Endogenous Growth Research Articles

Regional economic development in the lens of the dilemma between growth poles approach and the balanced growth theory. An observatory during the Francoist regime

Regional economic development gained increasing relevance in European policy agendas after the Second World War, especially under the implementation of indicative planning. Likewise, a lively debate arose between the growth poles approach and the balanced growth theory. The main aim of this paper is to analyse this dilemma mainly through contributions from the Revista de Economía de Galicia (Galician Economic Review), as a representative observatory of this controversial discussion in the Francoist regime. National and international contributions underlined the positive potential effects of fostering an upgrading process of traditional sectors as a way of enhancing balanced and endogenous growth.

Heparin-Functionalized Bioactive Glass to Harvest Endogenous Growth Factors for Pulp Regeneration.

Pulp and periapical diseases can lead to the cessation of tooth development, resulting in compromised tooth structure and functions. Despite numerous efforts to induce pulp regeneration, effective strategies are still lacking. Growth factors (GFs) hold considerable promise in pulp regeneration due to their diverse cellular regulatory properties. However, the limited half-lives and susceptibility to degradation of exogenous GFs necessitate the administration of supra-physiological doses, leading to undesirable side effects. In this research, a heparin-functionalized bioactive glass (CaO-P2O5-SiO2-Heparin, abbreviated as PSC-Heparin) with strong bioactivity and a stable neutral pH is developed as a promising candidate to addressing challenges in pulp regeneration. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis reveal the successful synthesis of PSC-Heparin. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction show the hydroxyapatite formation can be observed on the surface of PSC-Heparin after soaking in simulated body fluid for 12 h. PSC-Heparin is capable of harvesting various endogenous GFs and sustainably releasing them over an extended duration by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Cytological experiments show that developed PSC-Heparin can facilitate the adhesion, migration, proliferation, and odontogenic differentiation of stem cells from apical papillae. Notably, the histological analysis of subcutaneous implantation in nude mice demonstrates PSC-Heparin is capable of promoting the odontoblast-like layers and pulp-dentin complex formation without the addition of exogenous GFs, which is vital for clinical applications. This work highlights an effective strategy of harvesting endogenous GFs and avoiding the involvement of exogenous GFs to achieve pulp-dentin complex regeneration, which may open a new horizon for regenerative endodontic therapy.

EFFECTIVENESS OF NIPPLE STIMULATION ON LABOR PROGRESS : EVIDENCE BASED CARE REPORT

Introduction: Prolonged labor is labor that lasts more than 24 hours for primigravida and or 18 hours for multigravida. Prolonged labor is one of several causes of maternal and newborn mortality. As labor progresses, contractions become more frequent, longer and stronger in intensity. Adequate contractions are needed so that labor can take place normally. Nipple stimulation is one way that can be used in increasing uterine contractions. Nipple stimulation causes the breasts to become aroused which causes the intensity of uterine contractions due to the stimulation of the receptors to loosen. This action can be stopped if the contractions experienced have become strong and prolonged. This method is a cost beneficial and effective alternative to induction and augmentation of labor. Objectives:To evaluate effectiveness of nipple stimulation on labor Method: Electronic database literature searches, namely Pubmed and Google Scholar. Result: Two articles were selected from the literature search and then critically reviewed. Based on the study of Gulbahtiyar Demirel and Hanan Ibrahim et al, it was found that nipple stimulation is effective in reducing the induction of elective labor and there is an effect of nipple stimulation on the progress of labor in laboring women. Conclusion: In this case, nipple stimulation was effective on the progress of labor in laboring mothers.

Synergistically promoting enterprises to replace old growth drivers with new ones: The roles of market and government

As enterprises transition from traditional growth models to modern ones, the roles of the market and government are pivotal in facilitating this transformation. Based on the Chinese experience, this paper employs textual analysis methods to describe the transformation process from old to new growth drivers in enterprises and to identify the distinct influences of governmental and market forces. Empirical evidence demonstrates that effective government incentives and competitive market pressure both contribute significantly to development upgrades. A clear symbiotic relationship is evident between these two forces, with government intervention enhancing the effectiveness of market dynamics. However, the impact of these forces varies across different enterprises. The empirical findings suggest that by harnessing the efficient synergy between the "visible hand" of government intervention and the "invisible hand" of market forces, development modes can be upgraded, and endogenous growth can be more effectively fostered.

