Newcastle Disease Antibody Research Articles

Ameliorative effects of sodium bentonite on phagocytosis and Newcastle disease antibody formation in broiler chickens during aflatoxicosis

The ameliorative effect of graded levels of dietary sodium bentonite (0·2, 0·4 and 0·6 per cent wt/wt of feed) on in vitro-impaired phagocytosis and suppressed immune response to Newcastle disease vaccine during aflatoxicosis (AF) in broiler chicks was investigated. Both percentage and mean of phagocytic activities were decreased significantly (P < 0·05) in chicks fed 2·5mg aflatoxin per kg feed. The addition of sodium bentonite was significantly effective in ameliorating the negative effect of AF on the percentage and mean of phagocytosis. The presence of AF alone in the diet depressed the immune response of chicks as measured by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. Sodium bentonite was also effective in ameliorating the suppressive effect ofAF on the HI -titre in chicks vaccinated against Newcastle disease. The best results obtained when sodium bentonite was added at the rate of 0·4 per cent wt/wt of feed to the AF -containing diets.

The effect of early age feed restriction on subsequent response to high environmental temperatures in female broiler chickens

This study was conducted to determine whether early age feed restriction improves heat tolerance in female broiler chickens. Chicks were brooded for 3 wk and then maintained at 24+/-1 C. On Day 0, chicks were assigned to one of four feeding regimens; each regimen was applied to four cages of chicks. The feeding regimens were 1) ad libitum feeding (ALF); 2) 40% feed restriction at 4, 5, and 6 d of age (F40); 3) 60% feed restriction at 4, 5, and 6 d of age (F60); and (4) 80% feed restriction at 4, 5, and 6 d of age (F80). From 35 to 41 d of age, all birds were exposed to 38+/-1 C for 2 h/d. Serum concentrations of glucose were elevated by the heat challenge, but were not affected by the feeding regimen. The heat treatment resulted in hypocholesteremia among ALF and F80 chicks, whereas the concentrations increased and remained constant in the F60 and F40 birds, respectively. Subjecting chicks to F60 improved growth and survivability and reduced heterophil to lymphocyte ratios (H/L) in response to the heat treatment as compared with the ALF and F80 regimens. The survivability rate and H/L of F40 chicks were similar to those attained by chicks on other regimens. Newcastle disease antibody titer of ALF birds declined with duration of heat treatment. It is concluded that the F60 regimen is beneficial for alleviating, at least in part, the detrimental effects of heat stress in female broiler chickens.

The Effect of Inoculating Enterococcus faecalis into the Yolk Sac on Chick Quality and Maternal Antibody Absorption

Four hundred thirty-two 1-day-old specific-pathogen-free chicks were randomly divided into 36 groups of 12. All chicks were given 0.2 ml of Newcastle disease antiserum (hemagglutination-inhibition [HI] titer 1:5120) by injection into the yolk sac at hatch. Half of the groups received 0.2 ml of Enterococcus faecalis (4.0 x 10(8) colony-forming units/ml) by injection into the yolk sac at hatch (treatment). The remaining 18 groups received no bacteria (control). Two treatment groups and two control groups were weighed, bled, killed, and yolk sac weighed daily for the first 9 days of life. Feed was weighed at placement and at the end of the trial. Blood was tested for packed cell volume (PCV), total plasma protein, and Newcastle disease HI titer. No significant difference was observed between treatment and control groups for chick body weight, PCV, and feed consumption. Total plasma protein and retained yolk weight were significantly higher for treatment groups over control (P < 0.01 and P < 0.0001, respectively). Also, the geometric mean serum HI titer (log2) for Newcastle disease antibody was significantly higher in the control chicks vs. the treatment chicks (P < 0.01).

A Dot Immunoblotting Assay (Dot Blot ELISA) for Early Detection of Newcastle Disease Antibodies in Chickens

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using nitrocellulose blotting membrane (dot blot ELISA) was developed for the detection of antibodies against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in chickens. In this method, a nitrocellulose blotting membrane was used as the solid phase carrier. NDV antigens were directly bound onto the nitrocellulose membrane that was set into a dot blot microfiltration apparatus. Efficiency of the assay was evaluated using known positive and negative NDV sera obtained from chickens. The ability of the assay to detect antibodies 2 days earlier than the standard hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test was demonstrated on sera collected from chickens experimentally infected with NDV, La Sota strain.

