New Production Methods Research Articles

Investigations of the Dephosphorization of Liquid Iron Solution Containing Chromium and Nickel

The most up-to-date trends in stainless steel production—aiming at the reduction of production costs—consist of the substitution of steel scrap by hot metal, coming from the reduction of iron-chromium ores. This process requires a more extensive dephosphorization. The dephosphorization process, when applied to chromium steels, requires slag with high dephosphorization properties, as either chromium or chromium oxide entering the slag decreases distinctly the efficiency of the process. The results of laboratory investigations on the dephosphorization of liquid iron solutions containing chromium and nickel are presented. In particular, the study was focused on the selection of the optimal slag composition and the way the slag should be added. The slags based on calcium and fluorite with cryolite additions were considered. It was shown that the variables with the greatest impact on the dephosphorization process include chromium and nickel levels, temperature, and slag basicity. A statistical analysis was performed and regression equations were set. The results may be of use for the design of new methods of production of high-chromium steels.

Job Creation and Firm Dynamics in the United States

Business dynamism plays an important role in job creation and productivity growth in the United States. Business start-ups are an important contributor to that dynamism. Start-ups contribute disproportionately to job creation but are very heterogeneous in terms of productivity. The subsequent “up-or-out” dynamic of young businesses is an important source of job and productivity growth: exiting young businesses are of very low productivity, and the surviving young businesses exhibit rapid growth with above average productivity. The United States shows signs of becoming less dynamic over time—exhibiting a slower pace of reallocation with an accompanying slower pace of job creation from business start-ups. The recent recession saw the lowest overall rate of gross job creation and job creation from start-ups since at least 1980. Job creation for small (young) businesses took an especially large hit in the recession and has been very slow to recover. An open question is whether the observed decline in dynamism exhibited by U.S. businesses will have adverse consequences for U.S. innovation, job, and productivity growth in the future.The fundamental impulse that keeps the capital engine in motion comes from the new consumers’ goods, the new methods of production and transportation, the new markets…. [The process] incessantly revolutionizes from within, incessantly destroying the old one, incessantly creating a new one. This process of Creative Destruction is the essential fact of capitalism.Joseph Schumpeter

From Economy of Commodities to Economy of Ideas: Hardware as Social Medium

As we move further into the new century, we see that new methods of production and design are creating new markets that require new business models and approaches. Do it yourself is the spirit of the age. Welcome to Zoybar, an open R&D lab for academic, hobbyist, and commercial developers of new musical instruments.

Modelling the effects of failure of pipelines transporting hydrogen

Modelling the effects of failure of pipelines transporting hydrogen The depletion of stocks of fossil fuels and the environment protection requirements increase the significance of hydrogen as a future energy carrier. The present research is focused on the development of new safe methods of production, transport and storage of hydrogen. The paper presents an analysis of problems related to the assessment of the effects of failure of hydrogen transporting pipelines. Scenarios of hazardous events connected with an uncontrollable leakage of hydrogen are discussed. The sizes of heat radiation and pressure wave hazard zones are determined.

Design of Novel Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Controllers for Modular and Reconfigurable Robots: Theory and Experiments

Recently, there has been a growing interest in using modular and reconfigurable robots (MRRs) in flexible automation to reduce labor and increase throughput. Moreover, the significant facilitation of repair and maintenance of MRRs has attracted manufacturers to respond to the increasing desire for new products and methods of production in today's competitive market. As a result, design and control of such systems have become major topics for investigation in recent years. This paper presents a novel design methodology of interval type-2 Takagi-Sugeno-Kang fuzzy logic controllers (IT2 TSK FLCs) for MRR manipulators with uncertain dynamic parameters. We develop a mathematical framework for the design of IT2 TSK FLCs for tracking purposes that can be effectively used in real-time applications. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller, experiments are performed on an MRR with two degrees of freedom, which exhibits dynamic coupling behavior. Results show that the developed controller can outperform some well-known linear and nonlinear controllers for different configurations. Therefore, the proposed structure can be adopted for the position control of MRRs with unknown dynamic parameters in trajectory-tracking applications.