Patterns of oxytocin use for induction and augmentation of labour among healthcare providers in Nigeria

BackgroundThe practice of intrapartum use of oxytocin for induction and augmentation of labour is increasing worldwide with documented wide variations in clinical use, especially dose administrations. There is also evidence of intrapartum use by unauthorized cadre of staff.AimThis study assessed the patterns – frequency of intrapartum use of oxytocin, the doses and routes of administration for induction and augmentation of labour, and identified the predictors of oxytocin use for induction and augmentation of labour by healthcare providers in Nigeria.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study conducted among healthcare providers – doctors, nurses/midwives and community health workers (CHWs) in public and private healthcare facilities across the country’s six geopolitical zones. A multistage sampling technique was used to select 6,299 eligible healthcare providers who use oxytocin for pregnant women during labour and delivery. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect relevant data and analysed using STATA 17 statistical software. Summary and inferential statistics were done and further analyses using multivariable regression models were performed to ascertain independent predictor variables of correct patterns of intrapartum oxytocin usage. The p-value was set at < 0.05.ResultsOf the 6299 respondents who participated in the study, 1179 (18.7%), 3362 (53.4%), and 1758 (27.9%) were doctors, nurses/midwives and CHWs, respectively. Among the respondents, 4200 (66.7%) use oxytocin for augmentation of labour while 3314 (52.6%) use it for induction of labour. Of the 1758 CHWs, 37.8% and 49% use oxytocin for induction and augmentation of labour, respectively. About 10% of the respondents who use oxytocin for the induction or augmentation of labour incorrectly use the intramuscular route of administration and about 8% incorrectly use intravenous push. Being a doctor, and a healthcare provider from government health facilities were independent positive predictors of the administration of correct dose oxytocin for induction and augmentation of labour. The CHWs were most likely to use the wrong route and dose administration of oxytocin for the induction and augmentation of labour.ConclusionOur study unveiled a concerning clinical practice of intrapartum oxytocin use by healthcare providers in Nigeria – prevalence of intrapartum use of oxytocin, inappropriate routes of administration for induction and augmentation of labour, varied and inappropriately high start dose of administration including unauthorized and high intrapartum use of oxytocin among CHWs.

ICT and Service Exports: An Empirical Investigation for South Asia

Finance, transportation, communication, wholesaling, and other business services depend on the services industry. Services and their subservices contribute to various economic activities and may also boost economic growth by improving other enterprises. Therefore, service export determinants must be studied. Endogenous growth theory underpins human capital buildup in commerce and also this theory provides ground for technical advancement and learning by doing to boost productivity and trade. Endogenous growth and network externalities theories underpin ICT in trade. Therefore, this study analyzes the impact of ICT on service exports along with human capital and trade openness as an explanatory variables in selected South Asia. Panel data from 2005 to 2020 is collected for selected South Asian nations. Panel cointegration tests confirmed the long run relationship between variables when panel data order was confirmed. Panel fully modified least squares is used for long run estimates and results indicate that ICT and human capital boost South Asian service exports. Governments should improve internet access, cell phone and broadband infrastructure, digital payments, and e-commerce. These countries should also collaborate on SAARC human capital development.

Impact of Discontinuing Oxytocin in Active Labour on Neonatal Morbidity: An Open-Label, Multicentre, Randomized Trial

(Abstracted from Lancet 2023;402:2091–100) Oxytocin is commonly used as part of the induction or augmentation of labor. It is administered to increase the frequency and intensity of uterine contractions, which can reduce labor duration.

The perils of fiscal feedback rules

This paper introduces a fiscal feedback rule (FFR) in an endogenous growth model with public debt dynamics. We assume that part of the debt burden is covered by tax increases (we name this “sterilization”), while the remaining part is financed by issuing new debt. We show that while low sterilization does not ensure the existence of a long-run steady state, high sterilization can lead to multiple steady states and aggregate instability in the form of local and global indeterminacy, potentially condemning the economy to a low-growth/high-debt trap steady state and long-lasting public debt cycles. By combining econometric estimations and a calibration exercise on developed economies, we highlight that these various perils can occur for empirically plausible values of the sterilization coefficient.