The selection of ELISA cut-off points for testing antibody to Newcastle disease by two-graph receiver operating characteristic (TG-ROC) analysis

Two hundred and sixty field serum samples were tested for Newcastle disease (ND) antibodies using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the haemagglutination inhibition test (HI). The HI test was regarded as the reference method. Reciprocal titres of 16 and above were considered positive. In this study the two-graph receiver operating characteristic (TG-ROC) analysis was used as a tool for selecting cut-off points. Sensitivity, specificity, efficiency and Youden's index were used as indices of test accuracy. The positive and negative predictive values of the ELISA results were analysed for various prevalence rates.

Postvaccinal immune response to regimens of Newcastle disease vaccination by filter paper sampling technique.

Seven hundred and ten blood samples were collected at random from commercial layers in Tamil Nadu on Whatman filter paper No. 1 instead of the conventional method of serum collection. The birds were subjected to different Newcastle disease (ND) vaccination schedules and samples were collected to study the vaccinal response to ND at field level. Eluates were obtained from sample areas of filter paper using Brij-35 solution [detergent] and subjected to the micro haemagglutination inhibition (HI) test for ND antibodies. The HI titre ranged from less than 2(4) to 2(9). The possible causes of poor immune response to ND vaccinations are discussed.

A natural outbreak of Newcastle disease in guinea-fowl (Numida meleagris galeata) in Nigeria.

A natural outbreak of Newcastle disease (ND) was reported in a flock of guinea-fowl in Nigeria, affecting 1,029 birds of which 250 (24.3%) died. Paralysis of the legs and wings, coughing, sneezing, white diarrhoea and complete cessation of egg production were observed. Serum samples collected at the onset and during the course of the disease had high ND antibody titres. ND virus was isolated from a pool of brain tissues from diseased guinea-fowl. The ND virus isolate was characterised as a velogenic strain.

Impaired response to killed Newcastle disease vaccine in chicken possessing circulating antibody to chicken Anaemia agent

Broiler breeder hens from the same hatch were reared as two separate flocks, one in the field and one in experimental accommodation. Both received the same vaccination programme using the same batches of vaccines. One flock showed serological evidence of infection with chicken anaemia agent starting at 8 weeks, the other starting at 22 weeks old. Newcastle disease mean antibody titres 4 weeks after killed vaccine injected at 18 or 19 weeks old were 4.6 logs lower in the flock showing chicken anaemia agent antibody from 8 weeks old than in the flock seroconverting at 22 weeks. Three other field flocks showing poor responses to killed Newcastle disease vaccines were examined and found to be chicken anaemia agent positive when vaccinated: a further three flocks showing good Newcastle disease antibody responses were shown to be chicken anaemia agent-antibody negative. No difference in response to infectious bronchitis or infectious bursal disease killed vaccines was demonstrable between the two trial flocks. The significance of chicken anaemia agent as a potential immunosuppressive agent for chickens is discussed with special reference to the control of Newcastle disease in laying and breeding hens.

Optimizing the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Evaluating Immunity of Chickens to Newcastle Disease

Experiments employing the various steps and reagents used in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were conducted to produce an ELISA with the highest sensitivity and specificity possible for detecting Newcastle disease antibodies in chicken sera. Of the four types of antigen tested, crude antigen gave inconsistent results. However, an alcohol-precipitated antigen prepared from infectious allantoic-amniotic fluids was as satisfactory as more highly purified virus preparations. Other factors found to be extremely important were a 0.5M concentration of NaCl in the diluent and wash solutions used in the procedure, and a pH of 13 for sensitizing solution for maximum specific binding of the antigen to the microplate plastic wells. A comparison was made between the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) titers of 550 known chicken sera and the corresponding ELISA values. Although the ELISA is much more sensitive than the HI test, there was a general but not a direct correlation between the two tests. The ELISA did not give more information than the HI test concerning protection against an NDV-induced drop in egg production. Preliminary observations indicated that this ELISA procedure is also applicable for turkey sera.

