New Type Of Contract Research Articles

Living lab as support for co-creation of value: application to agro-biodiversity contracting solutions

ABSTRACT In addition to providing private goods such as food, fibre and biomass, agriculture can deliver a variety of environmental public goods and ecosystem services, such as biodiversity conservation, water filtering, carbon sequestration, and landscape aesthetics for recreation. Often, however, the use of agricultural landscapes prioritises the provision of private goods, resulting in negative environmental impacts. To address this imbalance in the provision of private and public goods, targeted policy instruments (e.g. contracts) are required to ensure that public goods are provided at the level desired by society. This paper, which is written in the context of the Horizon 2020 project “Contracts 2.0 – H2020 RUR-03-2018”, aims to present a Living Lab case study in Tuscany to point out possible future scenarios of contractual solutions that could provide the right incentives for farmers and land managers to produce a specific environmental public good such as agro-biodiversity. This paper aims to evaluate the application of Living Labs in the case study, assessing what challenges might seriously hinder the collaboration process and/or the success of the participatory approach. Thanks to the participatory approach, it was possible to finalise the “dream contract” in the Living Lab case study. Contract Innovation Labs and Policy Innovation Labs members agreed on a new type of contract based on clear and measurable objectives decided together by farmers and public authorities.

Fixed Point Dynamics in a New Type of Contraction in b-Metric Spaces

Since the topological properties of a b-metric space (which generalizes the concept of a metric space) seem sometimes counterintuitive due to the fact that the “open” balls may not be open sets, we review some aspects of these spaces concerning compactness, metrizability, continuity and fixed points. After doing so, we introduce new types of contractivities that extend the concept of Banach contraction. We study some of their properties, giving sufficient conditions for the existence of fixed points and common fixed points. Afterwards, we consider some iterative schemes in quasi-normed spaces for the approximation of these critical points, analyzing their convergence and stability. We apply these concepts to the resolution of a model of integral equation of Urysohn type. In the last part of the paper, we refine some results about partial contractivities in the case where the underlying set is a strong b-metric space, and we establish some relations between mutual weak contractions and quasi-contractions and the new type of contractivity.

Capacity of Minor’s Contracts under the Contract Act in Pakistan: A Critical Appraisal

According to Section 10 of the Contract Act, 1872 (CA), an agreement concluded by the parties is only enforceable where the consent of the parties is free with their competence. Section 11 indicates that minors lack the legal competence to enter into contracts. CA specifically highlight the effects if the contract is entered into by the vitiating factor provided under sections 19, 19A and 20 but does not suggest any inference about the contracts of minors. In this regard the Privy Council (PC) in its verdict of Mohori Bibee v. Dharmodas Ghose answer this proposition and interpreted the CA and declared that contracts by the minors are ab initio void neither the contracts are void nor voidable. As to this interpretation contracts of minors cannot be enforced against them and nobody can claim restitution under section 64 as voidable contract and under section 65 as void contract. Since the courts accepted the above interpreted rule in stricto meaning as unquestionable. This article suggests that the PC’s interpretation in the Mohori Bibee (MB) case of CA is problematic, and its creation of new type of contract as void ab initio is not supported by CA. Embargo on the minors to contract or seek remedy need urgent judicial reinterpretation or reforms in legislation in Pakistan. In this paper doctrinal methodology is applied.

Fixed point theorems for modified F-weak contractions via α-admissible mapping with application to periodic points

In (Fixed Point Theory Appl. 94:6, 2012), Wardowski introduced a new type of contraction called F-contraction and proved a fixed point result in complete metric spaces, which in turn generalizes the Banach contraction principle. The aim of this paper is to introduce a modified -F-weak contractions with respect to a self-mapping on a metric space and to obtain fixed point results. Examples are provided to support results and concepts presented herein. As an application of our results, periodic point results for the F-contractions in metric spaces are proved.

