New Types Of Weapons Research Articles

Мирное использование космоса: современное толкование

There is no direct prohibition of the military use of space in international space law, and such use is actively conducted, especially for reconnaissance, but not for aggressive purposes. However, new types of weapons are being created and tested, which can be placed in space very soon. The article shows that the Outer Space Treaty should be interpreted from the standpoint of the UN Charter; the division of rights and obligations in order to justify violations of the Charter is unlawful; the restriction of the ʻweaponizationʼ of space is necessary to ensure the normal existence of all mankind.

Investigation on fiber fracture mechanism and milling force model of CF/PEEK by ultrasonic milling

Ultrasonic milling can achieve high machining efficiency and surface quality on CF/PEEK composites due to its advantages of low cutting force, high material removal rate, improved surface quality, long tool life, and eco-friendly machining technology. This method is widely used in many scenarios such as aerospace, navigation, and new types of weapons. However, the changes in fiber fracture mode and the effects of fiber friction caused by high-frequency ultrasonic vibration cannot be ignored. To study this, first, a fiber fracture model is constructed based on experiments to describe the fiber fracture mechanism. Then, the machined surface and subsurface are analyzed to establish the relationship between feed speed and fiber deformation depth. Increasing the feed can increase the fiber deformation depth by 3.17 times. Finally, an analysis of the single fiber fracture mechanics is carried out and a force model is created that considers the friction between the tool tip and the fiber during ultrasonic milling. The predictive force model, integrated with the fiber distribution, was validated against experimental results, showing a maximum force error of 5.722 %. This model effectively explains the fracture mechanism of CF/PEEK fibers during ultrasonic milling at the microscopic level.

Prospects for improving the special physical training of the cadets of the Security Service of Ukraine

Abstract. The change in the military and political situation in the world, the appearance of new types of weapons, the latest approaches to the conduct of hostilities, the constant arms race - this requires us to constantly change approaches and improve the training of military professionals, increase the requirements for their physical and mental readiness to perform tasks as assigned . Carrying out a number of reforms in the training of military specialists of the security and defense sector requires us to analyze and fundamentally change the training programs of combat training, taking into account the latest approaches, forms and methods of using troops. The formation of the national security system of Ukraine takes place at the expense of the multi-vector work of all branches of government. The Security Service of Ukraine plays a significant role in the defense capability of the state in many areas of work, namely: it carries out information and analytical work in the interests of the effective conduct of internal and external activities by state authorities and management of Ukraine, solving problems of defense, socio-economic construction, scientific and technical progress, ecology and other issues related to the national security of Ukraine. One of the important factors is the training of qualified professionals, and especially the formation of important physical qualities for high-quality performance of assigned tasks.
 Physical training is organized and conducted taking into account the tasks assigned to the units and bodies of the SBU and the specifics of their official activities, geographical conditions, the level of preparedness of the personnel, as well as the experience of conducting special operations and exercises in the interests of ensuring the security of Ukraine. Special physical training plays a significant role in the training of military personnel. Implementation of tasks is achieved in classes by working out exercises in physical and fire training, educational and training meetings, training in shooting ranges and on training grounds, classes in sports sections, holding competitions in official and applied sports and other types of sports.

М.А. Длугач – забытый «генерал промышленности»

