New Generation Of Computers Research Articles

A Phase Model of the Bio-Inspired NbOx Local Active Memristor under Weak Coupling Conditions.

For some so-called computationally difficult problems, using the method of Boolean logic is fundamentally inefficient. For example, the vertex coloring problem looks very simple, but the number of possible solutions increases sharply with the increase of graph vertices. This is the difficulty of the problem. This complexity has been widely studied because of its wide applications in the fields of data science, life science, social science, and engineering technology. Consequently, it has inspired the use of alternative and more effective non-Boolean methods for obtaining solutions to similar problems. In this paper, we explore the research on a new generation of computers that use local active memristors coupling. First, we study the dynamics of the memristor coupling network. Then, the simplified system phase model is obtained. This research not only clarifies a physics-based calculation method but also provides a foundation for the construction of customized analog computers to effectively solve NP-hard problems.

Calculation of excessive losses in low voltage line caused by computers

This work estimates excessive losses in low voltage line caused by nonlinear loads. Typical examples of nowadays nonlinear loads are computers, which numbers is especially increased in different types of companies as well as universities. In the case study the excessive losses in low voltage lines caused by the old and new computers are evaluated. The results presented show that the new technologies applied in the new generations of computers increased level of excessive losses in low voltage lines.

2022 roadmap on neuromorphic computing and engineering

Abstract Modern computation based on von Neumann architecture is now a mature cutting-edge science. In the von Neumann architecture, processing and memory units are implemented as separate blocks interchanging data intensively and continuously. This data transfer is responsible for a large part of the power consumption. The next generation computer technology is expected to solve problems at the exascale with 1018 calculations each second. Even though these future computers will be incredibly powerful, if they are based on von Neumann type architectures, they will consume between 20 and 30 megawatts of power and will not have intrinsic physically built-in capabilities to learn or deal with complex data as our brain does. These needs can be addressed by neuromorphic computing systems which are inspired by the biological concepts of the human brain. This new generation of computers has the potential to be used for the storage and processing of large amounts of digital information with much lower power consumption than conventional processors. Among their potential future applications, an important niche is moving the control from data centers to edge devices. The aim of this roadmap is to present a snapshot of the present state of neuromorphic technology and provide an opinion on the challenges and opportunities that the future holds in the major areas of neuromorphic technology, namely materials, devices, neuromorphic circuits, neuromorphic algorithms, applications, and ethics. The roadmap is a collection of perspectives where leading researchers in the neuromorphic community provide their own view about the current state and the future challenges for each research area. We hope that this roadmap will be a useful resource by providing a concise yet comprehensive introduction to readers outside this field, for those who are just entering the field, as well as providing future perspectives for those who are well established in the neuromorphic computing community.

Materials for emergent silicon-integrated optical computing.

Progress in computing architectures is approaching a paradigm shift: traditional computing based on digital complementary metal-oxide semiconductor technology is nearing physical limits in terms of miniaturization, speed, and, especially, power consumption. Consequently, alternative approaches are under investigation. One of the most promising is based on a "brain-like" or neuromorphic computation scheme. Another approach is quantum computing using photons. Both of these approaches can be realized using silicon photonics, and at the heart of both technologies is an efficient, ultra-low power broad band optical modulator. As silicon modulators suffer from relatively high power consumption, materials other than silicon itself have to be considered for the modulator. In this Perspective, we present our view on such materials. We focus on oxides showing a strong linear electro-optic effect that can also be integrated with Si, thus capitalizing on new materials to enable the devices and circuit architectures that exploit shifting computational machine learning paradigms, while leveraging current manufacturing infrastructure. This is expected to result in a new generation of computers that consume less power and possess a larger bandwidth.