Effect of Renewable Energy Consumption on Economic Growth in Kenya

One of the significant economic growth problems in Kenya is the income inequality and poverty rate which has made it impossible for among the households to afford clean energy. While the country has experienced some economic growth over the years, it is not yet clear whether the adoption of renewable energy has been the cause of this growth. There have been mixed results on the studies done on renewable energy use and their effect on economic growth and therefore calls for further research. The general objective of the study was to determine the effect of renewable energy consumption on economic growth in the Kenyan economy. Specifically, the study specific objectives were to determine the effect of solar energy consumption, geothermal energy consumption, and hydroelectric energy consumption and wind power energy consumption on economic growth in Kenya. This was made possible through an analysis of 37 years’ data from 1986 to 2022 on an annual time series basis. This study employed the endogenous growth theory as the main theory of the study and triple bottom line theory as the supplementary theory. The study employed an explanatory research design and analyzed data using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag model to establish whether renewable energy consumption had any effect on economic growth of the Kenyan economy. Findings of diagnostic test demonstrated that there was no multicollinearity among the independent variables, residuals were homoscedastic, and there was no autocorrelation among the residuals. The results of the Jarque bera normality test showed that the study's variables were normally distributed. The Augmented dickey fuller unit root test both showed that there was no unit root and that the variables had a short run relationship. Additionally, the model's stability over time was confirmed by the CUSUM test. Findings of the study were: the relationship between hydroelectric energy consumption and economic growth was positive and significant, wind power energy consumption and economic growth was positive and significant and between geo-thermal energy consumption and economic growth was positive and significant. The study concluded that geo-thermal energy consumption, hydroelectric energy consumption and wind power energy consumption significantly affect economic growth positively. The study therefore recommends that the Kenyan government should set ambitious targets for renewable energy consumption such as a specific percentage of electricity generation or overall energy consumption. The Kenyan government should enhance and enforce regulatory frameworks specific to renewable energy in order to provide a stable and predictable investment environment. Finally, the Kenyan government should focus on expanding access to renewable energy solutions in rural areas, where energy access is limited. Implementing off-grid renewable energy systems, such as solar home systems and mini-grids, can provide clean and reliable electricity to rural communities.

North–South trade, technology diffusion, and uneven development

ABSTRACT A recent consensus in the trade and endogenous growth literature establishes that North–South trade could only be detrimental to the South if there is no international technology diffusion. In this paper, I challenge this consensus. To do so, I develop a North–South two-sector trade model, with innovation and technology diffusion (or imitation). The crucial elements of the model are that diffusion is cheaper than innovation, but costly nonetheless, and that it occurs in the modern sector. By opening to trade, the South ends up specializing more in traditional sector production, losing the productivity gains associated with technology diffusion through modern sector production. The model thus confirms that technology diffusion is a force of convergence but shows that trade makes the South experience lower levels of technological progress and income relative to the North, so-called uneven development. After presenting the model, I broadly discuss the consistency of its policy implications in light of historical evidence and discuss the empirical plausibility of its crucial assumptions.

Physiological plateaus during normal labor and birth: A novel definition.

Diagnoses of labor dystocia, and subsequent labor augmentation, make one of the biggest contributions to childbirth medicalization, which remains a key challenge in contemporary maternity care. However, labor dystocia is poorly defined, and the antithetical concept of physiological plateaus remains insufficiently explored. To generate a definition of physiological plateaus as a basis for further research. This qualitative study applied grounded theory methods and comprised interviews with 20 midwives across Australia, conducted between September 2020 and February 2022. Data were coded in a three-phase approach, starting with inductive line-by-line coding, which generated themes and subthemes, and finally, through axial coding. Physiological plateaus represent a temporary slowing of one or multiple labor processes and appear to be common during childbirth. They are reported throughout the entire continuum of labor, typically lasting between a few minutes to several hours. Their etiology/function appears to be a self-regulatory mechanism of the mother-infant dyad. Physiological plateaus typically self-resolve and are followed by a self-resumption of labor. Women with physiological plateaus during labor appear to experience positive birth outcomes. Despite appearing to be common, physiological plateaus are insufficiently recognized in contemporary childbirth discourse. Consequently, there seems to be a significant risk of misinterpretation of physiological plateaus as labor dystocia. While findings are limited by the qualitative design and require validation through further quantitative research, the proposed novel definition provides an important starting point for further investigation. A better understanding of physiological plateaus holds the potential for a de-medicalization of childbirth through preventing unjustified labor augmentation.