Factory Templates for Digital Factories Framework

The global industry is currently facing a growing increase in the competitiveness that forces companies to adopt and develop new strategies and methods of production. Therefore, one of the most relevant challenges in manufacturing engineering is innovatively integrating Product, Process and Factory dimensions and life cycles, in a holistic approach, from design to recycling/disposal and reuse. The challenge faced here is the synchronization and simultaneous generation of all three-domain models by integrating manufacturing engineering knowledge into the early stage of the modelling and planning processes. The next generation of factories has to be modular, scalable, flexible, open, agile and knowledge-based in order to be able to adapt, in real time, to the continuously changing market demands, technology options and regulations. Therefore, integration, flexibility and efficiency requirements and the ability to simulate the production life cycle of a factory play a crucial role in decreasing ramp-up and design times. Furthermore they play a crucial role in improving the performance in the evaluation and reconfiguration of new or existing facilities, in supporting management decisions and providing tools that can guarantee real-time performance monitoring. Therefore, it is necessary to research and implement the underlying models and ideas during the foundation stage of a new conceptual framework, which is designed to be implemented in the next generation of factories. This will be supported by suitable Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and digital infrastructures and should lay down the foundations for future applications in this research area-the industrial paradigm of ''Factory as a Product''. In line with the context presented here, we propose the development of factory templates to address the design and operation practices throughout the entire life cycle of the factory. Different dimensions of the factory templates are presented in this paper; they cover the design and creation of the factory, its remodelling and even the disassembly and recycling stages. This entire study takes into account relevant factors such as costs, quality, time, flexibility, environmental and social issues and energy efficiency. Throughout the article, different kinds of models are presented, which describe and adjust the structure of the analysis, design and development of a factory integration project that helps provide a formal analysis of the system. Furthermore, templates integrating the factory's response to internal and external disturbances will also be developed.

Use of PLC module to control a rotary table to cut spiral bevel gear with three-axis CNC milling

CNC machining nowadays makes more use of "Mechatronics" increasingly. Combining numerical control with mechanic, electric, and data processing systems can lead to new methods of production. In recent years, the development of CNC has made it possible to perform nonlinear correction motions for the cutting of spiral bevel gears. In this paper, we attempt to manufacture the spiral bevel gear using a three-axis CNC milling machine interfaced with an additional PLC module based on traditional discontinuous multicutting method accomplished by using a universal milling machine interfaced with an indexing work head. This research consists of (a) geometric modeling of the spiral bevel gear, (b) simulating the traditional and our new nontraditional method using a CAD/CAE system, (c) process planning for CNC machining and PLC Programming, (d) experimental cuts with a three-axis CNC milling machine were made to discover the validity of the presented method. The results demonstrate that invented experimental cutting method of SBGs not only is less expensive than advanced CNC machining but also produces gears in a shorter time in comparison with the traditional cutting. Thereby, it is an economical method in manufacturing of SBGs.

High hydrostatic pressure for development of vaccines.

Disease management in the food industry is complex and includes use of good hygienic practices, antimicrobials, and immunization. Vaccines are available against many, but not all, disease agents affecting animals reared for human food. Fewer vaccines are currently licensed and widely available for human foodborne pathogens. Increased resistance to antimicrobials provides additional impetus to develop new vaccines. In addition to the need for new vaccines, new methods of vaccine production are desired. Some current methods of vaccine production can involve use of hazardous chemicals, provide inconsistent results, or present risk to vaccine recipients with certain allergies. The efficacy of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) for inactivation of a variety of foodborne pathogenic microorganisms has been well established, and some of these microorganisms have been demonstrated to retain immunogenic properties, suggesting HHP may have application for the development of vaccines. Studies on the effect of HHP on infectivity and immunogenicity of various viruses, a protozoan parasite, and one bacterial species are presented. Control of several of these pathogens is important for animal health and economic stability in several sectors of the food industry. The research to date on the potential for vaccine development by HHP is presented.

A Proposal To Future Energy Supplies: Your Personal Power Provider (3P+) Virtual Power Plants with Direct Solar Hydrogen and Fuel Cells

The existing system of production and distribution of electricity creates high flaring and transmission losses. This situation can only be overcome by converting to a decentralized energy system and by implementing new methods of production and distribution. Today's production of hydrogen, storage and utilization are fully dependent upon conventional technologies not commercial feasible. All known technologies produce "black hydrogen" based on fossil fuels, rather than "green hydrogen" via direct solar energy. The ultimate target for hydrogen production is to utilize all renewable energies to produce hydrogen directly with only one conversion step, to eliminate losses and broaden the use of primary energy sources. All processes must be further developed and enriched with new devices and procedures for decentralized, personalized mass- markets. The user and the producer of energy must become one in the same! This will lead to the implementation of hydrogen and fuel cells in a worldwide, mass-market scale.