Effects of Dietary Aflatoxin and Ammonia-Inactivated Aflatoxin on Newcastle Disease Antibody Titers in Layer-Breeders

Corn containing aflatoxin and the same corn ammoniated to inactivate aflatoxin was incorporated into layer diets to supply 500 ppb and 2.3 ppb aflatoxin, respectively, to determine whether such diets interfere with immunity to Newcastle disease vaccination. Control diets containing uncontaminated corn, both with and without ammoniation, were also fed. A trial 3 months long with 12 birds per treatment was conducted. Vaccination treatments included no vaccination, a single vaccination at the initiation of each trial, and monthly vaccinations for three months. Serum samples, for determination of Newcastle disease hemagglutination-inhibition titers by the microtiter method, were collected just before vaccination and seven days postvaccination, as well as at trial termination. Birds receiving a single initial vaccination and fed a diet containing 500 ppb aflatoxin showed a significant (P less than 0.05) decrease in HI titers, whereas birds similarly vaccinated and fed a diet containing inactivated (ammoniated) aflatoxin showed no reduction in titers regardless of dietary treatment.

The effect of Marek's disease vaccination on the immunisation of day‐old chicks against Newcastle disease, using B1 and oil emulsion vaccine

Concurrent vaccination of one-day-old chicks with 2 x 10(5) 50% embryo infectious doses of live B1 Newcastle disease virus and 0.25 ml killed oil emulsion Newcastle disease vaccine produced satisfactory levels of circulating haemagglutination inhibiting antibody although the recipient chicks possessed titres of maternally derived antibody as high as 10 log(2). This effect was also seen when the chicks were given turkey herpesvirus for immunisation against Marek's disease. The satisfactory Newcastle disease antibody levels achieved by the vaccination programme did not fall below 5 log(2) during the first 20 weeks of the birds' 40 week life span. Re-vaccination with live B1 vaccine at 17-days-old did not boost antibody levels, but re-vaccination with oil emulsion vaccine at 9 weeks-old produced a rise from 7 log(2) to 11 log(2). These findings are considered to be significant in establishing and maintaining immunity to Newcastle disease for both broilers and laying hens, particularly in areas where the disease is endemic.

Impacts of Mycoplasma gallisepticum Vaccine on Newcastle Disease Vaccination and Protection in Parent Stock Flocks

The present study reports on the impact of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) vaccination on vaccine respond and subsequent protection against Newcastle disease (ND) in parent stock flocks of Department of Livestock Services (DLS) using MG killed vaccine and conventional ND vaccines. Birds were grouped into four groups, each consisted of 50 birds from the same flock. Group A birds were vaccinated with ND, group B with ND and MG, group C with MG, and group D birds were kept as unvaccinated control. The parameters studied included detection of ND antibody, MG seroprevalance, mortality (%), and cause of death. The sera of groups B and C were sero-positive after administration of MG vaccine. The haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) titres of group A were higher than group B from week 4 after administration of MG vaccine to the birds of group B. The mortality was very low; one bird of group C died at week 5 due to traumatic injury and another bird of group D died at week 2 due to infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). After challenge, birds of groups A and B showed no clinical signs and normal post mortem findings were found. Birds of groups C and D showed clinical signs from day 3 and different pathological lesions were found in post mortem. The MG vaccination did not improve other parameters. Therefore, inoculation of MG INAC vaccine is not justified and is too expensive at farm levels.Keywords: Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) vaccine, Newcastle disease (ND) vaccination, Protection, MortalityDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v24i1.1240 Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 24, Number 1, June 2007, pp 62-64

