New Generation Of Vehicles Research Articles

Hybrid Natural and Forced Active Balancing Control of Battery Packs State of Charge Based on Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles

Battery packs are widely used in electric vehicles, and their state-of-charge is one of the essential issues that affect the performances, whilst the balance between parallel and series cell of the battery pack always has an obvious effect. To enhance the working performance of the lithium-based power battery pack, a hybrid natural and forced active balancing control (HNFABC) strategy is proposed and adopted to the balancing circuit that is proposed in this work. These converters, which are advantageous in natural balancing and forced equalization, accelerate the balance speed of natural equilibrium in the final stage and protect the battery from being repeatedly charged and discharged. Simulation and experimental results show that HNFABC is not only simpler than other traditional balance control strategies but also faster in the equalization process. The idea of combining natural equilibrium and forced equilibrium can be inspired to be used in some related industries.

Study of SOC dynamic estimation method of power lithium battery

The Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV) battery equivalent model is established on the basis of the existing charging state estimation method. Based on the kalman filtering algorithm, a state space expression based on the Davidson’s battery model is established. Finally, Matlab/Simulink is used for simulating calculation. Simulation and experiment show that the selected PNGV model has high precision and can simulate the charging and discharging characteristics of the battery truly, so that the SOC estimation value is controlled within the range of high precision.

A Review of Different Electric Equivalent Circuit Models and Parameter Identification Methods of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Lithium-ion batteries have many advantages in compare to other conventional batteries. Because of that, they have many applications in different sectors such as portable electronic devices, electric vehicles and other fields. To assure that the operation and performance of lithium-ion batteries are reliable, safe and economic, the approximation of state of charge, cycle life and other parameters for lithium-ion batteries are necessary. Equivalent circuit models are an important tool in the field of research in lithium-ion batteries. Several researcher have suggested a variety of equivalent circuit models. Some of these models are simple whereas some others are complicated. This paper presents a review of different equivalent circuit models and parameters identification methods in lithium-ion batteries for energy storage applications. These models include the internal resistance model, one time constant model, two time constants model, Thévenin model, PNGV (partnership for a new generation of vehicles) model, DP (dual polarization) model, improved PNGV model, tree seeds algorithm, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy method, and Randles’ model.

Approach to the Weight Estimation in the Conceptual Design of Hybrid-Electric-Powered Unconventional Regional Aircraft

The present work deals with the development of an innovative approach to the weight estimation in the conceptual design of a Hybrid-Electric-Powered (HEP) Blended Wing Body (BWB) commercial aircraft. In the last few decades, the improvement of the environmental impact of civil aviation has been the major concern of the aeronautical engineering community, in order to guarantee the sustainable development of the system in presence of a constantly growing market demand. The sustained effort in the improvement of the overall efficiency of conventional aircraft has produced a new generation of vehicles with an extremely low level of emissions and noise, capable of covering the community requirements in the short term. Unfortunately, the remarkable improvements achieved represent the asymptotic limit reachable through the incremental enhancement of existing concepts. Any further improvement to conform to the strict future environmental target will be possible only through the introduction of breakthrough concepts. The aeronautical engineering community is thus concentrating the research on unconventional airframes, innovative low-noise technologies, and alternative propulsion systems. The BWB is one of the most promising layouts in terms of noise emissions and chemical pollution. The further reduction of fuel consumption that can be achieved with gas/electric hybridisation of the power-plant is herein addressed in the context of multidisciplinary analyses. In particular, the payload and range limits are assessed in relation to the technological development of the electric components of the propulsion system. The present work explores the potentialities of an energy-based approach for the initial sizing of a HEP unconventional aircraft in the early conceptual phase of the design. A detailed parametric analysis has been carried out to emphasise how payload, range, and degree of hybridisation are strictly connected in terms of feasible mission requirements and related to the reasonable expectations of development of electric components suitable for aeronautical applications.

