Absolute Space Research Articles

Correlation of Joint Space Widening on Valgus Stress Magnetic Resonance Imaging With Level of Play and Innings Pitched in Professional Pitchers.

Previous studies have described various techniques and confirmed the clinical utility of valgus stress radiography and stress ultrasound in overhead athletes. The addition of valgus stress and a high-resolution anatomic assessment of the elbow with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the active throwing position (flexed elbow valgus external rotation [FEVER] view) can add valuable diagnostic or prognostic information in throwing athletes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate findings on MRI and subsequent performance in professional throwing athletes. It was hypothesized that joint space widening in the FEVER view would be predictive of performance and the risk of subsequent injuries. Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. All pitchers on 2 Major League Baseball teams who consented to participate during their preseason screening in 2019 and 2020 underwent standard and FEVER MRI, and performance data from the following season were recorded, including injuries, mean throwing velocity, number of innings pitched, strikeout percentage, walk percentage, weighted on-base average, and level of play reached (not signed, minor league, or major league). Categorical variables were compared using the Fisher exact test or chi-square test, and continuous variables were compared using the Kruskal-Wallis test, as appropriate. Ordered logistic regression was used to determine the independent factors predicting performance. A total of 91 players underwent preseason imaging, and all players had subsequent performance data available. Multivariate analysis revealed that when controlling for age, mean velocity, history of injuries, presence of symptoms, and history of ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction, increased absolute joint space widening was predictive of a lower level of play (β = -0.63; P = .042). Univariate analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between relative joint space widening and level of play reached (β = -0.54; P = .034). Relative joint space widening remained a significant predictor of level of play (β = -0.87; P = .012) on multivariate analysis. Multivariate analysis also showed that both absolute joint space widening (β = -13.50; P = .012) and relative joint space widening (β = -13.60; P = .026) were predictive of the number of innings pitched in the subsequent season. The present study demonstrates that findings on MRI with valgus stress correlated with the level of play reached and number of innings pitched in professional throwing athletes.

Spatial correspondence in relative space regulates serial dependence

Our perception is often attracted to what we have seen before, a phenomenon called ‘serial dependence.’ Serial dependence can help maintain a stable perception of the world, given the statistical regularity in the environment. If serial dependence serves this presumed utility, it should be pronounced when consecutive elements share the same identity when multiple elements spatially shift across successive views. However, such preferential serial dependence between identity-matching elements in dynamic situations has never been empirically tested. Here, we hypothesized that serial dependence between consecutive elements is modulated more effectively by the spatial correspondence in relative space than by that in absolute space because spatial correspondence in relative coordinates can warrant identity matching invariantly to changes in absolute coordinates. To test this hypothesis, we developed a task where two targets change positions in unison between successive views. We found that serial dependence was substantially modulated by the correspondence in relative coordinates, but not by that in absolute coordinates. Moreover, such selective modulation by the correspondence in relative space was also observed even for the serial dependence defined by previous non-target elements. Our findings are consistent with the view that serial dependence subserves object-based perceptual stabilization over time in dynamic situations.

The One-Way Linear Effect, a first order optical effect

In the One-Way Linear Effect, the round-trip time interval T0′ taken by light to propagate around a moving linear closed contour, is measured by a device. If the contour changes velocity by Δv, the round-trip interval T′(X′,Δv) turns out to depend on the device position X′ and Δv. The variation ΔT′=T′(X′,Δv)−T0′, related to Δv/c, is experimentally observable by means of standard interferometry, ring laser techniques, or high precision time-delay detectors of light pulses. Being sensitive to velocity variations, if experimentally confirmed the One-Way Linear Effect may have relevant applications in inertial guidance systems and related areas. Furthermore, the One-Way Linear Effect can be used to confirm Lorentz invariance by testing relative simultaneity versus absolute simultaneity.

Fundamental response in the vibration control of buildings subject to seismic excitation with ATMD

The linear quadratic regulator for vibration systems subject to seismic excitations is discussed in his own physical newtonian space as a second-order linear differential system with matrix coefficients. The linear quadratic regulator leads to a fourth-order system and second-order transversality conditions. Those systems are studied with a matrix basis generated by a fundamental matrix solution.