Public Education Investment, Economic Growth and Welfare: A Political Economy Analysis with Preference Heterogeneity

This study examines the politics of public education policy and its impact on economic growth and welfare under intergenerational altruism. The study considers an endogenous growth model with altruistic overlapping generations. Due to its significant role in promoting long-term economic expansion, we consider investment in public education to be an effective tool of productive government intervention. Nonetheless, public educational investment has been the subject of political disputes owing to its inherent intergenerational redistributive implications. Backed by the tendency of democratically elected governments to maintain their political power, the preferences of some particular individuals or group of individuals become more dominant in the political process of determining the level of public investment in education. In particular, governments are more concerned with the preferences of the median voter, or the current generation at large, because they, as electors, have the ability to determine the next government. This reality leads governments to exhibit a bias toward the desires of these people. As a result, such political considerations divert the economy from its optimal path of economic growth and reduce the welfare of future generations. This effect becomes more pronounced when individuals with lower levels of altruism toward their offspring assume a more influential position in the political decision-making process over the allocation of public funds for education. Our theoretical analyses demonstrate the implications for economic growth and welfare resulting from policy decisions made by democratically elected governments with inherent biases, as opposed to decisions made by an unbiased social planner.

On the (de)stabilization role of protectionism

To what extent protectionism affects growth and (de)stabilizes the economies? Although the impact of protectionism on growth has been widely explored without reaching a consensus, few has been said on its impact on macroeconomic stability. The present paper attempts to gauge more precisely its implications using a Barro-type (Barro, 1990) endogenous growth model with public debt and credit constraint where tariffs are a proxy of protectionism. Our main result is to show that when the debt level is high, and the share of foreign goods in total consumption is large enough, increasing tariffs may have a destabilizing effect generating some expectation coordination failures between multiple equilibria. We also exhibit some trade-off between tariffs and growth as tariffs are beneficial only to the low growth equilibrium which may only appear when the international interest rate is low enough. Finally, focusing on the local stability property, we show that the high BGP is always characterized by local indeterminacy, while the low BGP is always a saddle point. We then prove that tariffs may be responsible for the existence of large self-fulfilling fluctuations.

Endogenous Financial Friction and Growth

Abstract Financial frictions have been considered a crucial factor in explaining growth disparities across countries. These frictions are typically viewed as an exogenous constraint on borrowing capacity that is assumed to be invariant to economic conditions, such as the level of GDP and business cycle fluctuations. However, assuming the exogenous constraint on borrowing often leads to unrealistic dynamics in macroeconomic variables, such as constant investment-to-GDP and loan-to-value ratios. Motivated by these limitations, we develop a growth model in which the severity of the borrowing constraint is endogenously determined. The borrowing constraint adversely affects growth and amplifies the negative effect of volatility on growth. However, these growth effects gradually disappear as the economy continues to grow, because debtors become more willing to honor their debts along with economic growth, resulting in an endogenous relaxation of the borrowing constraint.

Internal trade and environmental policy effectiveness in developing countries: A binary endogenous growth model with regional Heterogeneity

The shift of environmental pollution from developed to developing countries is largely induced by global labor and trade trends. Unlike their developed counterparts, developing countries face more pronounced regional disparities in social development within the realm of environmental governance. This paper proposes a binary endogenous model to assess the implications of environmental policies on such developing nations with sizable regional disparities. The model enhances the precision in simulating real-world ramifications of environmental policy implementation. It reveals that the 'pollution haven' effect extends beyond just the relocation of pollutant-generating industries to less developed regions; it also leads to the shipment of products fabricated using environmentally-degrading processes from less developed to developed regions, thereby undermining environmental regulation. Furthermore, the model's results were juxtaposed with China's increasingly stringent national environmental protection policy, adopted since 2000. The study confirms that environmental degradation has a substantial spatial spillover effect positively correlated with internal trade volume. The paper's conclusions assist in offering a new evaluative framework for the ensuing examination of environmental policy practicality in developing countries. It also recommends policy-making tools for enhancing the effectiveness of environmental regulations in these regions, such as limiting internal trade of polluting products alongside environmental levies and subsidies.

Unleashing potential: Model-based reform benchmarking for EU Member States

Supply-side policies take centre stage in the EU's post-pandemic recovery plans. This paper employs a benchmarking approach to quantify the potential impact of structural reforms in the EU Member States. Based on a comprehensive collection of structural indicators and a rich endogenous growth model, we evaluate reforms in five policy areas: (i) market competition and regulation; (ii) taxation; (iii) skills and education; (iv) labour markets; and (v) research and development. For each indicator and Member State, we simulate the closing of half of the gap with the EU's best performers, implying ambitious reforms for countries with significant distance to the frontier. For these stylised reforms, we find significant potential gains in employment and output, raising EU GDP by around 2% and 8% after five and twenty years, respectively. In the long run, the policies can increase EU GDP by over 20%. The policies also reduce economic disparities between countries, given different scope for reform. For countries with a sizable distance to the best performers, increases in potential GDP could exceed 40% when halving the gap across all indicators. Among the reforms considered here, human capital investment emerges as central for enhancing growth potential. In addition, we find synergies across reforms and countries and assess the sensitivity to alternative assumptions on technology dynamics in our model.

