New Forms Of Organization Research Articles

Big Science: before and after the Manhattan Project

Abstract Although the concept of Big Science is not well defined, it is often identified with expensive and government-funded post-World-War II projects in physics and space research. However, this definition is too narrow both with regard to chronology and with regard to the sciences in question. Apart from offering some general comments on the notion of Big Science this paper adopts a historical perspective by singling out a few cases of pre-twentieth century Big Science projects in physics and astronomy. These were exceptions, however, and it was only with the Manhattan Project and the early generations of high-energy accelerators that the Big Science era truly started. As argued the development involved new forms of organisation as well as new ethical problems relating to the role and responsibility of the individual scientist.

Blockchain, tokens, smart contracts, and “decentralized autonomous organization”: Expanding and renewing the mechanisms of governance?

AbstractBlockchain, tokens, smart contracts, and decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) are increasingly shaping discussions in media and research. The aim of this contribution is to explore how governance theory can clarify these concepts and how the application of theory to this new problem can also enrich governance theory itself.We focus on the technical environment (blockchain and tokens) that is at the heart of this new form of organization. By exploiting the intrinsic attributes of blockchain (decentralization, immutability, and transparency), smart contracts and DAOs are coordination mechanisms that expand the possibilities of interagent interactions and horizontal coordination, eliminating information asymmetries and the need for trusted third parties. In addition, by taking advantage of the transparency and immutability inherent in blockchain, smart contracts and DAOs make it possible to find and record agreements securely, automating contractual clauses.We argue that these technologies have a significant potential to renew the contractual approach to governance and to overcome some of the limitations of traditional theory.

1945년 해방 이후 1970년대 부산 동래 회동마을 洞中의 역할과 위상

This research aims to illuminate the role of Hoedong village in Dongjung and its associated changes until the 1970s after liberation. Dongjung, which have a long history, has been discussed its role and status in the village, taking over public services until the industrialization era after liberation. Although Hoedong village is considered as a local elite village, its appearance does not represent its status, so we can see it as a typical example of local elite village. In this village, the records of Dongjung have been passed down, Especially the records in 1907 to 1975 are valuable, as they shed light on the post-liberation situation with a broader context, providing valuable insights. After its establishment in the late Joseon Dynasty, Dongjung in Hoedong village was reorganized in 1907 and served its role as the focal point of the village. This role continued after liberation, but began to change from the mid-1960s, ultimately being disorganized in 1976. Dongjung played a significant role in generating income for the village by acquiring new assets while also directly engaging in the village's management. Additionally, it played a certain role in addressing various policy matters after liberation. After urbanization underwent from the mid-1960s and the village office took on the official duties of the state within a modern administrative system, Dongjung underwent a transformation, carrying out another role related to the order and operation of the village community. As a result, in 1976, Dongjung underwent a process of disorganizition and was reorganized into a new form of organization. Therefore, this study can be considered extremely valuable as a case study that illuminate the role and status of Dongjung in the new changes and situations after liberation.

The essence and quality characteristics of the concept of interactive learning

The development and application of effective technologies and teaching methods, new forms of organization of the teaching process, and the formation of new relationships in educational institutions are the requirements of today's time. By using new technologies in the teaching process, leaving the traditional lesson allows to eliminate the monotony of the educational environment and the monotony of the teaching process, creates conditions for changing the types of activities of students, and enables the implementation of the main principles of education.

Cluster Model for Establishing Special Economic Zones in Ukraine under Modern Conditions (Global Experience)

Object: Clusters are a relatively new form of organization, risk and profit sharing, and competitiveness enhance ment for both the global and Ukrainian economies. The potential of the cluster development model is significant, and, most importantly, it has been justified in developed countries worldwide. In particular, global practice confirms that the functioning of the most prosperous economies is supported by advantages in modern production technologies and man agement. Therefore, successful development of any level is possible through the comprehensive application of modern strategic management concepts. Thus, the object of the study is to reveal and substantiate the effectiveness of cluster model in establishing special economic zones in Ukraine. Methods: The paper uses general scientific and special methods, that are: the dialectical method of understanding cluster model for establishing special economic zones; comparative analysis methods; methods of empirical research, methods of statistical and structural analysis; methods of historical and logical analysis; identifying individual parts of an object, methods of system approach, identifying cause-and-effect relationships. Findings: Custers are established on the base of a unique internal environment and infrastructure specific to a par ticular region. This allows leveraging the competitive advantages of enterprises in a specific area through integration. A cluster serves as a stimulus for economic development, and regionalism forms the basis for its sustainable growth. Re gionalism is of great significance in selecting priority investment areas, as it can influence the level of uncertainty risk during the assessment of regional investment projects. Its effectiveness is confirmed by cluster development of the child nutrition project presented in the paper (Ivano-Frankivsk region, Ukraine). Conclusions: Cluster approach makes it possible to use available resources more efficiently. The cluster approach is connected with the policy of capacity-building as well as increasing competition profitability of national economies. There are also some cluster formations on the territory of Ukraine. Сluster is a convenient form of organizing a free economic zone. At the same time, each government develops its own approaches to the creation of clusters and regula tion of their activities, accordingly, organizes the activities of those responsible for the implementation of the national strategy of sustainable competitive development.