Hybrid characterization procedure of Li-ion battery packs for wide frequency range dynamics applications

This paper presents a hybrid characterization procedure of battery packs capable of reproducing their behavior under different dynamic operation conditions. During the experimental procedure, both time and frequency tests are performed. These tests have been carried out on a commercial battery pack, instead of a single cell, in order to include packaging effects as well as performance of battery pack devices in real electrical applications. As a result of this procedure the battery pack model has been experimentally validated for four cases based on real electrified transportation and grid applications. Additionally, the model response has been compared with the widely used Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV) model. The validation tests show that the proposed battery pack model reproduces the dynamic battery response with better accuracy than the PNGV for all analyzed cases.

Genetic algorithm with small population size for search feasible control parameters for parallel hybrid electric vehicles

The control strategy is a major unit in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). In order to provide suitable control parameters for reducing fuel consumptions and engine emissions while maintaining vehicle performance requirements, the genetic algorithm (GA) with small population size is applied to search for feasible control parameters in parallel HEVs. The electric assist control strategy (EACS) is used as the fundamental control strategy of parallel HEVs. The dynamic performance requirements stipulated in the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV) is considered to maintain the vehicle performance. The known ADvanced VehIcle SimulatOR (ADVISOR) is used to simulate a specific parallel HEV with urban dynamometer driving schedule (UDDS). Five population sets with size 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 are used in the GA. The experimental results show that the GA with population size of 25 is the best for selecting feasible control parameters in parallel HEVs.

Connected Car

The connected car—a vehicle capable of accessing to the Internet, of communicating with smart devices as well as other cars and road infrastructures, and of collecting real-time data from multiple sources—is likely to play a fundamental role in the foreseeable Internet Of Things. In a context ruled by very strong competitive forces, a significant amount of car manufacturers and software and hardware developers have already embraced the challenge of providing innovative solutions for new-generation vehicles. Today’s cars are asked to relieve drivers from the most stressful operations needed for driving, providing them with interesting and updated entertainment functions. In the meantime, they have to comply with the increasingly stringent standards about safety and reliability. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of the possibilities offered by connected functionalities on cars and the associated technological issues and problems, as well as to enumerate the currently available hardware and software solutions and their main features.

Comparisons of Modeling and State of Charge Estimation for Lithium-Ion Battery Based on Fractional Order and Integral Order Methods

In order to properly manage lithium-ion batteries of electric vehicles (EVs), it is essential to build the battery model and estimate the state of charge (SOC). In this paper, the fractional order forms of Thevenin and partnership for a new generation of vehicles (PNGV) models are built, of which the model parameters including the fractional orders and the corresponding resistance and capacitance values are simultaneously identified based on genetic algorithm (GA). The relationships between different model parameters and SOC are established and analyzed. The calculation precisions of the fractional order model (FOM) and integral order model (IOM) are validated and compared under hybrid test cycles. Finally, extended Kalman filter (EKF) is employed to estimate the SOC based on different models. The results prove that the FOMs can simulate the output voltage more accurately and the fractional order EKF (FOEKF) can estimate the SOC more precisely under dynamic conditions.

Energy Saving Potential of a Battery-Assisted Fleet of Trolley Buses

This article investigates the opportunities of integrating battery-assisted trolley buses into a given trolley bus network in public transportation. In this new generation of vehicles, the diesel-powered auxiliary unit is replaced with a high-performance traction battery. On the one hand, the new vehicles can be operated without the overhead wire, while on the other hand the battery capacity improves the overall system efficiency. The energy saving potential is identified via simulation of a realistic trolley bus line including the optimization of the energy management strategy. The problem is formulated as a convex optimal control problem. The results show that up to 20% of energy can be saved, compared to the case with conventional trolley buses only.

Design of Intellective Tire Pressure Monitoring and Alarming System

The monitoring system of tire pressure is regarded as a security product of a new generation of vehicles equipped with high-technology. At present the tire pressure monitoring system can not detect tire pressure all the whole time and tire malfunction can not alarm in time too, this paper proposes an intelligent tire pressure monitoring and alarming system. This paper introduces the overall structure of system and describes the implementation method of system design from two aspects of hardware and software. The system can monitor the tire condition in time and alarm for abnormal situation. It has some advantages in low power consumption, reliability and security.