Digital dentistry: an overview of recent developments for CAD/CAM generated restorations

As in many other industries, production stages are increasingly becoming automated in dental technology. As the price of dental laboratory work has become a major factor in treatment planning and therapy, automation could enable more competitive production in high-wage areas like Western Europe and the USA. Advances in computer technology now enable cost-effective production of individual pieces. Dental restorations produced with computer assistance have become more common in recent years. Most dental companies have access to CAD/CAM procedures, either in the dental practice, the dental laboratory or in the form of production centres. The many benefits associated with CAD/CAM generated dental restorations include: the access to new, almost defect-free, industrially prefabricated and controlled materials; an increase in quality and reproducibility and also data storage commensurate with a standardised chain of production; an improvement in precision and planning, as well as an increase in efficiency. As a result of continual developments in computer hardware and software, new methods of production and new treatment concepts are to be expected, which will enable an additional reduction in costs. Dentists, who will be confronted with these techniques in the future, require certain basic knowledge if they are to benefit from these new procedures. This article gives an overview of CAD/CAM-technologies and systems available for dentistry today.

Translational Research on Vaccines: Influenza as an Example

Influenza vaccine development is reviewed as an example of ongoing translational research, which is moving fundamental advances in biology into useful products. The types of new influenza vaccines span the gamut of modern biology research and include new methods of vaccine production (tissue culture compared with egg-produced vaccine). New vaccines being studied include recombinant proteins, polynucleotide vaccines, conjugate vaccines, peptides, expression vectors, and live attenuated vaccines; new adjuvants are being explored to reduce the quantity of antigen needed. The benefits of using reverse genetics are explored. The limits of translational research for predicting clinical results after wide use of vaccines are discussed, including one example of "overinterpretation" of data; some questions should be left to phase IV experience to answer. The pipeline for new influenza vaccines is robust, and recent investment by government and industry in newer vaccines will bring several new products to clinical use.

DEEP REMIXABILITY

This article is the second part of the series devoted to the analysis of the new hybrid visual language of moving images that emerged during the period 1993–1998 and which today dominates our visual culture. In the first part the author suggested that the new language can be understood with the help of the concept of remixability if we use this concept in a new way. We can call this “deep remixability”, for what gets remixed is not only the content of different media but their fundamental techniques, working methods, and ways of representation and expression. In the earlier article discussion was started of how the new software-based methods of production – specifically software such as After Effects – made this language possible. In this part the author continues to explore different effects of software-based moving image production, and then uses this discussion to refine his analysis of how deep remixability functions. He discusses how today the design of moving image sequences takes place within three-dimensional space, with 3D compositing gradually replacing 2D compositing. He also looks at the shift from the concept “moving image” to a new concept of “media composition”. Finally, he analyzes how the typical production workflow in a contemporary digital studio the ways in which a project moves from one software application to another – affects contemporary visual aesthetics of not only moving but also still images. The article shows that this workflow has two fundamental effects. On the one hand, never before have we witnessed such a variety of forms as today. On the other hand, exactly the same techniques, compositions, and iconography can now appear in any media.

Scattering of ultra cold neutrons on nano-size bubbles

Inelastic scattering of ultra cold neutrons on bubbles with the size of nanometers is considered. It is shown that neutron-bubble cross-section is large and sensitive to different vibration modes of bubbles. This process could be used for the study of dynamics of nano-size bubbles, and for new methods of ultra cold neutron production if appropriately sized bubbles with sufficient density can be created.

Synthesis of Tungsten Oxide Particles by Chemical Deposition Method

Due to the high potential of photoconductive behavior used in electrochromic and sensor devices, tungsten oxide (WO3) is the most promising candidate applied for electrochromic materials, gas sensors, and dye sensitized solar cells. Adsorbing the visible blue light by tungsten oxide nanoparticles would thus be used efficiently to enhance the sun-light harvest efficiency. Recent investigations have been promoted by new methods of ultrafine powder production and their applications. Nanocrystalline tungsten oxide can be prepared by sputtering methods, gas condensation methods, and chemical deposition method. In this study, we would like to prepare of tungsten oxide nanoparticles by chemical deposition method and investigate the experimental parameters of various organic solutions and discuss the relationship between absorbance spectra and which by chemical deposition method. Purged O2 into the various solvent (i.e. DMF and acetylacetone solution), WCl6 was added into the solvent slowly and stirred vigorously. During the filtration process solutions were characterized and analyzed by particles size distribution, UV-visible absorption, and TEM observation. The size of tungsten oxide particles synthesized in DMF is smaller than that in acetylacetone solutions from TEM observation. These results may be related to particle sizes or agglomerated behavior of tungsten oxide. In the photochromic data, it exhibits absorbance result due to valence change of tungsten ion and photochromic effect of tungsten oxide nanoparticles. Since some papers also have been reported that the highest intensity of the solar spectrum is in the blue region, the modification of the oxide semiconductor for blue-light absorption will effectively increase the photon harvest from the incident sunlight and thus generate more electron-hole pairs in addition to those from dyes. It would be appropriately applied in the design of solar cell devices.