Moses Abramovich Dlugach is one of those wartime leaders who are called Generals of Industry: a metallurgical engineer, director of the largest machine-building enterprises, and a highranking party organizer. Despite the bright mark left by M.A. Dlugach in Leningrad (1940-42) and the Urals (1943), the available information about his career is very fragmentary, and some data are false. The purpose of the publication is to reconstruct the life and work path of the honored industry figure, evaluate his contribution to the cause of Victory, and show the features of the USSR industry management in the 1940s using the work of M.A. Dlugach as an example.. The publication is based on materials from the Central State Archive of Historical and Political Documents of St. Petersburg: personal files of leaders, memos on the organization of production and evacuation from Leningrad, and transcripts of speeches. For five years M.A. Dlugach worked his way up from a foundry technician to the sectoral secretary of the Leningrad City Communist Party Committee. With the outbreak of the war, a significant share of responsibility for organizing the production of new types of weapons fell on his shoulders. After the evacuation of the tank and artillery production of the Kirov Plant, carried out under his leadership, M.A. Dlugach headed the remaining dispersed in the city workshops of the enterprise, being the Kirov Plant Director from the end of 1941 to the beginning of 1943. In 1943, he headed the Chelyabinsk Kirov Plant for about six months, and was later transferred to Chirchik. As the Director of the Chirchik plant Sredazkhimmash, he took part in the implementation of the Nuclear Project. Upon returning to Leningrad in 1948, he no longer held high positions, returning to the profession of a metallurgical engineer. At the peak of his career, M.A. Dlugach invariably found himself in the most important areas of work - he was responsible for the Leningrad mechanical engineering, for the production of tanks in the Urals and of heavy water for nuclear reactors. Contribution of M.A. Dlugach to maintaining the defense capability of the USSR should not be forgotten.

The formation of international legal principles on the prevention of the placement of weapons in outer space (1959-1979)

This research article explores the issue of the formation of international legal principles on the prevention of the placement of weapons in outer space (1959-1979). The historical prerequisites and main provisions of key international treaties related to this issue are analyzed. The gradual formation of key agreements in the context of political confrontation and mistrust between the leading space powers, which is considered in the research, was an important step in limiting and containing the arms race in outer space. The article also discusses the limitations and gaps of the main agreements of international space law and related agreements, which only partially regulate the military use of space and do not address new types of weapons and technologies that can be deployed or used in outer space for military purposes.
 The article suggests that one of the ways to strengthen the international legal framework for outer space demilitarization is the development of new international agreements that would prohibit the proliferation and use of such weapons and technologies in space, and that would protect outer space from aggressive military activities. Moreover, the article justifies the importance of the international legal regulation of the military use of outer space as a tool for preventing an arms race in outer space. It can include such issues as regulation of new types of weapons and their deployment that are not prohibited by main international agreements of international space law and ensuring the peaceful use of outer space.
 The article also presents an explanation concerning a concept of «weaponization of space», which is part of the military use of space. In this vein, it evokes the necessity of further strengthening of the international legal regulation of the discussed topic.

Tactics of Use of small arms Weapons in Combat operations during the Great Patriotic War

The article is devoted to the study of the experience of using Soviet small arms during the Great Patriotic War. The author analyzes changes in tactical training and development of weapons throughout the entire period of the war are analyzed. The process of improving the small arms of the Red army is shown on the example of combat operations. It is concluded that due to close cooperation and the widespread use of new types of weapons and the development of new tactics the Soviet Union was able to defeat the enemy on its territory, and later in Europe.

Legal restrictions in the choice of methods and means of warfare

The article examines legal restrictions in the choice of methods and means of waging war. The relevance of the topic is due to the need to limit and prohibit the use of certain methods and means of warfare in the modern world. The subject of the study is the legal norms that applied during armed conflicts, which limit the methods and means of waging war. The methodological basis of the research is a system of scientific methods (general, private and special) and various logical methods and tools that contribute to the knowledge of the problem. The research was carried out based on the dialectical method of cognition using historical, comparative-legal, systemic-structural and formal-logical methods, which made it possible to investigate issues in a holistic relationship. The main international treaties in this area served as a normative basis: the Convention on the Laws and Customs of War on Land, the Declaration on the Elimination of Explosive and Incendiary Bullets, the four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their Additional Protocols, the Convention on the Prohibition or Restriction of the Use of Specific Types of Conventional Weapons, which can be considered as causing excessive damage or having an indiscriminate effect and other acts. It is noted that the evolution of norms of international humanitarian law on the methods and means of waging war is due to the emergence of new types of weapons and military equipment as a result of the scientific and technical revolution and the improvement of operational art. The purpose of the restrictions is to protect civilians and minimize the suffering of service members. It is indicated that the systematic implementation of the norms of international humanitarian law on prohibited methods and means of waging war by NATO member states in relation to the Geneva Conventions for the Protection of War Victims of 1949 and Additional Protocols I, II to them in 1977 year is the result of the effective application of the implementation mechanism taking into account the peculiarities of national legal systems, the use of means of civil control over compliance with such norms. Further research with new types of weapons regarding the destruction of combat equipment and weapons, the destruction of enemy personnel, the possibility of their use in armed conflicts and the degree of severity of the consequences of their use do not have an assessment of states for compliance with the principles and norms of international law, but they need to be carried out.