A scenario analysis of future energy systems based on an energy flow model represented as functionals of technology options

The design of energy systems has become an issue all over the world. A single optimal system cannot be suggested because the availability of infrastructure and resources and the acceptability of the system should be discussed locally, involving all related stakeholders in the energy system. In particular, researchers and engineers of technologies related to energy systems should be able to perform the forecasting and roadmapping of future energy systems and indicate quantitative results of scenario analyses. We report an energy flow model developed for analysing scenarios of future Japanese energy systems implementing a variety of feasible technology options. The model was modularized and represented as functionals of appropriate technology options, which enables the aggregation and disaggregation of energy systems by defining functionals for single technologies, packages integrating multi-technologies, and mini-systems such as regions implementing industrial symbiosis. Based on the model, the combinations of technologies on both energy supply and demand sides can be addressed considering not only the societal scenarios such as resource prices, economic growth and population change but also the technical scenarios including the development and penetration of energy-related technologies such as distributed solid oxide fuel cells in residential sectors and new-generation vehicles, and the replacement and shift of current technologies such as heat pumps for air conditioning and centralized power generation. The developed model consists of two main modules; namely, a power generation dispatching module for the Japanese electricity grid and a demand-side energy flow module based on a sectorial energy balance table. Both modules are divided and implemented as submodules represented as functionals of supply- and demand-side technology options. Using the developed model, three case studies were performed. Required data were collected through workshops involving researchers and engineers in the energy technology field in Japan. The functionals of technologies were defined on the basis of the availability of data and understanding of the current and future energy systems. Through case studies, it was demonstrated that the potential of energy technologies can be analysed by the developed model considering the mutual relationships of technologies. The contribution of technologies to, e.g., the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions should be carefully examined by quantitative analyses of interdependencies of the technology options.

SOC Estimation on PNGV Model and Hybrid Electric Vehicle

Based on PNGV (the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles) equivalent battery model, establishing state-space equations, discrediting them and using UKF (Unsvented Kalman Filtering) arithmetic to achieve an exact SOC estimation under the non-linear condition. According to simulation experiment, UKF estimation just has an error rate of less than 6 percent, and has a quite high use value.

A New Dispatching Model of Automated Lifting Vehicles in Automated Container Terminal with Limited Buffer Space

Automation of the processes at the quays of the world's large container ports is one of the answers to the required ever-increasing transshipment volumes within the same timeframe. For such purpose, using new generation of vehicles is unavoidable. One of the automatic vehicles that can be used in container terminals is Automated Lifting Vehicle (ALV). Integrated scheduling of handling equipments with quay cranes can increase the efficiency of automated transport systems in container. In this paper, an integrated scheduling of quay cranes and automated lifting vehicles with limited buffer space is formulated as a mixed integer linear programming model. This model minimizes the makespan of all the loading and unloading tasks for a pre-defined set of cranes in a scheduling problem.

Consequences of Electrical Arc on Automotive Connector during Extraction Phase

Comfort, safety, communication, control with assistance (antilock brake system, seat heating, multi-media, etc...) and safeguarding the environment are many factors which are included in the new generation of vehicles. The increase in the number of electronic and electric system leads to a high level of vehicle control. To answer this high electric power demand, it will be necessary to triple the voltage of the batteries (from 14 to 42 Volts). The objective of this work is to study the arc phenomenon which can occur in an accidental way during the use of a high electric power and particularly during the extraction phase of the male part from the female part of the automotive connector. It was observed that this can be characterized by both its energy and by its temperature. The amplification of the contact current from 14 to 42 VDC considerably increases arc damage.