The Crystalline Ether

This paper summarizes how a new approach to the Universe based on the existence of a "crystalline ether", which has recently been detailed in the third versions of two books [1], makes it possible to find a simple, unified and coherent explanation of all the theories of modern physics and of the Universe. The basic concepts of this approach can be summarized as follows: (i) the support of the Universe is a form of "crystalline ether" which consists of a solid and inertial lattice, of face-centered cubic structure, with the simplest possible elasticity, and in which matter is represented by the set of topological singularities of this lattice (loops of dislocations, disinclinations and dispirations), and (ii) this lattice exclusively satisfies, in absolute space, the basic classical physical concepts that are Newton's law and the two principles of thermodynamics. With these basic classical concepts alone, we show that it is possible to find all the modern theories of physics, namely that the behaviors of this lattice (the Universe) and its topological singularities (the Matter) satisfy electromagnetism, special relativity, general relativity, gravitation, quantum physics, cosmology and even the standard model of elementary particles.

Simultaneity, language, and experience

As part of his special theory of relativity, Einstein introduced two definitions of the word “simultaneity”—the coordinated-clocks definition in his famous 1905 paper and the mid-point definition in his 1916 book. Einstein never discussed the relation between these two definitions. Neither has anyone else, to my knowledge. I show that these definitions are not equivalent because they have different scopes of applicability, but that they are equivalent wherever both apply. My proof of this partial equivalence is a corollary of my proof that both of Einstein’s definitions clash with the natural ticking of monochromatic light, which I call an electromagnetic wave clock. Einstein disparaged the idea of absolute simultaneity, but the reasons he gave were not good ones. He suggested that the idea originated in a confusion between happening simultaneously and being seen simultaneously. This thesis is dubious. It is also irrelevant, because an idea that originates in a confusion need not be a confused idea. He suggested that there could be no experimental test for absolute simultaneity. I refute this suggestion by describing an experimental test for absolute simultaneity, which I call the melt-mark test. The empirical credentials of Einstein’s definitions are not superior to those of absolute simultaneity. Einstein writes as if he can banish the idea of absolute “simultaneity” by merely giving the word “simultaneity” a new meaning. But many words have multiple meanings; Einstein merely made simultaneity such a word. The meanings of “simultaneity” that there is reason to disparage are Einstein’s definitions, because they clash with the electromagnetic wave clock. None of these points is properly appreciated by today’s physics community, where Einstein’s assertions about simultaneity continue to enjoy broad acclaim. Physical theories that employ the idea of absolute simultaneity are often wrongly rejected because they do.

The method of manipulability control of a robot

The paper presents the results of a numerical experiment that demonstrates the effectiveness of a control algo-rithm that maintains a sufficiently high numerical value of the robot's manipulability function , which ensures «remoteness» from a singular configuration. The problem of approaching the end effector of the space manipula-tor Canadarm2, which has seven degrees of freedom (one redundant generalized coordinate), with an object mov-ing along a known trajectory, is considered. To the six parameters that determine the position and orientation of the gripper in absolute space, a «kinematic» function , depending on the relative rotation angles of the links, has been added. In this case, the kinematics equations became closed with respect to the rotation angles. The control law includes a condition for maintaining a certain numerical value that exceeds the minimum allowable value. Illustrations in the form of three-dimensional animation obtained on the basis of numerical integration of the equa-tions of controlled motion of the manipulator and the object were built using the Mathematica computer algebra system.

Analysis of the Physical Mechanism of Inertial Centrifugal Force Generation with the Newton Bucket Experiment

This paper analyzes Newton's bucket experiment with a new view of the ether and concludes that the reason why the surface of the water in the rotating bucket is concave is not caused by the rotation of the water in the bucket with respect to the absolute space of the universe as Newton thought, nor is it caused by the rotation of the water in the bucket with respect to the entire starry background as Mach thought, but the rotation of the water in the bucket with respect to the energy (ether) field of the earth. Through the analysis of Newton's bucket experiment, this paper also obtained the physical mechanism of the inertial centrifugal force, that is, "the inertial centrifugal force acting on an object is generated by the object moving in a circle in a flat space-time". According to the physical mechanism of the inertial centrifugal force, the following inferences can be drawn: the inertial centrifugal force of the artificial earth satellite moving around the earth does not come from the motion of the artificial Earth satellite around the earth, but from the circular motion of the artificial Earth satellite in the energy (ether) field of the sun; and the inertial centrifugal force of the planet moving around the sun does not come from the planet moving around the sun, but from the planet moving in a circle in the galactic energy (ether) field.