Some Infectious Diseases of Waterfowl in the Mississippi Flyway

To establish the presence of selected infectious diseases in a healthy wild waterfowl population, a serologic and parasitologic study was initiated. Sera from 123 Canada geese (primarily Branta canadensis interior) and 179 mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) were screened for antibodies against six arboviruses. There was no neutralizing antibody detected against western viral encephalitis, eastern viral encephalitis, St. Louis viral encephalitis, Venezuelan viral encephalitis, California viral encephalitis, or vesicular stomatitis. Sera from 55 ducks and 12 geese were negative for agglutinating antibodies to Salmonella pullorum, Salmonella typhimurium, and Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Fifty-five duck sera and 11 goose sera were negative for complement-fixing antibodies of ornithosis. The most significant serologic finding was the presence of Newcastle disease antibody. Forty (17 percent) of 236 Canada geese were positive for Newcastle disease antibody. Thirty-seven (14 percent) of 267 mallard ducks had antibody titers for Newcastle disease virus. A limited study of parasitism revealed a low prevalence of Haemoproteus, Leucocytozoon, and microfilariae in both geese and mallards as well as Plasmodium in wild geese. The significance of the serological and parasitological findings is discussed. The occurrence of infectious disease in waterfowl has been well documented (Halloran 1955:332-348, Quortrup et al. 1957, Sciple 1953, Rosen and Bischoff 1950, O'Roke 1931). Most reports of disease in waterfowl have been concerned with spectacular epizootics, individual mortality, an extension of host or geographic range, or a survey of an easily sampled species as part of a domestic animal or human disease problem. While there can be no doubt of the value of these types of reports, they lack continuity and contribute little to understanding the significance of disease in wild populations. This is a report on the initial phase of an infectious disease investigation of selected wa erfowl populations in the Mississippi flyway. Its aim is to establish the presence, prevalence, and significance of infectious disease in this apparently healthy waterfowl population. Previous experience of the birds with disease was determined by the presence of antibodies against a select This study was supported and conducted cooperatively by the University of Wisconsin, Department of Veterinary Science, and the Wisconsin Conservation Department, Division of Research and Planning. Published with the approval of the Director of the Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station as Veterinary Science paper N.S. 499. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.148 on Fri, 16 Dec 2016 07:41:45 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms DISEASES OF WATERFOWL * Bradshaw and Trainer 571 number of antigens, or by the identification of protozoan parasites in blood smears. The diseases selected for study were chosen because of a history of waterfowl susceptibility or because of potential opportunity for

Interactions between newcastle disease virus (NDV), antibody and cell

The present work is a quantitative study of the inactivation by antibody of two measurable properties of Newcastle disease virus—infectivity and enzymatic activity—and the role played by cells in this inactivation. By use of P 32-labeled virus, the enzyme, measured by the capacity of virus to elute from red blood cells (RBC), is shown to be inactivated according to first order kinetics. Repetition of the adsorption-elution cycles shows that there are multiple enzyme sites on the virus. A method is introduced for determining the number of enzyme sites per virus particle. The fraction of virus which remains infective after antibody treatment largely retains its infectivity when firmly adsorbed to cells. On the other hand fully infective untreated virus loses its infectivity upon firm adsorption. This observation leads to the conclusion that there is more than one site per virus particle at which inactivation by antibody can occur, as shown in the text. None of the sites is critical in the sense that inactivation of no single site determines, a priori, that the particle is inactive. Calculation from these data of the number of “infectivity” sites agrees in magnitude with the calculated number of enzyme sites which was derived by an independent technique. Evidence is presented for the reactivation of virus-antibody complexes on the surface of the cell. This reactivation can be blocked if serum is present in the medium. The relevance of these findings to various theories of antibody inactivation, and cell penetration is discussed.

A Plate Hemagglutination-Inhibition Test for Newcastle Disease Antibodies in Avian and Human Serums

The time required for the laboratory diagnosis of Newcastle disease has been the object of criticism from the practical point of view. Of the three principal diagnostic methods employed, virus isolation and neutralization tests are carried out in embryonating chicken eggs; the hemagglutination-inhibition test is done in test tubes. The present communication describes a plate hemagglutination-inhibition test which has been used in this laboratory in comparison with the aforementioned serologic tests for the past year.Literature. The phenomenon that influenza virus agglutinates chicken red cells and that specific antibodies inhibit such agglutination, was first described by Hirst (1941). Burnet (1942) demonstrated that Newcastle disease virus shows similar properties. A quantitative measurement of the hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies for Newcastle disease in chicken serums was described by Florman (1947). For the routine test tube hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test the latter method was followed except that serums were not inactivated and 16 (instead of 32) .