New Method For Estimation Research Articles

Maximum Doppler Shift Identification Using Decision Feedback Channel Estimation

This paper introduces a new method for estimating the maximum Doppler shift using decision feedback channel estimation (DFCE). In highly mobile environments, which are expected to be covered beyond 5G and 6G systems, the relative movement between the transmitter and receiver causes Doppler shifts. This leads to inter-carrier interference (ICI), significantly degrading communication quality. To mitigate this effect, systems that estimate the maximum Doppler shift and adaptively adjust communication parameters have been extensively studied. One of the most promising methods for maximum Doppler shift estimation involves inserting pilot signals at both the beginning and end of the packet. Although this method achieves high estimation accuracy, it introduces significant latency due to the insertion of the pilot signal at the packet’s end. To address this issue, this paper proposes a new method for rapid estimation using DFCE. The proposed approach compensates for faded signals using channel state information obtained from decision feedback. By treating the compensated signal as a reference, the Doppler shift can be accurately estimated without the need for pilot signals at the end of the packet. This method not only maintains high estimation accuracy but also significantly reduces the latency associated with conventional techniques, making it well-suited for the requirements of next-generation communication systems.

A new method for vascular age estimation based on relative risk difference in vascular aging

Objective:The current models of estimating vascular age (VA) primarily rely on the regression label expressed with chronological age (CA), which does not account individual differences in vascular aging (IDVA) that are difficult to describe by CA. This may lead to inaccuracies in assessing the risk of cardiovascular disease based on VA. To address this limitation, this work aims to develop a new method for estimating VA by considering IDVA. This method will provide a more accurate assessment of cardiovascular disease risk. Methods:Relative risk difference in vascular aging (RRDVA) is proposed to replace IDVA, which is represented as the numerical difference between individual predicted age (PA) and the corresponding mean PA of healthy population. RRDVA and CA are regard as the influence factors to acquire VA. In order to acquire PA of all samples, this work takes CA as the dependent variable, and mines the two most representative indicators from arteriosclerosis data as the independent variables, to establish a regression model for obtaining PA. Results:The proposed VA based on RRDVA is significantly correlated with 27 indirect indicators for vascular aging evaluation. Moreover, VA is better than CA by comparing the correlation coefficients between VA, CA and 27 indirect indicators, and RRDVA greater than zero presents a higher risk of disease. Conclusion:The proposed VA overcomes the limitation of CA in characterizing IDVA, which may help young groups with high disease risk to promote healthy behaviors.

Fast New Method for Estimation of Captopril in Pure and Pharmaceutical Preparation by Reaction with Ammonium Ce (IV) Sulfate in Acid Medium

The determination of captopril (CAP) using a new continuous flow injection analysis (CFIA) method was given in this work CAP in its pure state and some of its pharmaceutical preparations. The technique can be described as simple, fast, sensitive, easy to operate, and low-cost. The CAP reacted with ammonium ceric(IV) sulfate (ACS)2(NH4 )2SO4Ce(SO4)2. 3 H2O in an acidic medium and the reaction led to the formation of a white, slightly yellowish precipitate. The formed precipitate was studied using Ayah 6S×1-ST-2D Solar cell-CFI Analyzer, a through the reflection of accident light on the surfaces of the precipitate particles at (0-1800), expressed as the response of the transducer measured in (mV). Some chemical and physical parameters were studied to provide the optimal conditions for the study. The calibration curve within the range of (0.07-3.0) mmol/L was linear, with a correlation coefficient (r) value equal to (0.9983), and the percentage value of linearity (R2%) was (99.65). The method's detection limit (L.O.D.) of the new method was 272.5 ng/25 µL; it was calculated by diluting the minimum concentration in the calibration curve gradually. RSD% was less than 0.2% for 0.9, 1.5, and 3.0 mmol/L concentrations of C.A.P. for n=8. The method was successfully applied to estimate C.A.P. in three pharmaceutical preparations, each produced by a different company. The new method was compared with the UV-Spectrophotometric method (classical method) at λmax= 207.2 nm by using the method of standard additions. Both the t-test and the F-test were conducted to ensure that there wasn't a significant difference between the new method and the conventional one. The results of both tests showed, at a confidence level of 95%, that there was no significant difference.