Conflicting Interests of Trading Companies and Causes of the South African War, 1899-1902

The author examines the economic aspects of the South African colonial exploration by the Europeans in the representation of accumulated contradictions between business organizations, which ultimately became a cause of the 1899-1902 conflict. Based on the study of Dutch East India Company’s activities in this region, as well as the specifics of the settlement establishment by the British and Boers, attention is paid to the root causes of the disharmonious economic situation of the rivalling parties, taking place before the discovery of gold deposits in the Witwatersrand (1886). The changing regional supremacy of the Cape colony and the other British possessions, as well as Boer States (the Republic of South Africa – Transvaal and the Orange Free State) has been periodized. The factors of the 1899 armed conflict have been structured to reveal the conflicting interests of trading companies which had sought to monopolize the business for extraction of valuable mineral raw materials. The author concludes that the main reason for the South African War was the desire of British trading companies to gain access to rich gold deposits in the Boer-populated Transvaal and form a single English-based state in South Africa. In order to achieve such goal, the British tried their best at delaying peace initiatives of the Boers, putting forward various contradictory demands to them, using the armies of private companies to conduct raids and sabotaging the formation of a federal state in the region. We have discovered the preposterous look of the British pretext for the outbreak of war, based on the protection of the Boer states English-speaking population interests, which had been supposed to initiate an uprising. The South African War became not only a place, where new methods of warfare were applied, and a “black hole” for the UK budgetary expenditures, but also a profitable market for new types of weapons and military equipment, which allowed their manufacturers to make considerable profits.

Моделювання комплексного формування запасів військової техніки в зоні воєнного конфлікту з використанням компонентного методу

The task of researching the multi-component composition of military equipment (tanks, artillery, aviation equipment, etc.) for supplying and forming the necessary stockpiles of weapons and their components in the military conflict zone to establish military parity of forces, is developed and solved. The research relevance is related to a comprehensive solution to the problem of forming the necessary stockpiles of weapons and their components in the combat zone, under the conditions of military threats. The purpose of this study is to use the component method to represent weapons and their components in the process of complex supply of military equipment to the combat zone for creating military parity of forces. The problems of the supply of weapons and their components in martial law conditions, which are associated with the complex multi-component structure of military equipment, the limited capabilities of manufacturers and suppliers of weapons, and the logistical risks of supply in conditions of military threats, are analyzed. A multi-layered component structure of military equipment is proposed for the systematic presentation of weapons and their components in the process of supply and formation of reserves in the combat zone. The logistics of the weapons and their component supply from army warehouses and military equipment from manufacturers’ warehouses are analyzed. The limited capabilities of manufacturers and suppliers of military equipment lead to the complication of the formation of necessary military equipment stockpiles in the military conflict zone, which can affect the nature of hostilities (transition from offensive to defensive actions). The lack of military equipment leads to the need to form defense orders for the creation and production of new types of weapons, including those with increased combat capability characteristics (range, accuracy, damage zone, etc.). Therefore, for the creation of new weapons or the modernization of existing models, it is proposed to use the multi-component architecture of a modern model of military equipment, considering the possible types of components (reusable, adaptive, new). An algorithm for the formation of a multi-component and multi-layered architecture of modern weapons using a precedent approach is proposed. For this, a precedent database is created, which is used to search for existing reusable components. Both quantitative and qualitative assessments of proximity are used in the process of searching in the database of precedents to assess the proximity of components. The model was created to optimize the logistic costs of supplying weapons and their components to the combat zone. The quantities of weapons and their components, the time of supply, and the risks of supply in conditions of military threats are used as supply indicators. The requirements for the supply of military equipment in the conditions of the risks of martial law are formed. The scientific novelty of the study is related to the component method use, which is used to form the logistics of the supply of weapons and their components to the military conflict zone, considering the limited capabilities of manufacturers and suppliers of military equipment in conditions of threats of martial law. The results of the study should be used to model the plans and logistics of supplying weapons and their components to the combat zone to create military parity of forces.