Fixed Points and λ-Weak Contractions

In this paper, we introduce a new type of contractions on a metric space (X,d) in which the distance d(x,y) is replaced with a function, depending on a parameter λ, that is not symmetric in general. This function generalizes the usual case when λ=1/2 and can take bigger values than m1/2. We call these new types of contractions λ-weak contractions and we provide some of their properties. Moreover, we investigate cases when these contractions are Picard operators.

Some New Type of Contraction and Common Fixed Point Theorem in Fuzzy Metric Space 2022

The main objective of writing this research paper is to prove the Common Fixed Point Theorem in Fuzzy Metric Space with a new type of contraction

Fixed point theorem for a new SF-GF-contraction mappings in metric space with supportive applications

This manuscript has for goal to present a new type of contraction, namely SF -GF -contraction, based on the simulation function and the Geraghty function. Some existence and uniqueness results of fixed point in complete metric spaces have been shown with this contraction. Our results generalize and unify several existing results in the literature. Moreover, we illustrated these results with some examples and applications.

ASURANSI SEBAGAI LEMBAGA EKONOMI DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM


 
 
 Muslims today are faced with contemporary economic problems caused by the development of science and technology. For this reason, Islamic economics must be able to face or answer and provide solutions or alternatives to growing economic problems, one of which is the problem of insurance. Insurance, which is closely related to muamalat, is a new type of contract that has generated a lot of discussion and opinion about insurance law from an Islamic point of view. Therefore insurance needs to be studied in depth in the perspective of Islamic law, both conventional insurance and sharia insurance.
 
 

The Right to Buyback in Murabahah Akad with The Ba'i al-Wafa' System Based on Maqashid Sharia

The objective of this article is to find out whether the right to buyback under a murābaḥah akad with the bay’ al-wafā’ system is contrary to maqāṣid al-sharī`ah or not. Murābaḥah akad with the bay’ al-wafā’ system is a new type of contract resulting from modification. To apply akad optimally, it must contain benefits for the community by referring to the maqāṣid al-sharī`ah. This study uses a normative legal research method with a statute legal approach and a conceptual approach. This study resulted in the findings that the right to buyback in a murābaḥah akad with the bay’ al-wafā’ system does not contrary to maqāṣid sharia because it provides benefits, profits, pleasure, benefit, and happiness for the parties (seller and buyer). Murābaḥah akad with the bay’ al-wafā’ system also has fulfilled 5 (five) main elements of realizing benefit, i.e. maintaining religion, because it can keep humans from riba; nourish the soul, because sellers who get funds quickly and buyers who make a profit can use them to sustain their lives; maintaining the reason, because the seller uses his mind to sell his products to the buyer to get funds to meet his needs, and the buyer uses his mind in seeking lawful sustenance (earning a profit) through the use of this akad; maintaining offspring, because will provide blessings and benefits for children, grandchildren, and their offspring; maintaining the property, because someone who has more assets (buyer) can use his wealth to help other people who need funds.

Risk-Sharing Contracts and risk management of bilateral contracting in electricity markets

The liberalization of the electricity sector has conducted to the establishment of spot markets, derivative markets and private bilateral contracts to trade electricity, increasing the competition in the sector. Spot markets are composed of day-ahead, intraday and real-time markets, and their prices are highly volatile. Derivative markets are composed of physical and financial products to hedge against spot price volatility. Players can set the terms and conditions of private bilateral contracts but these have several risks that can be mitigated using a risk management process composed of three phases: risk assessment, characterization and hedging. This paper focuses on both risk attitude and risk-sharing, and how they can influence the negotiation of the price. It presents the standard and non-standard designs of a new type of contract, the Risk-Sharing Contract (RSC). Furthermore, it describes the trading process of these contracts and introduces a negotiation strategy for dealing with risk. It also presents case studies on bilateral contracting involving the negotiation of RSCs, where different demand and supply agents interact and trade according to the rules of an alternating offers protocol. Results from the case studies prove the benefit of RSCs to hedging against spot price volatility, benefiting risk-averse players by reducing the price risk and conducting mutually beneficial agreements. While the use of derivatives products can conduct losses/revenues between −15% and 3% concerning the spot market, by using non-standard RSCs those outputs vary between −1% and 3% with substantially less risk.