Impact of cardiac output and alveolar ventilation in estimating ventilation/perfusion mismatch in ARDS using electrical impedance tomography

IntroductionElectrical impedance tomography (EIT) can be used to assess ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch within the lungs. Several methods have been proposed, some of them neglecting the absolute value of alveolar ventilation (VA) and cardiac output (QC). Whether this omission results in acceptable bias is unknown.MethodsPixel-level V/Q maps of 25 ARDS patients were computed once considering (absolute V/Q map) and once neglecting (relative V/Q map) the value of QC and VA. Previously published indices of V/Q mismatch were computed using absolute V/Q maps and relative V/Q maps. Indices computed with relative V/Q maps were compared to their counterparts computed using absolute V/Q maps.ResultsAmong 21 patients with ratio of alveolar ventilation to cardiac output (VA/QC) > 1, relative shunt fraction was significantly higher than absolute shunt fraction [37% (24–66) vs 19% (11–46), respectively, p < 0.001], while relative dead space fraction was significantly lower than absolute dead space fraction [40% (22–49) vs 58% (46–84), respectively, p < 0.001]. Relative wasted ventilation was significantly lower than the absolute wasted ventilation [16% (11–27) vs 29% (19–35), respectively, p < 0.001], while relative wasted perfusion was significantly higher than absolute wasted perfusion [18% (11–23) vs 11% (7–19), respectively, p < 0.001]. The opposite findings were retrieved in the four patients with VA/QC < 1.ConclusionNeglecting cardiac output and alveolar ventilation when assessing V/Q mismatch indices using EIT in ARDS patients results in significant bias, whose direction depends on the VA/QC ratio value.

Reconsidering Newtonian Temporality in the Context of Time Pressures of Higher Education

This article concerns the problem of time pressures in higher education from the perspective of Newtonian (clock)time and pedagogical action. While most recent critiques of contemporary time pressures turn to alternative time theories in place of Newtonian temporality, the current paper outlines a way to conceive education from a Newtonian time perspective while also retaining theorizations of education as a form of cyclical and uncertain interaction. Time is theorized as changes in the immediate present which transform an uncertain and potential future to an evident and permanent past in a Newtonian-linear temporal framework. Education, on the other hand, is defined as pedagogical influence to foster student’s human growth, demonstrated in a teaching–studying–learning relationship. Slow education theories and strategies are proposed as a way to reclaim time for education from the accelerative time policies of HE from within a linear time perspective instead of having to propose alternative time theories to ‘free’ education from its rootedness in the temporality of past, present, and future.

The theory on thing's limits. Part 2: A brief analysis of the new knowledge of Newton's first law

According to the norm of identifying truth in this theory, and Newton's first law which is a basis that can look at the overall situation, and by virtue of the electron storage ring as an experimental fact, it is pointed out: Only in reality can there be inertia. Inertia represents the continuity of the development of thing. As the speed gradually approaches to the c, the particle's mass also approaches to zero along with its static mass due to the impact of electromagnetic radiation, which is exactly the root where the energy shrinkage effect of high-speed particles comes from, and also the primary factor causing the spectrum redshift. Therefore, the Big Bang theory is wrong. All photons are produced from the high-density particles through electromagnetic radiations. Wherever there is fluctuation, there must be mass, and vice versa. This is the correct understanding of "wave-particle duality". No matter the high-speed electrons or the photons produced by them all have different static masses, but their charge-mass ratio is always the same physical constant, and not affected by relativistic effects and electromagnetic radiations. This is the true internal mechanism to constitute the uncertainty principle, and conforms to the experimental facts related to it. It can be proved that in a constant magnetic field, the high-speed electron or photon of having a relatively large curvature radius, which has a high moving speed and less mass, energy and wave frequency. Since Einstein used the absolute space-time established by Newton as the criterion and came to the conclusion that the relative space-time was curved, then he should no longer make circular arguments, that was, used the relative space-time as the criterion, to change the unit length and time established by the absolute space-time.