Improving Virtual Reality Applications in CAD through Semantics

In this article we propose an architecture for the inclusion and exploitation of semantic aspects in a CAD environment. Our schema focuses on the enhancement and improvement of a commercial (general purpose) CAD system on its Virtual Reality (VR) capabilities. There is a need in combining CAD and semantics in the new generation of computer assisted engineering systems. Usually semantic aspects in traditional CAD applications relay on the user’s tacit knowledge, a fact that slows the learning curve while the user is getting trained with a new tool, no matter if he is an expert in others. Moreover, current CAD programs offer a myriad of options to the designer, but their limited integration of the non geometric information (e.g. PDM systems), and in general the semantics of the design process, can still be improved for the current needs of the industry. We argue that the use of semantics could improve the workflow and capabilities of the software and would benefit a new user (non experienced one) in order to produce better results in shorter times. In this paper our main focus is the enhancement of the visualization and VR capabilities in generic CAD applications. Our semantic CAD framework uses ontology modeling as well as engineering standards in order to conceptualize and exploit the information contained in a CAD model. To show some benefits of our proposed schema, we present two cases in different engineering domains (plant design and Steel detailing design), where the inclusion of semantics empowers a VR experience.

Inkjet printing of alumooxide sol for deposition of antireflecting coatings

Subject of Research. This work describes for the first time the formation of antireflective coating on the base of boehmite phase of AlOOH with low refractive index (1.35) by inkjet printing on the nonporous substrate. This method gives the possibility to increase the contrast of colorful interfering images by 32% obtaining by inkjet printing of titanium dioxide sol. The usage of this technology enables to obtain patterns with wide viewing angle and makes them highly stable. Methods. Traditional sol-gel method with peptizing agents and heating for 90oC was applied for sol synthesis. Then the mixture was under sonic treatment for the obtaining of viscous sol. The viscosity was determined by Brookfield HA/HB viscometer, and the surface tension by Kyowa DY-700 tensiometer. Aluminum oxide ink was deposited on polished slides (26×76 mm2, Paul Marienfeld, Germany), over titanium oxide layer. To print titania ink, we use a desktop office printer Canon Pixma IP 2840 and Dimatix DMP-2831. The thickness of an inkjet AlOOH layer after drying in the air and removal of the solvents did not exceed 150 nm with an RI not less than 1.35 in the entire visible range. Results. The stable colloidal ink was obtained for the first time on the base of aluminum oxide matrix with neutral pH. The rheology was regulated by controlling parameters of sol-gel method in the system of aqueous titanium dioxide sol and by adding ethanol that affects the charge of double electrical layer of disperse phase. The controllable coalesce of drops enables to apply antireflection coating within the thickness accuracy of 10 nm. The morphology of particles and the topology of printed structures were analyzed by optical, scanning electron and atomic-force microscopes. Practical Relevance. We have proposed the approach to obtain colorful, interference patterns using two types of high refractive inks with different refractive indexes. The inkjet printing method opens new opportunities for preparing optical waveguides and forming photon-induction panels for new generation of computers.

Modelos basados en agentes: aportes epistemológicos y teóricos para la investigación social

Agent-based models (abm) constitute a new generation of computer based methods that allow the modeling of the structure of a complex system and simulation of its dynamic evolution over time. The use of abm constitutes a methodological tendency expanding in contemporary social sciences; however, these models remain quite unknown and not frequently taught in the field of sociology. They therefore represent a minor methodological alternative among social researchers. The purpose of this work is to introduce social scientists to the main ideas of the agent-based models as they are articulated with certain theoretical and methodological problems of the social sciences. The first section puts into question the relationship between agent-based models and complex systems in a critical epistemological perspective. Subsequently, the contributions of abm to social research are analyzed, and in the third section, their application in the framework of a specific discipline, political science, is assessed. Finally, a practical example of a simulation based on agents from the classic work of Thomas Schelling about racial segregation is developed.

Available Robotic Platforms in Partial and Total Knee Arthroplasty

Knee arthroplasty typically relieves pain and restores function, but dissatisfaction and early revision occur at a frequency that places a significant burden on patients and the health care system. A new generation of computer and robotic systems has been developed to help orthopaedic surgeons enhance precision and accuracy, with the hope of making outcomes more reliable. Surgical robots can be active, semiactive, or passive. Each level of robot autonomy vs surgeon control has potential benefits and limitations. Currently available robotic platforms are discussed in the context of historical developments, published outcomes, and future directions.