Measurement of Rock Deformation Parameters - Estimation of Stacked Fusion Model of Young’s Modulus

Rock Young’s modulus is an essential parameter for formation stress characterization and oil and gas reservoir evaluation work and plays an important role in oil drilling-related engineering type work. Aiming at the problems of doubtful confidence in Young’s modulus measurements, time-consuming computation, and high measurement cost in oil drilling, this paper proposed Young’s modulus estimation method based on the Stacking fusion model. The method first processed the downhole vibration data to obtain its time-domain feature data and then used the time-domain feature data as the input to the fusion model while used the rock Young’s modulus data as the model output. The model learner used consists of three base learners, ANN, XGBoost, and CatBoost, with MLR as the model meta-learner. The mapping relationship between the time-domain features and Young’s modulus was established by this method, and the prediction and estimation of Young’s modulus parameters of the rock were finally realized. The results showed that the average absolute error (MAE) of the fused Stacking model was 0.2502 and the goodness-of-fit (R2) was 0.9691. Compared with other single models, the fused model based on Stacking had the advantage of being able to combine each single model, which provided a new method for estimation and prediction of Young’s modulus of rocks.

Analytical Methods of Estimation of Oxetacaine and its quality determinations in different Pharmaceutical Formulations by Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC)

Objective: The aim of the current research was to design and develop an analytical method for the estimation of Oxetacaine and its quality control determinations of different formulation by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Method: In Method I the Agilent HPLC used for the Estimation purpose. C-18 column (250 X 4.6mm i.e., 1µ) as stationary phase and 0.05% formic acid buffer: Methanol in the ratio 30:70 % v/v as mobile phase, with a flow rate of 1.0ml/min. Diluents of Methanol: water 90:10 ratio used for the study with ambient Temp conditions. In Method II the Agilent HPLC used for the Estimation purpose .C8 Column ((250 X 4.6mm i.e., 5µ) as stationary phase and ammonium phosphate buffer pH 4.8: Acetonitrile in the ratio 25:75 % v/v as mobile phase, with a flow rate of 0.9ml/min. Diluents of Acetonitryl: water 50:50 ratios used for the study with ambient Temp conditions. Result: Method 1: Oxetacaine standard (86µg/ml concentration) peak was eluted at average of 5.629min at 3 runs with Asymmetry of 1.29813 and Peak area of 23237896 with the conditions of %RSD of max2. With qualifying of system suitability, accuracy and reproducibility. Some of Marketed suspension formulations were operated under the same instrument conditions and the results were compared with standard Oxetacaine to ensure the percentage purity of Marketed suspensions. Method 2: Oxetacaine standard (196µg/ml concentration) peak was eluted at average of 4.884 min at 3 runs with Asymmetryof1.17244 and Peak area of 360543170 with the conditions of %RSD of max 2. With qualifying of system suitability, accuracy and reproducibility. Some of Marketed suspension formulations were operated under the same instrument conditions and the results were compared with standard Oxetacaine to ensure the percentage purity of Marketed suspensions. Conclusion: The two new method of estimation of oxetacaine like using Method 1: C18 column, 0.05% formic acid buffer: Methanol in the ratio 30:70 % v/v as mobile phase @214nm and Method 2: C8 Column, ammonium phosphate buffer pH 4.8: Acetonitrile in the ratio 25:75 % v/v as mobile phase @214 achieved with simple, precise, accurate and sensitive. In addition the quality control estimating of some of random of F1, F2, F3, F4, F5, and F6 marketed oxetacaine suspensions were analysed using this Two Optimized methods. Out of 6 formulations, 2 formulations F3, F6 determined as substandard quality on the both the methods. Hence proving these two new methods optimal for the further monograph inclusions as well as quality control predictions of oxetacaine in API as well as Finished Pharmaceutical Formulations.