Conservation of angular momentum and the existence of absolute time and space

The law of balance of angular momentum is shown to imply the existence of absolute time, a fundamental physical quantity that is independent of the motion or position of the observer. Absolute time implies the notion of absolute simultaneity, which in turn leads to the notion of absolute distance between two points. The existence of absolute space follows as a consequence. These concepts apply to every field of physics to which the angular momentum balance law applies and, in particular, to the theory of special relativity. This paper also shows that in a vacuum, the independence of the speed of light from the motion of its source makes it possible to determine the absolute positions of all points in space. The same independence also allows us to determine the state of absolute rest or motion of a reference frame from within the frame itself.

Minimum space requirements for cattle: An approach based on photographic records.

The space requirements for accommodating cattle during confinement are based on assessment of both the physical space occupied by the animals and that needed for essential behaviours. The aim of this study was to estimate the area (m2 ) occupied by cattle of different liveweights in the static standing (ST), recumbency (SR) and sleeping (SL) postures. The study was conducted in Chile. The area (m2 ) occupied by 26 female beef cross cattle with liveweights between 45 and 642kg was estimated in the ST, SR and SL postures through planimetry using overhead photographs. The allometric coefficient k value was obtained for each posture using linear regression equations from the measured weight (kg0.66 ) and area occupied. Less but more variable space was occupied by each individual in the ST posture compared to SR or SL posture, with clear correlations between weight and occupied area. The k values obtained were 0.014 (ST), 0.023 (SR) and 0.021 (SL), which are all less than international recommendations for the same postures. The methodology needs refinement to reduce the distance to the object optical effect in the different postures. Further work is also needed to determine additional space requirements for behavioural needs and movements associated with each posture and change of posture, depending on the type of confinement. We provide a scientific basis on which to objectively establish absolute minimum static space requirements for cattle of different breeds, types, weights and anatomical conformations and calculate k values.

DEEP STRUCTURE OF THE ALTAI MOUNTAINS AND MODERN GRAVITY FIELD MODELS

The results of the ground-based absolute gravity and space geodetic measurements for the Altai Mountains were considered in combination with EIGEN-6C4 Global Geopotential Model (ETOPO1 Global Relief Model) generated from the satellite data. Analysis was made on different kinds of data: model values for the vertical component of gravity, values of Bouguer and Faye gravity reductions, variations of the vertical gravity gradient, and changes in altitude of the measurement sites. With EIGEN-6C4 model for Bouguer reduction, the crustal thickness curve was drawn along the Novosibirsk (southern West Siberia) – Ukok Plateau (Altai Mountains) line with a length of 800 km. The Moho depth increases from 40 km in the northwest of the area to 51 km in the southeast. For the homogeneous crust model, there was obtained the Moho depth distribution in the Altai Mountains and their foothills.The analysis of the results of modeling Bouguer and Faye reductions, the data on quasigeoid heights and the relationship between relief height and Bouguer anomalies implies that the Altai Mountains area as a whole is isostatically compensated. Non-compensated are some intermountain basins, such as, for example, the Kurai and Chuya valleys.

Leibniz and Kant

<i>Leibniz and Kant</i>

Sensorium Dei

The problem of space in philosophy is as old as the problem of time. It comes down to an alternative: whether the three-dimensional volume of the surrounding space exists by itself, as Newton argued, or is associated with the bodies filling it (Leibniz). In the history of philosophy, the dispute between them is qualified as the opposition of the substantial and relational concepts of time and space. It is rarely mentioned, however, that Newton’s “in itself” meant the divine establish­ment of time and space. Euler got rid of the religious solution to the problem of space, who accepted the material universe as a source of formation of a three-dimensional volume. Thus, in mechanics, which began to be called classical, the Newtonian version was replaced by the relativistic one. This is how everyone interpreted the theory of relativity, including the author himself. But in fact, in its depth, Einstein’s solution returned Newton’s version to science, Henri Bergson convincingly argued, only in place of the Newtonian Creator one should put liv­ing nature as a source of universal time and absolute space. Bergson understood life as a new kind of movement, not reducible to mechanics. Bergson’s theoreti­cal positions have been scientifically proven by Vladimir Vernadsky in the con­cept of the proper state of the space of living matter, as well as by biophysicist Erwin Bauer in the principle of non-equilibrium of living systems. The internal energy of living organisms allows them to do work due to entropy. Newton’s conjecture about the sensorium of God turned out to be fruitful.