Adopting a Game Engine for Large, High-Resolution Displays

Abstract The steadily decreasing prices of display technologies and computer graphics hardware contribute to the increasing popularity of multiple-display environments, like large, high-resolution displays. It is therefore necessary that educational organizations give the new generation of computer scientists an opportunity to become familiar with this kind of technology. However, there is a lack of tools that allow for getting started easily. Existing frameworks and libraries that provide support for multi-display rendering are often complex in understanding, configuration and extension. This is critical especially in educational context where the time that students have for their projects is limited and quite short. These tools are also rather known and used in research communities only, thus providing less benefit for future non-scientists. In this work we present an extension for the Unity game engine. The extension allows – with a small overhead – for implementation of applications that are apt to run on both single-display and multi-display systems. It takes care of the most common issues in the context of distributed and multi-display rendering like frame, camera and animation synchronization, thus reducing and simplifying the first steps into the topic. In conjunction with Unity, which significantly simplifies the creation of different kinds of virtual environments, the extension affords students to build mock-up virtual reality applications for large, high-resolution displays, and to implement and evaluate new interaction techniques and metaphors and visualization concepts. Unity itself, in our experience, is very popular among computer graphics students and therefore familiar to most of them. It is also often employed in projects of both research institutions and commercial organizations; so learning it will provide students with qualification in high demand.

Memristive ionic devices for information storage, logic operations and brain neural function

The switching mechanism is rather simple and straightforward, this is one of the advantages of memristive ionic devices based on the cation or anion transport. The other advantages of the ionic devices are: the ionic devices have high storage density and low energy consumption compared with electronic ones; the ionic devices combine the memory and the logic function, paving a way to a new generation of computers that is not limited by the Von Neumann bottleneck; the artificial neural network constructed by the ionic devices can mimic the basic functions of brains, e.g. learning, memorizing and forgetting, etc., which is a great progress in the field of artificial intelligence. Nanoionic devices will play an important role in the next information age.

A representation scheme for digital product service system definitions

The growing trend for delivering physical products to customers as parts of product service systems (PSS) is creating a need for a new generation of Computer Aided Design (CAD) system to support the design of PSS: so-called “PSS-CAD”. Key research issues in the development of such systems include building understanding of the kinds of applications that designers of PSS might need and the establishment of well-founded representation schemes to underpin and support communication between PSS-CAD systems. Recent literature includes numerous descriptions of integrated PSS development processes, PSS-CAD tools to support these processes and early meta-models to provide information support. This paper complements this work by proposing a representation scheme that is a key prerequisite to achieving the interoperability between PSS-CAD systems which would be necessary to support the deployment of integrated PSS development processes in industry.The representation scheme, a form of meta-model, draws on learning from the product definition community that emerged in the 1970s in response to a need for interoperability between the different shape-based CAD systems that were being developed at the time. The initial focus on shape representation has developed to digital product definitions that define the design of a product coupled with meta-data recording details of processes by which the design was created and, more recently, supported through-life. Similarly, PSS-related information includes both PSS definitions, to support the lifecycles of physical products and associated services, and meta-data needed to support the management of PSS development processes.This paper focuses on information requirements for the definition of service elements of PSS and relationships with product elements and service actors. These requirements are derived from earlier work on the use of service blueprinting for the visualisation and mapping of service activities to deliver different types of service contract. Key information requirements addressed include the need to represent service process flow and breakdown structures, relationships between service and product elements, substitution relationships, and service variants. A representation scheme is proposed and demonstrated through application to a PSS case study. The representation scheme is built on a generic information architecture that has already been applied to problems of product definition; as such there is an underlying compatibility that offers real promise in the future realisation of integrated PSS development processes.

The creation of Qualified Signatures with Trusted Platform Modules

Frederic Stumpf, Markus Sacher, Claudia Eckert and Alexander Rosnagel argue that the new generations of computers that include a trusted platform have the capacity of providing more reliable proof for both parties when entering contracts at a distance over the internet.

Power integrity modeling and design for semiconductors and systems [Book review

This book, written by two well-known scientists in the field of power integrity, covers two aspects of power distribution in integrated circuits: design and modeling, with, in my opinion, an emphasis on modeling. Power represents the major bottleneck in modern semiconductors and systems. With transistor scaling over the last two decades, Moore's law has enabled the integration of millions of transistors within an integrated circuit. With lower gate capacitance and lower voltage, faster transistors have become available with each new generation of computers. However, increased transistor integration has resulted in an increase in the current supplied to the integrated circuit, thereby increasing power. Managing the transient current supplied to the integrated circuit at gigahertz frequencies is one of the biggest challenges faced by the semiconductor industry. With lowering of the supply voltage to the transistors, dynamic variation in the power supply due to current transients is becoming a major challenge for designers.