Evidence-Based Practices during Spontaneous and Cesarean Delivery

The aim of this research is to investigate evidence-based practices used for maternal optimal care during birth. Investigating the use of evidence-based practices for spontaneous and cesarean deliveries will contribute to maternal optimal care during delivery. This descriptive and cross-sectional study was completed with 371 women giving birth. The study was conducted in a maternity hospital in Turkey. The Descriptive Information Form and the Optimality Index-Turkey (OI-TR) were used in the data collection. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. In spontaneous and cesarean delivery groups, the nonstress test was performed in 100%. Skin-to-skin contact was not ensured between the mother and neonate in any of them (100%). Also, for spontaneous delivery group labor induction or augmentation was applied to 73.1%, there was no person providing support during labor (except the medical team) in any of them (100%), the non-supine position was not used at birth in any of them (100%) and episiotomy was applied to 59.1%. Our study results point to non evidence-based routine clinical practices in delivery were determined. This situation made the delivery process in the hospital far from optimal. This study revealed that midwives,nurses and clinicans should make knowledge and behavioral changes in their evidence-based practices.

Endogenous Growth Theory: The Influence of Health Budget Allocation and Financial Sector Growth on the Indonesian Economy

This study delves into the application of Endogenous Growth Theory to the Indonesian context, focusing on the interplay between health budget allocation and the growth of the financial sector in shaping the country's economy. Endogenous Growth Theory posits that economic growth can be internally driven by factors such as human capital accumulation, technological progress, and institutional development. Through empirical analysis, this research examines how the allocation of resources to the health sector and the expansion of the financial industry impact Indonesia's economic performance. By employing quantitative methods and econometric models, the study elucidates the extent to which these factors contribute to economic growth and development. The findings shed light on the importance of targeted budgetary allocations and financial sector policies in fostering sustained and inclusive economic progress in Indonesia

Современные теории экономического роста: сравнительный анализ

The article analyzes modern theories of economic growth within the framework of various conceptual directions: neo-Keynesian, neoclassical, empirical, as well as new theories of growth. Within the framework of system analysis, the determinants of modern economic growth are analyzed within the framework of the designated theoretical directions. A set of main factors (endogenous and exogenous), justified by these theories and models existing within their framework, has been identified that stimulate an increase in the rate of economic growth or contribute to its slowdown. Determination of the essential characteristics of modern theories of economic growth (models existing within their framework or being their synthesis), their large-scale comparative analysis, systematization according to various criteria (according to the level of scientific knowledge, from the position of the factor approach, according to the theory’s affiliation with economic schools and directions); from the positions of level gradation (studies of world economic growth, national, regional level); on taking into account STP (scientific and technological progress) in models of economic growth; on factors of an endogenous nature; on the type of uniformity of economic growth; from the position of involving additional resources; number of economic sectors (one-sector, two-sector and three-sector models); based on various types of market situations (perfect and monopolistic competition); the use of spatial econometrics methods; other models (do not belong to certain general criteria), made it possible to determine important indicators of the development of the economies of the world in aggregate form and assess the adaptation of the world economy as a whole to modern challenges and threats dictated by digitalization processes and increased productivity. The analysis and classification of existing models of economic growth made it possible to generalize and determine the main promising directions for the further development of economic systems at various levels of their functioning.

A theory of the dynamics of factor shares

This paper proposes a theory of the dynamics of factor shares within the context of an equilibrium model of endogenous innovation, growth, and cycles. Our deterministic model rests on two assumptions: (i) production requires two complementary inputs, capital, and labor, and (ii) technical progress is labor-saving and embodied in capital goods. The model’s unique equilibrium path displays recurring growth cycles, each consisting of an adoption and innovation phase, along which factor shares fluctuate within bounds. The interaction between factor prices and opportunities for labor-saving innovations brings about both persistent growth and aggregate oscillations through which it takes place. We provide evidence that the model-implied correlations between factor shares and the other labor market variables are consistent with the data.