Языковая подготовка военных специалистов в контексте профессиональной коммуникации

Introduction. The expansion of contacts and interaction with foreign states on security and stability issues increases the requirements for the professional language training of military specialists, their ability to professional communication in a foreign language. The focus on international cooperation obliges military personnel to constantly improve their knowledge, independently master new information related to new types of weapons and military equipment. It is assumed that the language training of military specialists will be effective if it is focused on professional communication.
 The purpose of the study is to identify the attitude of future military specialists to professional communication in the process of language training at a military university.
 Methods and materials. The methodological orientation of this study is integrated approach to teaching foreign languages. During the study, a questionnaire survey of cadets of 3-4 courses of the Ryazan Guards Higher Airborne Command School was conducted. The total number of respondents is 64 people, aged 19-22 years, young men.
 Study results. On the basis of an integrated approach, military terminology is included in the content of foreign language classes, the need to consider the experience of Russian military personnel in military operations, international conflicts and peacekeeping missions is emphasized.
 Scientific novelty. It has been proven that the use of pedagogical technologies for activating and intensifying the activities of students contributes to improving their preparation for professional communication. It is determined that the participation of cadets in project technologies, role-playing games and in the analysis of specific situations focused on the disclosure of their creative potential and the development of the desire for cognitive activity requires them to be more independent and self-organization.
 Conclusion. In the context of escalation of international conflicts, issues of readiness of military specialists for professional communication become more and more urgent. The results of the study can be used to develop individual training trajectories for military specialists.

Analysis of Military Metaverses: the Case of the USA, India and China

The era of digital revolution and introduction of artificial intelligence in political, economic, military and social spheres have created conditions for emergence of a new form of informational and communicative interaction in society, the so called metaverse. The theory of parallel virtual worlds, described by science fiction writers in the 20th century, has been put into practice by major technological giants in the 21st century. From 2019 to 2022, global technology corporations have begun to develop industry-specific metaverses aimed at further digitalising economic, political, military and social spheres of life. Military rivalries and the rapid arms race, which have spawned new global conflicts, have contributed to emergence of the military metaverses and new types of weapons rooting from the use of artificial intelligence and advanced VR-technologies. This article presents an analysis of military metaverses, new types of weapons made with the use of artificial intelligence technologies.

Legal reviews of in situ learning in autonomous weapons

A legal obligation to conduct weapons reviews is a means by which the international community can ensure that States assess whether the use of new types of weapons in armed conflict would raise humanitarian concerns. The use of artificial intelligence in weapon systems greatly complicates the process of conducting reviews, particularly where a weapon system is capable of continuing to ‘learn’ on its own after being deployed on the battlefield. This paper surveys current understandings of the weapons review challenges presented by in situ learning and outlines some concepts which may inform appropriate changes to existing weapons review processes. The main arguments made are that: a distinction should be drawn between learning capabilities that are limited to optimising existing behaviour and capabilities that extend to acquiring new behaviours; and the extent of a weapon system’s learning capabilities should be used as the basis for defining a schedule of weapons reviews.

A Decision-Making Method for Distributed Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Swarm considering Attack Constraints in the Cooperative Strike Phase

In view of the growing military forces of various countries, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarms, as a new type of weapon, are gradually attracting the attention of more and more countries. Decision-making, as the core link in its application, has also become the focus of research in these countries. In this work, the distributed UAV swarm cooperative strike decision-making problems are separated from the distributed UAV swarm cooperative search strike decision-making problems, and the distributed UAV swarm cooperative strike multiobjective decision-making model is established, with the relevant constraints clarified. Besides, according to the analysis of the motion characteristics of UAV and the speed requirements of the distributed UAV swarm cooperative strike decision, an arc tangent trajectory planning method, conforming to the motion characteristics of UAV, is proposed. Moreover, a distributed cooperative strike decision-making method, based on the idea of “campaign endorsement and invitation cooperation,” is put forward, with the effectiveness and superiority validated by simulation experiments.