Process Analytical Technology for Chromatography

A major United States Food and Drug Administration effort is devoted to process analytical technology (PAT), which is emerging as the likely "surprise" of the second half of the decade. PAT is an approach to monitoring, manufacturing, and other processes on a continuous rather than discrete basis. It carries the future promise of new methods of production. Building PAT into a chromatography system provides a significant cost and quality advantage to high volume multitest laboratories and provides a significant marketing advantage to the first suppliers able to implement such an approach.

SUBLIMATION AND COMBUSTION OF COAL PARTICLES IN THE EROSION LASER TORCH

Rate of coal particles' combustion in low-temperature plasma is of interest both from application and scientific points of view. Necessity of knowing parameters of the process of coal particles' combustion in plasma torch with the temperature of 2500-3000 K is governed by arising a number of state-of-the-art technological tasks related to the problems of finding new methods of power production, generation of high-calorific synthetic gases and using carbon as a high temperature structural material in nuclear power engineering. The present work deals with a rate of combustion of the sorbed coal particles in the erosion laser torch formed by means of interaction of pulse laser radiation (wave length {lambda} = 1,06 {mu}m, power density j = 10{sup 5} - 10{sup 7} Wcm{sup 2} with coals of various grades (in the wide range of carbon concentrations (80-95 %)). Physical and mathematical modeling of the process of coal particles' sublimation and combustion in non-equilibrium plasma flows with weight-average temperature of 2500-3000 K showed a good convergence of results for the particles of 10-100 {mu}m diameter and satisfactory one for the particles of {gt} 250{mu}m diameter.

Wybrane zagadnienia modyfikowania materialow polimerowych za pomoca promieniowania elektronowego o duzej energii

Some problems concerning the titled subject, including the characteristics of results of electron radiation interaction with polymers, were presented. Significance of crosslinking and degradation processes dependently on the modification purpose has been marked. Attention has been paid to dependence of radiation results on the type of material irradiated as well as to importance of polymeric blends' modification causing significant improvement of the functional properties of a material. Present trends of application of electron irradiation, used for elaboration of new methods of materials' production and their new grades' preparation, were presented. It has been stated that one of such direction can be the use of electron irradiation in modern technologies of plastic wastes' utilization.

Quantifying creative destruction: Entrepreneurship and productivity in New Zealand

This paper (a) provides a framework for quantifying any economy's flexibility, and (b) reviews the evidence on New Zealand firms’ birth, growth and death. The data indicate that, by and large, the labour market and the financial market are doing their job. Creative destruction “revolutionizes the economic structure from within,” Joseph Schumpeter famously said, “incessantly destroying the old one, incessantly creating a new one” (Schumpeter, 1975, p. 83). Innovation in business ‐ bringing new goods, new markets, new methods of production, new ways of organizing firms ‐ is the “fundamental impulse that sets and keeps the capitalist engine in motion.” Does the economy have enough flexibility? Are there barriers in the way of entrepreneurship? This paper develops a framework for quantifying creative destruction. Applying the framework to New Zealand, I conclude that the sluggish productivity growth of the past fifteen years cannot be blamed on economic rigidities. The data depict an economy with ample creative destruction. Ascribing New Zealand's slow growth to a business‐unfriendly culture is a misdiagnosis.

History and analysis of transparent papers

Summary Transparent papers have been made since the Middle Ages and their production and use have evolved since then through to the present day. The first supports, paper and parchment, were made transparent by impregnation with oily or resinous substances and destined for domestic and artistic uses. The beginning of the nineteenth century was a turning point in the production of transparent papers with the appearance of the first parchment papers and the search for new methods of production of paper. The papermaking industry discovered new papers such as natural tracing, imitation parchment and glassine papers. In this article, historical study based on published sources is complemented by an analytical protocol carried out on a large group of samples of transparent papers. Analytical results are compared with information from published sources in order to verify whether there is a true correlation between the two.

The role of official Veterinary Services in dealing with new social challenges: animal health and protection, food safety, and the environment

The authors describe the role of Veterinary Services in dealing with developments in society and the challenges they present. In an increasingly globalised world, in which there are new methods of production, a new and changing relationship between humans and animals and increasingly complex and global problems, the protection of public health and the safety of the environment in which people and animals live require new skills, new knowledge and new technical-scientific responses. Official Veterinary Services are responsible for maintaining hygiene and animal health standards in primary and secondary production and ensuring fair trade. To achieve this, Veterinary Services must ensure that their organisational structures meet internationally recognised quality assurance standards.