A new method for estimation of undrained shear strength of cohesive soil for design use from CPTU

電気式コーン貫入試験（CPTU）結果のみからなる，新たな粘性土の設計用非排水せん断強さ（本論文ではsu(mob)と称す）の評価手法を提案する。この手法は，CPTU から得られるコーン貫入時の過剰間隙水圧から粘性土の正規圧密状態における強度増加率を推定し，得られた値と実効コーン貫入抵抗の一次的関係から算定されるコーン係数を介して su(mob)を評価するものであり，国内外 25 地域 31 地点で得られたデータに基づいている。本手法で求めた su(mob)は，別途室内試験および原位置試験から求めた su(mob)と比較され，その信頼性と適用性を実証している。提案する手法によれば，人的誤差を伴う，ボーリング～乱れの少ない試料採取～室内せん断試験という過程なしに，当地の粘性土の su(mob)を評価できる。

A new method for wear estimation of TBM disc cutter based on energy analysis

The accurate estimation of disc cutter wear has always been a long-term topic affecting the excavation efficiency and construction cost of tunnel boring machines (TBMs), especially in the project of high-strength and high-abrasiveness stratum. In fact, disc cutter wear is one of the comprehensive results of rock-machine interaction during TBM excavation. Therefore, the change of internal energy of rock-machine system describes the wear information of disc cutter. In this study, a new method for estimation disc cutter wear based on energy conversion mechanism is proposed. Firstly, the basic relationship of energy conversion during TBM excavation is analyzed in detail, and an energy equation considering the influence of geological conditions, TBM technical specifications and rock-machine interactions at three levels is established. Based on this context, according to the working characteristics and abrasion mechanism of disc cutter, the conversion mechanism between the disc cutter wear energy and wear capacity is investigated, and the definite relationship between the energy conversion coefficient and the properties of intact rock is obtained. Furthermore, to illustrate the applicability of this method, a case study of the Shenzhen Metro Project in China is introduced and analyzed in detail. The results show that the proposed method can predict 85 % of the average wear of each disc cutter on the cutterhead. Finally, the prediction method provided in this study is compared with Gehring, NTNU and CSM models to validate the rationality and reliability of this method. Evidently, this method can provide an accurate and reliable estimate of the general wear capacity and life of disc cutters on the cutterhead, and it is also a very practical tool for TBM engineers to make decision and optimize the cutter replacement scheme.

Pair entropy and universal viscosity scaling for molecular systems via molecular dynamics simulations

The scaling between the excess entropy and transport coefficients of liquids is an interesting property found by Rosenfeld in atomistic simulations. Later, Dzugutov proposed to estimate the excess entropy on the basis of the pair entropy. That approach has been shown to work well for atomic liquids and rigid molecules, but there is a problem of pair entropy definition for molecular substances in general. In this work, we propose a new method of estimation of the pair contribution to the excess entropy for hydrocarbon liquids. We present the results on viscosity-pair entropy Rosenfeld scaling for linear alkanes and an aromatic compound in two different force fields, and compare the results with the available experimental and correlation data. We show that our method accounts for 75–90% of excess entropy changes in molecular liquid, comparable to the pair entropy contribution in atomic liquids. The universal nearly-univariate dependence of the scaled viscosity and pair entropy is observed for each compound at different temperatures, and the scaling is shown to be transferable between the force fields models.

Numerical estimation of local heat convection coefficient for a solid subjected to a hot spot and fluid flow

In this paper, a new method of estimation of a convective heat transfer coefficient on a hot spot is presented. First of all, a complete numerical model is developed in order to simulate the convection on a wall heated at a hot spot. Then, an analytical solution of the configuration is developed assuming simplified assumptions. Finally, an inverse method is performed to estimate the local convective heat transfer on a hot spot using noisy simulated data. The results of the estimation procedure are accurate and validate this new approach of convection measurement.

