tried to develop what may legitimately be called a theory of relativity: a systematic theoretical account of what is objective in the description of physical interactions, and a principled distinction between the objective properties and those that depend on the choice of a frame of reference. On this basis Newton articulated, more clearly than any of his contemporaries, the conceptual revisions imposed by the relativity of motion on prevailing notions of force, inertia, and causality. We can see this from the history of his use of the Galilean relativity principle, which became Corollary V to the Laws of Motion. Moreover, while his critics demanded a mechanistic alternative to his theory of gravitation, Newton not only saw the empirical power of his theory, and its exemplary power for the theory and practice of physics in general; he also saw that the peculiar nature of gravity placed the problem of the relativity of motion in a dramatically new light. This is seen in his development and use of Corollary VI.By studying the progress of Newton's thought about these relativity principles, and the profound changes in his views between early manuscripts such as De Gravitatione and the first drafts of the Principia, we can see why Newton did not regard them as undermining his aim to determine “the true motions” in the solar system. On the contrary, he saw it as enabling him to separate the local problem of “true motion” for a given system of bodies, from the global problem of how that system might be moving with respect to absolute space. In other words, Newton, having acknowledged that absolute space is unobservable, and motion with respect to it therefore unknowable, nonetheless could solve the problem of “the system of the world.” Indeed, the history of his thinking shows that Newton introduced the theory of absolute space precisely in order to articulate his theory of relativity. Newton's use of relativity principles sheds light on the relation between mathematical principles and causal explanation in physics.

The church garden as an element improving the quality of city life – A case study in Warsaw

The subject of the paper are gardens associated with the Roman Catholic parish churches of the Warsaw Archdiocese. Church gardens derive from tradition of former churchyards which are principally characterized as places of burial. With passing years churchyards have lost their function of burial place and were transformed into designed green areas. The church gardens scattered throughout the urban tissue may constitute significant part of urban green spaces. Despite their fairly small size, the church gardens can function as a compliment to larger public green spaces. The research aims to verify how the church gardens of the Warsaw Archdiocese contribute to urban residents’ quality of life improvement. The data collection, by means of on-site study, included identification of garden layout, types of vegetation, symbolical elements, furniture and other architectonic elements. To identify each church lot size and the surface covered by green space within respective church lot the orthophotomaps were used. Information on social functions of the gardens was acquired from the parish websites and their profiles in the social media (Facebook), and was supplemented by on-site observations carried out in the gardens. The size of the church gardens is diverse, but the majority of them has at least a small-size green space. The gardens which host social events are larger and have larger green space surface but do not differ with respect to the percentage of the green space surface. Social events take place more frequently in gardens with woody plants. Bigger absolute green space surface and presence of trees favors social events. The results show that Warsaw Archdiocese church gardens constitute important part of small urban green spaces structure.

Non-Euclidean Newtonian cosmology

We formulate and solve the problem of Newtonian cosmology under the assumption that the absolute space of Newton is non-Euclidean. In particular, we focus on the negatively-curved hyperbolic space, H3. We point out the inequivalence between the curvature term that arises in the Friedmann equation in Newtonian cosmology in Euclidean space and the role of curvature in the H3 space. We find the generalisation of the inverse-square law and the solutions of the Newtonian cosmology that follow from it. We find the generalisations of the Euclidean Michell ‘black hole’ in H3 and show that it leads to different maximum force and area results to those we have found in general relativity. We show how to add the counterpart of the cosmological constant to the gravitational potential in H3 and explore the solutions and asymptotes of the cosmological models that result. We also discuss the problems of introducing compact topologies in Newtonian cosmologies with non-negative spatial curvature.