Putin's War in Syria: Russian Foreign Policy and the Price of America's Absence by Anna Borshchevskaya, and: Russia Rising: Putin's Foreign Policy in the Middle East and North Africa ed. by Dimitar Bechev, Nicu Popescu and Stanislav Secrieru (review)

Reviewed by: Putin's War in Syria: Russian Foreign Policy and the Price of America's Absence by Anna Borshchevskaya, and: Russia Rising: Putin's Foreign Policy in the Middle East and North Africa ed. by Dimitar Bechev, Nicu Popescu and Stanislav Secrieru Robert O. Freedman Borshchevskaya, Anna. Putin's War in Syria: Russian Foreign Policy and the Price of America's Absence. I. B. Tauris, London, New York and Dublin, 2022. ix + 242 pp. Appendix. Notes. Bibliography. Index. £20.00; £18.00 (e-book). Bechev, Dimitar; Popescu, Nicu and Secrieru, Stanislav (eds). Russia Rising: Putin's Foreign Policy in the Middle East and North Africa. I. B. Tauris, London, New York and Dublin, 2021. x + 209 pp. Map. Figures. Notes. Bibliography. Index. £65.00; £21.99; £19.79 (e-book). The Russian military intervention in Syria in 2015 sparked renewed interest in Russian policy in the Middle East under Vladimir Putin, and these two books, among others, are a result of this. In Putin's War in Syria, Anna Borshchevskaya presents a long history of Russia's involvement in the Middle East, while Bechev, Popescu and Secrieru's edited volume collects a series of essays on different aspects of Russian statecraft in the region, from Russian arms sales to Russia's relations with Israel. Anna Borshchevskaya's book offers a very useful summary of Russian policy in the Middle East which is both very readable and very analytic, as it examines first tsarist, then Soviet and then Russian Federation policy, leading up to Russia's military intervention in Syria in 2015. Borshchevskaya is highly critical of US inaction in the Middle East, particularly former US President Barack Obama's failure to follow through on his threat to use force against the regime of Bashar Assad if it used chemical weapons against its opponents in the Syrian civil war. She also offers a timely reminder of how early tsarist Russia got involved in the Middle East, recounting how Catherine II seized Beriut in 1772 in an effort to pressure the Ottoman Empire. In addition, she recounts the Russian Empire's territorial conquests in Iran in the early part of the nineteenth century, something Iran's current leaders should keep in [End Page 189] mind as they seek closer relations with Moscow. Borshchevskaya also quotes Catherine II's famous comment: 'I have no better way to protect my borders than to extend them' (p. 12) — an argument Putin has similarly used to justify his actions in Georgia and Ukraine. In her discussion of Russia's military intervention in Syria in 2015, Borshchevskaya notes that in addition to preserving the Assad regime, which was facing major difficulties during the Syrian civil war, Russia's goal was to create an 'anti-access/area denial' system to keep NATO out of Syria and strengthen the Russian position in the Mediterranean (p. 72). She also asserts, quite correctly, that in Syria Putin was actively competing with the United States and the West, even if the West did not see it that way (p. 79). In sum, this is a very rich book and one I would strongly recommend for use in college courses on Russian foreign policy. The only area in which I disagree with Borshchevskaya is where she asserts that the Russian armed forces gained valuable experience from their intervention in Syria. It is clear, however, that Russia's invasion of Ukraine has underlined the failures of the Russian military to properly deploy its forces. More importantly, in Syria Russia did not find itself up against a well-armed and well-trained adversary, as in Ukraine, but rather a divided and poorly-armed Syrian opposition. Consequently, the lessons Moscow may have learned from the fighting in Syria were probably the wrong ones. This assertion of the positive military experiences gained by Russia in Syria is also madе — falsely — by a number of contributors to Russia Rising. Thus, in his analysis of Russia's arms exports to the Middle East, Timofey Borisov asserts that '[d]uring its intervention in Syria, Moscow had tested about three hundred new types of weapons and military equipment in real combat conditions' (p. 48). Here again I would ask...