Using the Residency Matched Method and Intent to Practice Method to Estimate Primary Care Workforce Production.

IntroductionMany medical schools overestimate the percentage of their graduates who enter the primary care workforce based on the “first-certificate” residency their graduates enter. To rectify this problem, Deutchman and colleagues proposed a new method of estimation. The objective of this study was to compare results from the traditional residency match and Deutchman methods to the actual percentage of University of Kansas School of Medicine (KUSM) graduates who practice primary care after completing medical school and all residency and subspeciality fellowship training.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted using a convenience sample of KUSM graduates from 2003–2014. Percentages of graduates classified as primary care by the traditional Residency Match Primary Care Method (RMPCM) and the percentages of graduates identified as primary care by Deutchman’s Intent to Practice Primary Care Method (IPPCM) were compared with the actual percentage of graduates who eventually entered the primary care workforce.ResultsOf the 1,944 KUSM graduates identified during the study period, the RMPCM predicted a 48.1% primary care output rate. The Deutchman’s IPPCM predicted a 22.8% primary care output rate. The actual known percentage of graduates practicing primary care was 34.2%.ConclusionsNeither the RMPCM nor the Deutchman’s IPPCM performed well in predicting the percentage or number of KUSM graduates who eventually practiced primary care. Due to predictions for the shortage of primary care physicians, there is a need to identify a method that more accurately predicts the medical schools’ contribution to the primary care workforce.

New method for estimation of metronidazol by oxidative coupling reaction using phenothiazine reagent

A Spectrophotometry method was developed to be faster and more sensitive to determine the purity of metronidazole compound. This method is relying on the reaction of oxidation and conjugation with phenothiazine in the acidic medium and with presence of N-bromo succinimide compound as oxidative factor to give a red product at the wavelength 514 nm. This is will be within the range of Beer's law (5-50 ppm), molar absorbance (2.0538 × 103 L.mol-1.cm-1), correlation coefficient (0.998), and Sandellʹs sensitivity (0.0833 µg/cm2). Limits of detection (LOD) (4.6 x 10-3 ppm). This method was successfully applied to pharmaceutical preparations.

Lithium-Ion Battery Model Parameters Estimation Using Equivalent Circuit Model for E-mobility Applications

Accurate estimation of battery internal model parameters and consequently SOC prediction is crucial in any battery power system. Hence, it is a fundamental need in electric vehicles, smart grids, and energy storage systems. The accuracy of parameters identification will affect the battery management system, battery safety, characteristics, and performance, which mainly depends on battery model parameters. So, to estimate the parameters accurately and easily, we require effective, simple, and robust parameters estimation algorithms. In this article, we propose a new method for estimation of parameters using least square method algorithm for Lithium-Ion Batteries (LIBs) for Electric Vehicle (EV) applications. In this, a second-order RC equivalent circuit model is considered for estimation of parameters of NMC battery. The estimation of parameters and relation between OCV-SOC nonlinear is obtained from the experimental data. This proposed method shows that the calculation of parameters is fast and efficient.

From ESPRIT to ESPIRA: estimation of signal parameters by iterative rational approximation

AbstractWe introduce a new method for Estimation of Signal Parameters based on Iterative Rational Approximation (ESPIRA) for sparse exponential sums. Our algorithm uses the AAA algorithm for rational approximation of the discrete Fourier transform of the given equidistant signal values. We show that ESPIRA can be interpreted as a matrix pencil method (MPM) applied to Loewner matrices. These Loewner matrices are closely connected with the Hankel matrices that are usually employed for signal recovery. Due to the construction of the Loewner matrices via an adaptive selection of index sets, the MPM is stabilized. ESPIRA achieves similar recovery results for exact data as ESPRIT and the MPM, but with less computational effort. Moreover, ESPIRA strongly outperforms ESPRIT and the MPM for noisy data and for signal approximation by short exponential sums.