Fuzzy Fixed Point Results in Convex C ∗ -Algebra-Valued Metric Spaces

The purpose of this note is to come up with some new directions in fuzzy fixed point theory. To this effect, notions of a C ∗ -algebra-valued fuzzy λ -contraction and related concepts in a convex C ∗ -algebra-valued metric space ( C ∗ -AVMS) are set-up. In line with the view of a Hausdorff distance function, an idea of a distance between two approximate quantities is proposed. Consequently, two fixed point results of a C ∗ -algebra-valued fuzzy mapping ( C ∗ -AVFM) for the new type of contractions are established using Mann and Ishikawa iterative schemes. For some future investigations of our results, two open problems are noted concerning sufficient criteria guaranteeing the existence of fixed points of a C ∗ -algebra-valued fuzzy λ -contraction and whether or not the Picard iteration for a C ∗ -algebra-valued fuzzy λ -contraction converges.

A new type of contraction via measure of non-compactness with an application to Volterra integral equation

Darbo fixed point theorem is a powerful tool which is used in many fields in mathematics. Because of this feature, many generalizations of this theorem and its relations with other subjects have been investigated. Here we introduce a generalization of an F - contraction of Darbo type mapping and define a new contraction by using both function lasses and uniformly convergent sequences of functions and examine some of its properties. Afterward, we show that the new type of contraction, which we all F-Darbo type contraction, has more general results than many already studied in the literature. Furthermore, we explain the results of F-Darbo type contraction mapping with an interesting example. Finally, we give an application to solve the Volterra-type integral equation with the new type contraction.

A study on a special case of the Sturm-Liouville equation using the Mittag-Leffler function and a new type of contraction

<abstract><p>One of the most famous equations that are widely used in various branches of physics, mathematics, financial markets, etc. is the Langevin equation. In this work, we investigate the existence of the solution for two generalized fractional hybrid Langevin equations under different boundary conditions. For this purpose, the problem of the existence of a solution will become the problem of finding a fixed point for an operator defined in the Banach space. To achieve the result, one of the recent fixed point techniques, namely the $ \alpha $-$ \psi $-contraction technique, will be used. We provide sufficient conditions to use this type of contraction in our main theorems. In the calculations of the auxiliary lemmas that we present, the Mittag-Leffler function plays a fundamental role. The fractional derivative operators used are of the Caputo type. Two examples are provided to demonstrate the validity of the obtained theorems. Also, some figures and a table are presented to illustrate the results.</p></abstract>

On Almost Type α-F-Z-Weak Contraction in Metric Spaces

In this article, we introduce a new type of contraction named almost type α-F-Z-weak contraction, which comes from a combination of F-contraction, Z-contraction, and almost contraction, and then we provide sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of fixed point of such contractions in complete metric spaces and give some related fixed point results. In addition, some related fixed point results can derive from our main results.

Double controlled $ M $-metric spaces and some fixed point results

<abstract><p>In this article, we introduce the idea of double controlled $ M $-metric space by employing two control functions $ a(u, w) $ and $ \beta (w, v) $ on the right-hand side of the triangle inequality of $ M $-metric space. We provide some examples of double controlled $ M $-metric spaces. We also provide some fixed point results under new type of contractions in the setting of double controlled $ M $-metric spaces. Moreover, we give an example to highlight the importance of one of our main results.</p></abstract>

Fixed-Point Theorems in Fuzzy Metric Spaces via Fuzzy F-Contraction

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new type of contraction called fuzzy F-contraction. As compared to the F-contraction in the existing literature, our fuzzy F-contraction is much simpler and more straightforward, since it contains only one condition—that is, the function F is strictly increasing. Moreover, some fixed-point theorems for fuzzy F-contraction are presented. Further, some examples are given to illustrate its validity and superiority. In addition, by applying a very significant lemma, we show that our proofs of most fixed-point theorems are shorter and more elegant than ones in the literature.