Особенности оказания специализированной хирургической помощи при огнестрельных ранениях шеи с повреждением полых органов (гортани, трахеи, глотки, пищевода)

The objective of this work is to share our experience in providing specialized surgical care to patients coming from stages of medical evacuation with wounds of hollow neck organs. A special military operation (SMO) takes place in an environment different from previous local wars. The nature of military operations and the saturation of the enemy's armed forces with new types of weapons gave a significantly higher number of wounded than previous local conflicts. The predominance of mine-explosive shrapnel wounds, different time intervals from injury to getting to the stage of specialized medical care for wounded with already existing purulent complications of gunshot wounds are the features of the SMO. Wounded with injuries of the hollow organs of the neck, entering the MMCH named after N.N. Burdenko from 3 to 6 days after injury, with already developed purulent complications, require comprehensive intensive therapy and participation in the treatment of specialists of various surgical specialties. An integrated approach with the compliance with the regulations of military-field surgery using new methods of diagnostics and treatment of wounds can improve the effectiveness of therapy and reduce the number of lethal outcomes. This article discusses diagnostic and treatment algorithms for different variants of neck wounds. The experience of the described cases of successful treatment of wounded with injuries of the hollow organs of the neck shows the possibilities of MMCH named after N.N. Burdenko in treatment using various methods, and can be useful to doctors of both the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.

PROBLEM ISSUES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEAR ENERGY

The energy system of Ukraine includes power transmission lines of various capacities and generating facilities, the most complex of which are nuclear power plants. The article examines aspects of the development of nuclear energy under the circumstances that have developed in Ukraine today. Ukraine has the largest reserves of uranium ores in Europe and suitable conditions for their use. Currently, the production volumes of fuel for nuclear power plants are insufficient for their development; we do not have our own production of heat-separating elements. In addition, the military industry of Ukraine needs new types of weapons and modern materials based on substances from the enrichment of uranium ore.

Модернізація оборонно-промислового та безпекового комплексу як магістральна ланка інноваційної трансформації поствоєнної економіки регіонів України

It is substantiated that the modernization of the military-industrial and security complex is the main link in the innovative transformation of the national and regional economy in both the wartime and the post-war periods. Studies have shown that in the system of academic and sectoral domestic science, a significant potential for fundamental and applied research in the field of armaments, military equipment and security technologies is formed, which implies the basic determinant of innovative transformation of the national economy and the economy of individual regions through the modernization of the military-industrial and security complex. It is determined that the favorable prerequisites for the modernization of the military-industrial and security complex of Ukraine are: an extensive network of research and production institutions that specialized in the design of new types of weapons and military equipment; powerful research and engineering human resources of the military-industrial complex; availability of industrial capacities for the production of military products; sufficient resource base to ensure a full cycle of production of certain types of weapons and military equipment (availability of production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, various types of electronics and optics products). It is found that the restoration of the relationship between the sphere of research and development of defense and security direction and the development of the production of weapons, military equipment and security technologies will ensure the renewal of the military-industrial and security complex on a new technical and technological basis, and this will contribute to the growth of domestic demand for domestic metal products, the transfer of advanced foreign defense and security technologies, the accelerated development of domestic electronics and other industries related to the military-industrial complex, and the development of digital technologies. It is determined that Ukraine enjoys the broad support of the coalition of Western countries, which creates favorable conditions for the transfer of modern foreign defense and security technologies of the latest generations, which will allow to establish the production of modern weapons and military equipment at domestic enterprises of the defense-industrial sector in the short term.