Estimation of missing total number of trials in binomial time series analysis by a BDLM process with an illustration of the COVID-19 pandemic data

The criteria used for sample size determination are generally developed based on applying averaging techniques to the possible values a variable can take on. This paper presented new methods for estimation of sample size, in particular for binomial distribution, when an observation on number of successes is available. In this paper, first, the general criteria for the determination of sample size were reviewed. Next, the BDLM process was concisely introduced and fit to the first real-world dataset. Then, based on the model, four new methods for the estimation of the missing total number of trials in binomial time series were developed with the illustrated small dataset, where number of successes at any specific time point was known. In addition, the worst outcome criterion was evaluated based on the highest probability density (HPD) confidence set by using the illustrated data and the results were compared with those of the new methods developed in the present paper. Later, an illustration of COVID-19 trinomial data was presented in which BDLM was fit to the time series of cured cases infected due to COVID-19 disease. Finally, the new methods of estimation of missing total confirmed cases evaluated by the relatively large dataset.

ОЦЕНИВАНИЕ И ПРОГНОЗИРОВАНИЕ СОСТОЯНИЯ СЛОЖНЫХ ОБЪЕКТОВ: ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ДЛЯ ИНФОРМАЦИОННОЙ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ

The goal of the study is to create a method for estimating and predicting the state of objects with a non-trivial internal structure, multifunctional elements and complex relationships between them. An important feature of the goal is the independence of its solution from the area of operation of complex objects. The task of applying this approach in the field of information security is set. Research methods: system analysis, analytical modeling methods, statistical methods and machine learning methods, development of program code for the implementation of assessment and forecasting algorithms. Result: an ontological model of a generalized subject area is introduced that describes the main elements and their relationships. An analysis of the domestic scientific literature over the past few years and an analysis of the solutions existing in them are carried out, as well as their criteria-based comparison. The principles of constructing invariant methods of estimation and forecasting are developed. A scheme of a new method of estimation and forecasting is proposed. A description is given of generalized algorithms for the functioning of the assessment and prediction components, as well as their applicability for solving problems in the field of information security in the interests of countering network attacks.

Use of corneal hysteresis and corneal resistance factor in target intraocular pressure estimation in patients with early primary open-angle glaucoma.

To introduce a new method for estimation of the target intraocular pressure (TIOP) in naïve eyes with early primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) using corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance factor (CRF). A prospective quasi-experimental study was conducted on naïve 90 eyes of 45 patients who were newly diagnosed with early primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). They were compared to 72 eyes of 36 normal subjects. The TIOP was determined for each eye. The IOP Goldmann (IOPg), IOP corneal-compensated (IOPcc), CH and CRF were estimated by ocular response analyzer (ORA, Reichert) device. Measurements were taken for each patient prior to treatment and after 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12months of receiving medications; either monotherapy or combination therapy. For all patients, there was a significant negative correlation (p < 0.05) between IOP, either IOPg or IOPcc, and CH, while a significant positive relationship (p < 0.05) existed between IOP and CRF. For patients with early POAG, the CH was significantly increased (p ≤ 0.001), while CRF was significantly decreased (p ≤ 0.001) when TIOP was achieved. At IOP levels higher than TIOP, CH value was lower than CRF with a significant negative correlation between them in contrast to controls. This correlation was reversed on reaching TIOP and CH values became higher than CRF similar to controls. CH, CRF and IOP measured by ORA can be used for TIOP estimation. This provides us with a guide for assessing the effectiveness of medications introduced to patients with POAG.