The price of liquidity in the reinsurance of fund returns

We consider a new type of contract for insuring the returns of hedge funds and aim to extend downside protection to an investment portfolio beyond the first tranche of losses insured by first-loss fee structures, which have become increasingly popular in the market. By considering a second tranche, we suggest an up-front premium to a reinsurance party, in exchange for which the investor gains full protection against all losses, not just those occurring in the first tranche. We identify a fund’s underlying liquidity as a key parameter in deriving the price for the additional reinsurance and provide a method for computing the premium using two approaches: an analytic closed-form solution based on the Black–Scholes framework, and a numerical simulation using a Markov-switching model. In addition, a simplified backtesting method is implemented to evaluate the practical application and performance of the concept for both mathematical models.

Review of the Second International scientific and practical conference "Abova Readings"

The publication is a review of reports and speeches on the problems in the fields of the civil and family the emergence of a right, judicial and non-judicial forms of protection of civil and family rights, which were delivered at the Second International scientific and practical conference "Abova Readings" dedicated to the memory of the Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Doctor of Law, Professor Tamara E. Abova. The range of issues in the reports covered the problems of the of the emergence of a right in the contract law, copyright law, family law, the new types of contracts in Russia, the status of certain types of subjects in civil and family law and the impact of the judicial system form on the uniformity of judicial practice and the guarantees of procedural rights, the implementation of the principles of civil and arbitration process, the introduction of artificial intelligence in civil and arbitration procedure of the Russian Federation and other states, the use of the web-conferences technology in litigation and arbitration, the content of the category of justice in judicial decisions. Some sets of reports were devoted to the problems of arbitration and conciliation procedures

Managing Information Security Outsourcing in a Dynamic Cooperation Environment

To efficiently manage information security, firms typically outsource part of their security functions to a managed security service provider (MSSP) under a variety of contractual arrangements. Based on this practice, we study a business setting in which the management of security outsourcing depends on the security efforts of both the MSSP and its clients, taking into account that their allocation of efforts can change during the contract horizon. Since their efforts are private to each other, a double moral hazard (DMH) problem can arise with the use of bilateral refund contracts, which have been widely adopted in the MSSP industry. Moreover, both the high probability of undirected attacks and system interdependency can exacerbate the DMH problem. We propose two new types of contracts to solve this problem. One is a monitoring contract, in which a cyberinsurance firm monitors the security efforts of the MSSP and its clients. The other is a liability contract, in which both parties take full liability for breaches through rewarding clients who are well protected and penalizing clients who end up being breached by hackers. Our findings show that monitoring contracts can only solve the DMH problem when variable monitoring costs are negligible. Liability contracts can also solve the DMH problem and are worth implementing when an MSSP encounters (1) a high probability of undirected attack, (2) high system interdependency, (3) a long contract horizon, or (4) when both parties have nearly equal responsibility over the course of the contract horizon. We also compare the proposed contracts in two additional settings: when the MSSP has a spillover effect and when the MSSP serves three or more clients.

Electronic Commerce: Validity of the Digital Contract Based on Indonesia Legislation Perspective

Technological developments in the economic sector, a transaction renewal known as electronic commerce. Transactions that occur in e-commerce are categorized as digital contracts. The use of digital contracts in Indonesia does not escape a number of problems, which is legal. Legal issues that appear in this digital transaction are related to the element of validity. Digital contracts as a new type of contract cannot be equated with conventional contracts, because there are different limitations. This condition resulted in the implementation of digital contracts being facilitated thoroughly by regulations. This paper will examine legal issues in the implementation of digital contracts and understand the legality of digital contracts based on legal instruments in Indonesia.