Измерение современных движений на станции «Талая» (юго-западная часть Байкальского рифта)

The rates of modern displacements are an important factor in the modern geodynamics of the Baikal rift system. Reflection of strong earthquakes in the experimental values of displacements is still to be discussed, as well as the question of modern vertical movements. According to the measurements of 1992–2022, performed by the methods of absolute gravimetry and space geodesy, the velocities of vertical and horizontal movements at the Talaya seismic station (Baikal Rift). The displacement rates were determined as 1.7 mm/year – 1.9 mm/year at the SEE relative to the Irkutsk point (Siberian platform). A set of methods was used to obtain the vertical velocity val-ues for different epochs, pre-, co- and post-period of Kultuk earthquake (2008, M = 6.3, 25 km to the epicenter). Subsidence rates vary from 1.1 mm/yr to 3.3 mm/yr. Possible signs of the preparation of Baikal earthquakes have been identified.

Comparative Ontology of Theories of Space and Time

With a few exceptions, physics theories are based in a conception of time and space; our two major theories, general relativity, and quantum field theory, differ in their conceptions. Key issues herein include mathematics, logic, intuition, experiment, and ontology, with emphasis on simultaneity and dimensionality of the world. The treatment is through ontological comparison of two theories, space-time theory (special relativity) and energy-time theory (local absolute space and universal time). These two theories share many of the same equations but have different ontology.

Mach's Denial of Absolute Time

AbstractMach repudiated Newton's argument for absolute time. He denied there is such a thing as time itself that exists independently of any external change. In doing so, Mach failed to appreciate Newton's scientific practice. Absolute time is intrinsically related to Newton's laws of motion and the method of fluxions. Commentators have noted similarities between Mach's rejection of Newtonian time and his rejection of the independent existence of atoms. In this article, it shall be argued that the juxtaposition of absolute time and the atomic theory is unsound. Mach had good reasons to question the existence of substantial time, and he went on to provide an alternative, ontologically relational account. Whereas his dismissal of atoms can be seen as a questionable form of “phenomenalism” or “positivism,” this is not the case regarding his position on time.

Evolutionary Sequence of Spacetime and Intrinsic Spacetime and Associated Sequence of Geometries in Metric Force Fields IV

The flat two-dimensional relative proper intrinsic metric spacetime (\(\varnothing \rho^{\prime}, \varnothing c_s \varnothing t^{\prime}\)) underlying the flat four-dimensional relative proper metric spacetime \(\left(\mathbb{E}^{\prime 3}, c_s t^{\prime}\right)\), which emerges at the first stage of evolution of metric spacetime and intrinsic metric spacetime in long-range metric force fields, isolated in the first three parts of this paper, endures for no moment before transforming into a curved two-dimensional relative proper intrinsic metric spacetime with pseudo-orthogonal curvilinear intrinsic dimensions, (\(\varnothing \rho^{\prime}\) and \(\varnothing c_s \varnothing t^{\prime}\)), on the vertical intrinsic metric spacetime hyperplane, on the larger spacetime and intrinsic spacetime of combined positive (or our) universe and the negative universe. It therefore possesses intrinsic Lorentzian metric tensor at every point. It projects an underlying flat relativistic intrinsic metric spacetime \(\left(\varnothing \rho, \varnothing c_s \varnothing t\right)\), which is made manifested outwardly in a flat four-dimensional relativistic metric spacetime \(\left(\mathbb{E}^3, c_s t\right)\), at the second (and final) stage of evolution of metric spacetime and intrinsic metric spacetime in long-range metric force fields. The conclusion that the four-dimensional metric spacetime is everywhere flat in every Iong-range metric force field is reached.The curved 'two-dimensional' absolute intrinsic metric spacetime (\(\varnothing \hat{\rho}, \varnothing \hat{c}_s \varnothing \hat{t}\)) with absolute intrinsic sub-Riemannian metric tensor \(\varnothing \hat{g}_{i k}\), which evolves at the first stage is brought forward to the second stage. The basic aspects of the theory of relativity on the flat relativistic metric spacetime, intrinsic theory of relativity on the underlying flat relativistic intrinsic metric spacetime and absolute intrinsic metric theory on the curved absolute intrinsic metric spacetime, associated with the presence of a metric force field in spacetime and intrinsic metric force field in intrinsic spacetime, are developed in terms of certain derived geometrical parameters, referred to as relative proper static flow speed, relative proper intrinsic static flow speed and absolute intrinsic static flow speed respectively. Particularization to the gravitational field will be a straight forward process, while using the results of this paper as template.