Unbiased K-L estimator for the linear regression model

Background: In the linear regression model, the ordinary least square (OLS) estimator performance drops when multicollinearity is present. According to the Gauss-Markov theorem, the estimator remains unbiased when there is multicollinearity, but the variance of its regression estimates become inflated. Estimators such as the ridge regression estimator and the K-L estimators were adopted as substitutes to the OLS estimator to overcome the problem of multicollinearity in the linear regression model. However, the estimators are biased, though they possess a smaller mean squared error when compared to the OLS estimator. Methods: In this study, we developed a new unbiased estimator using the K-L estimator and compared its performance with some existing estimators theoretically, simulation wise and by adopting real-life data. Results: Theoretically, the estimator even though unbiased also possesses a minimum variance when compared with other estimators. Results from simulation and real-life study showed that the new estimator produced smaller mean square error (MSE) and had the smallest mean square prediction error (MSPE). This further strengthened the findings of the theoretical comparison using both the MSE and the MSPE as criterion. Conclusions: By simulation and using a real-life application that focuses on modelling, the high heating values of proximate analysis was conducted to support the theoretical findings. This new method of estimation is recommended for parameter estimation with and without multicollinearity in a linear regression model.

Unbiased K-L estimator for the linear regression model.

Background: In the linear regression model, the ordinary least square (OLS) estimator performance drops when multicollinearity is present. According to the Gauss-Markov theorem, the estimator remains unbiased when there is multicollinearity, but the variance of its regression estimates become inflated. Estimators such as the ridge regression estimator and the K-L estimators were adopted as substitutes to the OLS estimator to overcome the problem of multicollinearity in the linear regression model. However, the estimators are biased, though they possess a smaller mean squared error when compared to the OLS estimator. Methods:In this study, we developed a new unbiased estimator using the K-L estimator and compared its performance with some existing estimators theoretically, simulation wise and by adopting real-life data. Results: Theoretically, the estimator even though unbiased also possesses a minimum variance when compared with other estimators. Results from simulation and real-life study showed that the new estimator produced smaller mean square error (MSE) and had the smallest mean square prediction error (MSPE). This further strengthened the findings of the theoretical comparison using both the MSE and the MSPE as criterion. Conclusions: By simulation and using a real-life application that focuses on modelling, the high heating values of proximate analysis was conducted to support the theoretical findings. This new method of estimation is recommended for parameter estimation with and without multicollinearity in a linear regression model.

Age Estimation by the Morphometric Analysis of Sternal End of Fourth Rib

Estimating the age at death in the adult skeleton is problematic owing to the biological variability in ageindictors and the differential skeletal response to environmental factors over an individual’s life. While thepubic symphysis and intracortical morphometry have provided successful results in estimating age at death,other methods and sites in the skeleton are needed to improve the accuracy of age estimation. Present studyis an attempt to develop a new method for estimation of age from sternal end of fourth rib. Currently thereare different parameters available to determine the age of a person like study of teeth, ossification of bonesand other ancillary data, but the accurate reliability of these measures is only limited to a particular agegroup i.e. 25± 5 years. For the age beyond this, many workers in different parts of the world have done theirstudies to accurately determine the age of a person from the skeleton. A random study of 100 cases for ageestimation from sternal ends of the fourth ribs were carried out to estimate the age after death with minimalerror.

Age Estimation by the Morphometric Analysis of Sternal End of Fourth Rib

Estimating the age at death in the adult skeleton is problematic owing to the biological variability in ageindictors and the differential skeletal response to environmental factors over an individual’s life. While thepubic symphysis and intracortical morphometry have provided successful results in estimating age at death,other methods and sites in the skeleton are needed to improve the accuracy of age estimation. Present studyis an attempt to develop a new method for estimation of age from sternal end of fourth rib. Currently thereare different parameters available to determine the age of a person like study of teeth, ossification of bonesand other ancillary data, but the accurate reliability of these measures is only limited to a particular agegroup i.e. 25± 5 years. For the age beyond this, many workers in different parts of the world have done theirstudies to accurately determine the age of a person from the skeleton. A random study of 100 cases for ageestimation from sternal ends of the fourth ribs were carried out to estimate the age after death with minimalerror.