Modern Approaches in Professional Communicative Competence Formation

Abstract The modern world is undergoing a major turning point in its history. We live in an era of advancing globalization, in the epoch of the enhancement of communication means that are changing the way we live, our talk and conscious and require specific needs for the educational system. The future depends on the ability to understand and accept new concepts, to make choices, to learn and to adapt to changing conditions in a lifetime. New Age has set up the strict alternatives to the young generation, but also provides new opportunities as well. The new generation of computers, the World Wide Web led to changes in the role of the human person in society development. Way in which people create, build, store, transmit information has radically changed, so the form of communication, education, and work have changed as well. These above mentioned tendencies of the new era civilization development determine the challenge to education. Training will be effective only if it will meet the demands of a new era, so now the goal of education in the world is to meet the needs of a modern economy and society. In this regard, the most popular competencies, abilities of people in the knowledge of new economy emerging are the ability to acquire knowledge, to apply them, and to structure and generate. New understanding of education actualized terms “competence” and “competency”.

A heterogeneous computing algorithm for two-dimensional unstable manifolds of time-continuous systems

Two-dimensional manifolds usually contain many nonlinear behaviors in complicate structures, which implies that much numerical calculation must be done during computing. Therefore, how to accomplish the work efficiently is a key problem. Since today’s computers tend to heterogeneous platforms including multi-core CPUs and general purpose GPUs, this paper proposes a fast manifold computing algorithm, which is not only of high precision and versatility, but also very suited to the new generation of computers. The algorithm contains two kinds of computation: extending trajectories and generating triangles. The former is large and simple, which is suitable for GPU; the later is small and complicate, which is suitable for CPU. The computation for the stable manifold of the Lorenz system at the origin shows that this algorithm ensures the best performance of heterogeneous platforms and improve the computing speed greatly.

Nanofiber coating of surfaces for intensification of drop or spray impact cooling

A novel enhancement of drop and spray cooling for microelectronic and radiological elements and server rooms requiring extremely high heat fluxes is proposed. The key idea of the method is to cover the heat transfer surfaces with electrospun non-woven polymer nanofiber mats. The mats are permeable for water drops. The enhanced efficiency of drop cooling in the presence of nanofiber mats observed experimentally results from full elimination of receding and bouncing of the drops, characteristic of the current spray cooling technology. Therefore, the drops evaporate completely, and the large cooling potential associated with the latent heat of water evaporation is more fully exploited. This is paradoxical: the best cooling can be provided by a “fur overcoat”! The proposed cooling method alone may lead to a breakthrough in further miniaturization of microelectronic chips, optical and radiological elements and accelerate the development of a new generation of computers. In order to check the suitability of different materials for the drop and spray cooling applications, the thermal and structural properties of nanofiber mats based on four different polymers have been measured over a wide temperature range. Based on the results of these measurements, the most suitable materials have been chosen.

Integration of Large Deformation Finite Element and Multibody System Algorithms

This paper presents an overview of research and development efforts that are currently being devoted to integrate large deformation finite element formulations with flexible multibody system algorithms. The goal is to develop computer simulation capabilities for the analysis of physics and engineering models with significant details. The successful development of such new and integrated algorithms will also allow modeling and simulation of systems that cannot be solved using existing computer algorithms and codes. One of the main difficulties encountered in this integration process is attributed to the fact that the solution procedures used in finite element codes differ significantly from those used in general-purpose flexible multibody system codes. Finite element methods employ the corotational formulations that are often used with incremental solution procedures. Flexible multibody computer codes, on the other hand, do not, in general, use incremental solution procedures. Three approaches are currently being explored by academic institutions and the software industry. In the first approach, gluing algorithms that aim at performing successful simulations by establishing an interface between existing codes are used. Using different coordinates and synchronizing the time stepping are among several challenging problems that are encountered when gluing algorithms are used. In the second approach, multibody system capabilities are implemented in existing finite element algorithms that are based on large rotation vector formulations. For the most part, corotational formulations and incremental solution procedures are used in this case. In the third approach, a new large deformation finite element formulation that can be successfully implemented in flexible multibody system computer algorithms that employ nonincremental solution procedures is introduced. The approach that is now being developed in several institutions is based on the finite element absolute nodal coordinate formulation. Such a formulation can be systematically implemented in general-purpose flexible multibody system computer algorithms. Nonlinear constraint equations that describe mechanical joints between different bodies can be formulated in terms of the absolute coordinates in a straightforward manner. The coupling between the motion of rigid, flexible, and very flexible bodies can also be accurately described. The successful integration of large deformation finite element and multibody system algorithms will lead to a new generation of computer codes that can be systematical and efficiently used in the analysis of many engineering applications.