Германская социал-демократия в неопределенной реальности

The article analyzes new aspects of the evolution of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) against the backdrop of the situation in Europe and in the world, confirming the forecasts made in the author’s previous publications. The party remains an important political force in Europe and globally, influences the development of European social-democratic thought, actively participates in reforming the European Union. The German Social Democrats uphold the principles of liberal democracies, entering into disputes with Budapest and Warsaw in view of their heightened sense of national exclusiveness. The updated conceptual guidelines of the party testify to further tightening of the SPD’s course in the Russian direction. The party does not give an answer to the fundamental questions: how the outlines of a new world order in Europe can be built without the participation of Russia, especially against it; to what extent the turn of the SPD’s top meets the interests of ordinary party members and citizens of the country. The approach of the German Social Democrats may exacerbate the already tense situation. The SPD has forgotten Willy Brandt’s warnings about the inadmissibility of exporting the FRG’s and other Western countries’ model, of imposing certain rules. The military-political choice made by O. Scholz and L. Klingbeil, their definition of February 24, 2022 as drawing a line under the moral and historical responsibility of Berlin for the atrocities of the Nazis, depreciating the important role of Moscow in the defeat of fascism and the reunification of Germany, have become the milestone ideological imperatives of modern Germany. These and other factors will go down in the history of Moscow–Berlin relations as a major mistake of the German Social Democracy. Moscow should not negotiate with those leaders of the SPD who will certainly bring the content of conversations to the attention of Washington, Brussels, Kyiv, Warsaw, Vilnius, Riga. The German ruling class without the sovereignty of its country does not inspire confidence. The trend of expanding hostilities in Ukraine with the use of new types of weapons, a possible direct intervention of NATO countries in the conflict continues. Moscow should clearly analyze the reasons for the rise and fall of the RF–FRG relations, Russia’s miscalculations, and sketch out various scenarios. Despite everything, in Germany, especially in the new federal states, in a part of the SPD, German business and civil society, hopes for normalizing relations with Russia have not been lost completely. Their cautious statements about the common roots of the Russian Federation and the Federal Republic of Germany belonging to the European civilization cannot but inspire restrained optimism in terms of preserving the experience of dialogue between the two countries.

Modern War: Transformation to Network Forms

An attempt at epistemological knowledge is made with regard to the transformation of war as a socio-cultural phenomenon with an emphasis on the actualization of a new type of weapon – an information weapon. It is justified that network wars are a specific type of information wars. It is shown that the processes of the development of information warfare and its technological tools are connected with the change of the type of scientific rationality in the course of the historical development of man and society. It is emphasized that the network war is a factor in the formation of social fears and “existential vacuum”, since the information space actively affects social relations and the sphere of security. The conclusion is substantiated that at the center of war, as before, remains a person, their will, and network-centric war is human-centric, it does not have any center at all.

АЛГОРИТМ РОЗРАХУНКУ ОПТИМАЛЬНОГО СКЛАДУ ГРУПИ ФАХІВЦІВ ДЛЯ ПРОВЕДЕННЯ ЕКСПЕРТНОЇ ОЦІНКИ У СИСТЕМАХ ВІЙСЬКОВОГО ПРИЗНАЧЕННЯ

The article considers the general procedure for conducting an expert assessment, formulates the basic requirements for experts, develops an algorithm and recommendations for determining the optimal composition of a group of specialists for conducting an expert assessment in military systems (SOS). The experience of building and reorganizing military systems in modern conditions shows that in order to improve and improve such systems, it is very often necessary to organize the operational work of groups of military specialists for expert assessment of various problems in the military field. The successful functioning of the SOS largely depends on a set of mechanisms for obtaining reliable information on the evaluation of such a system. Moreover, these mechanisms can be applied both at the stage of developing such a system, and when increasing its efficiency in the process of functioning. Monitoring of the states of any WOS provides for the process of tracking changes in the characteristics of its elements. The data of such monitoring, as a rule, are used in the search for ways to improve the construction of complex systems, increase the efficiency of their functioning, as well as during the preparation and decision-making for their combat use for their intended purpose. The development of more modern forms of organization of such a complex AOS, such as the system of logistics (logistics) support (MT (L) O) of troops, the search for more effective ways to use it against the background of modern requirements for the development of new types of weapons and military equipment, is an integral part development of the MT(L)O system as a whole. Unfortunately, at present, there are no formalized methods that allow determining the most important factors and parameters of the real process of the operation of the WOS, therefore, the most appropriate for these purposes has been and remains an expert assessment of complex systems by relevant specialists. Keywords: military system, expert assessment, method of expert assessments, number of experts in the group.