Information Fusion for State Estimation of Power Battery in Electric Vehicle Based on Unscented Kalman Filter

The power battery state of charge (SOC) in electric vehicles is not easy to measure accurately or apply a sensor but the expense is increased. However the variable of SOC is great importance to control of electric vehicles. A power battery model is built by the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV) model to estimate the state of SOC. In order to make a high accurate estimate for SOC value, an information fusion algorithm based on unscented kalman filter (UKF) is introduced to design an observer. The test results show that the observer based information fusion and UKF are effective and accuracy, so it is may apply it the electric vehicle control and observation.

Charging Forward

This article outlines the challenges for automobile engineers in designing electric-drive vehicles. Understanding the way noise travels differently through an electric-drive vehicle is one of the main challenges for engineers as they design this new generation of vehicles. Moreover, bodies and chassis are evolving away from traditional sheet metal to more exotic materials, and consequently, the whole production process is being re-engineered. The power density of even the best battery is small when compared to the chemical energy in an identical volume of gasoline. Hence, electric vehicles (EVs) can at most eke out only around 100 miles per charge. Overcoming that challenge is the subject of decades-long research projects. The lithium-ion batteries found in most EVs generate so much heat in use that they require their own cooling systems. Temperatures of all cells within the battery pack also must be held within a few degrees of each other, lest internal current loops form that may slash battery life. Some other issues include cost, service life, and safety.

New generation of vehicles for agricultural purposes

One of the ways of improvement of agricultural transport performance, namely creation and introduction of a new generation of effective vehicles developed in consideration of the specificity of agricultural production and service conditions is considered.

High-performance three-dimensional nanoporous NiO film as a supercapacitor electrode

A three-dimensional nanoporous NiO film was fabricated using a two-step process through an electrochemical route. The as-prepared NiO film exhibited a highly nanoporous structure and high surface area (264 m2 g−1). The textural characterization of the film and its electrochemical performance as an electrochemical electrode were investigated. The electrode showed a high specific capacitance (1776 F g−1), power density (89 Wh kg−1), and energy density (16.5 kW kg−1). In addition, the electrode exhibited high and stable specific capacitance retention after a long cycle test in KOH solution. More importantly, the power density met the power requirements of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV).

Smart Garage Development Problem: Model Formulation and Solution Approach

Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are becoming increasingly popular. In the next several years, all major vehicle manufacturers will introduce PEVs, either as battery electric vehicles (BEVs), such as the Nissan Leaf, or plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) with a dual powertrain, such as the General Motors Volt and the Toyota Prius. This new generation of vehicles relies on electricity as a power source and a battery as an energy storage medium. Naturally, for PEVs, refueling occurs when the battery connects to an electrical outlet linked to a distribution network. The primary objective of this paper is to study optimal locations for building facilities (i.e., smart garages) that will maximize integrated benefits from the transportation system (i.e., parking fee) and the electric power system [i.e., revenue from vehicle-to-building (V2B) services]. A deterministic smart garage development problem (SGDP) is formulated and modeled as a bilevel program and solved by using a genetic algorithm. The results of a simple numerical example show the sensitivity of the model results with respect to parameters, including PEV penetration rate and battery capacity.

Apollo: Learning from the past, for the future

This paper shares an interesting and unique case study of knowledge capture by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), an ongoing project to recapture and make available the lessons learned from the Apollo lunar landing project so that those working on future projects do not have to “reinvent the wheel”. NASA’s new Constellation program, the successor to the Space Shuttle program, proposes a return to the Moon using a new generation of vehicles. The Orion Crew Vehicle and the Altair Lunar Lander will use hardware, practices, and techniques descended and derived from Apollo, Shuttle, and the International Space Station. However, the new generation of engineers and managers who will be working with Orion and Altair are largely from the decades following Apollo, and are likely not well aware of what was developed in the 1960s. In 2006, a project at NASA’s Johnson Space Center was started to find pertinent Apollo-era documentation and gather it, format it, and present it using modern tools for today’s engineers and managers. This “Apollo Mission Familiarization for Constellation Personnel” project is accessible via the web from any NASA center for those interested in learning answers to the question “how did we do this during Apollo?”