Data, data everywhere; Swift bags black hole; Review of UK physics and astronomy; The world is warming; Rosetta looks back at Earth; The planets at Cambridge; CMEs with a whimper not a bang; Ancient observatories online; What does it take to make a geophy

Sue Bowler, Editor. New generations of computers, new digital technology, new telescopes; all these soon-to-be essential tools of the academic trade mean the same thing: more data than ever before. It’s no longer data streams that we’re talking about here, it’s great gushing waterfalls of the stuff – and there are oceans of it in prospect. Virtual observatories are now reality, with the help of initiatives such as AstroGrid (pages 3.23–3.26). International Heliophysical Year, from 2007 (pages 27–30) will coordinate observations from the ground, from satellites and through experiments, to examine the Sun–Earth link. These new approaches will change both the science we can do and the ways in which we do it. When you can search the accumulated observations of the universe from your desk, you have to work in different ways. For, while there is undoubtedly much of scientific significance to be found, there’s an awful lot of opportunity to find nothing at all. Or, worse, there’s the chance to find endless, meaningless coincidences to prop up spectacularly absurd ideas. Alex Szalay, in one of the plenary sessions at this year’s NAM (pages 3.11–3.14), put his finger on the problem: we have to get clever – and fast. Not too far in the future, terabytes of data will be available for research worldwide. But those terabytes (each one a million megabytes, remember) have to be stored, archived and downloaded. Today it takes, say, 10 seconds to download a megabyte; a terabyte would take months, and then there’s nowhere to put it. Clever data management can avoid these bottlenecks, but the hardware has to improve as well, and worldwide. Otherwise the data revolution – and the scientific gains that it will bring – will be restricted to countries that can pay for the necessary internet infrastructure and computers.It would be a great shame if this broadening of the availability of data were to be matched by a narrowing of the range of researchers able to use it. EDITORIAL

Review of Cooling Technologies for Computer Products

This paper provides a broad review of the cooling technologies for computer products from desktop computers to large servers. For many years cooling technology has played a key role in enabling and facilitating the packaging and performance improvements in each new generation of computers. The role of internal and external thermal resistance in module level cooling is discussed in terms of heat removal from chips and module and examples are cited. The use of air-cooled heat sinks and liquid-cooled cold plates to improve module cooling is addressed. Immersion cooling as a scheme to accommodate high heat flux at the chip level is also discussed. Cooling at the system level is discussed in terms of air, hybrid, liquid, and refrigeration-cooled systems. The growing problem of data center thermal management is also considered. The paper concludes with a discussion of future challenges related to computer cooling technology.

Techniques de coopération pour la reconnaissance d'écriture en contexte

The automatic recognition of acquired texts by a digitalizing tablet, opens the door to a new generation of computers, keyboardless and mouseless, that communicate with the user through an instrument that he is used to control since his youth: the pen. This task is too hard to be completed as a whole, and needs to be divided in several subtasks of less complexity, each one being treated by an expert. The next step is to find the strategies of optimal cooperation between the experts in order to improve the accuracy of the system. In this work we studied various methods of cooperation between a context analyzer and two classifier-experts that process the data in two different ways. The experimental results on a database of 7000 letters and 12 writers are promising because they allowed a global improvement of efficiencies of 20 %, leading to the general recognition rates of 84.2 % for letters and 64 % for words.