Ploughing New Ground: Exploring the Critical Traits of Leaders of Farmer Producer Organizations

Farmer Producer Organisations (FPOs) are a vital component of the agriculture sector, numerous many studies have been done on them. Earlier studies have mentioned that leadership is a significant concern in FPOs and emphasized the importance and necessity of strong leadership in FPOs. However, rare research has been done explicitly on FPO leadership. Hence, this study identifies critical traits of actively operating FPO leaders. The study was carried out from 2023-2024 and data used in this research were collected from April 01 to July 15, 2023. Snowball sampling was used to select the participants. The study used a qualitative approach. Twenty in-depth semi-structured interviews with FPO leaders were conducted in Maharashtra. Each interview was transcribed, and content analysis was done by ATLAS.ti 7.5.16 software to examine the data. Findings from the identified codes reveal that FPO leaders possess a few unique traits as it a new form of organization having a blend of corporate and cooperative organizations. These unique traits are convincing power, establishing personal relations with members, gaining farmers trust etc. The study’s findings will aid stakeholders in creating policies for selecting influential FPO leaders or training current leaders to enhance FPO outcomes.

Зарубежные стажировки российских зоологов. По материалам эго-документов А. Д. Некрасова

The article presents some aspects of the biography of the famous zoologist, science organizer and one of the first Soviet historians of biology A.D. Nekrasov. The aim of the study was to reconstruct the daily life of scientists at marine biological stations opened in Europe. To realize this goal, it was necessary to study a large array of documentary heritage deposited in the A.D. Nekrasov's fund (f. 48) of the Department of Manuscripts and Rare Books of the Moscow State University Scientific Library. The considered ego-documents of the scientist are introduced into the scientific turnover for the first time and give an idea about the organization of research at marine biological stations and international scientific communications. Nekrasov began his scientific activity at the Moscow University under the guidance of S.A. Zernov, N.Y. Zograf and N.V. Bogoyavlensky. The scientist conducted his hydrobiological research at biological stations in Naples, Saint-Va-la-Hague, Villefranche-Sur-Mer, and later he himself was the initiator of the organization of the biological station of Nizhny Novgorod University on the Pustynskie Lakes. Nekrasov's works were devoted to anatomy, morphology and embryology of animals, hydrobiology, ecology. At the biological stations he got acquainted with outstanding foreign scientists - S. Lo Bianco, E. Perrier, R. Woltereck, G. Kupelwieser. Introduction with the experimental work of European biologists attracted a large number of Russian researchers. At the stations at different times Nekrasov met his countryman - N.K. Koltsov, K.E. Lindeman, V.T. Sheviakov, I.P. Zabusov, M.M. Davydov, P.Y. Garyaev, N.A. Kasyanov. They adopted completely new forms of organization of biological research, experimental methods, studied species diversity of marine fauna, got acquainted with new discoveries of European science. In addition to research and educational component, sea stations pursued cultural goals: artists came here, musical evenings were arranged, a library worked, excursions to nearby cities were organized. Internships at foreign marine stations became an integral feature of Russian zoologists in the late 19th - early 20th centuries and served as an impetus for the creation of similar institutions in Russia.

National Center of Physics and Mathematics – a new form of organization of science

The article deals with the problem of activating fundamental scientific activity in the Russian Federation by combining the efforts of various scientific institutes – institutions of the Academy of Sciences, universities, industry and corporate science within the framework of the National Center for Physics and Mathematics (NCPM). The purpose of the article is to identify institutional features and substantiate promising organizational tasks of the NCFM, the main research methods are institutional, normative, comparative analysis. Institutionally, the NCPM will make it possible to get away from the existing division of science along departmental lines and related problems. It is proved that the use of the organizational “CERN model” in the NCPM will be able to attract a wide range of scientists from various Russian and, in the future, foreign organizations, will help the formation of a collaboration for conducting experiments and research at scientific installations of the “megasience” class. This will make it possible to form and work out a national model of the mobility of scientists. The territorial and personnel aspects of the NCFM are considered, measures are proposed to expand the types of activities, to activate the influx of students and postgraduates for subsequent work in scientific and knowledge-intensive industrial organizations, to reflect the peculiarities of the development of the territory of the NCFM location in strategic documents of various levels. Conclusions are drawn about the positive impact of the activities of the NCPM on socio-economic processes; about new opportunities for diversification of the military-industrial complex associated with the development of fundamental science; about accelerating the formation of a system of technological transfer; contributing to the organization of the system of strategic planning and scientific and technical forecasting in the country

DECENTRALIZED AUTONOMOUS ORGANIZATIONS: UNLOCKING THE FULL POTENTIAL OF BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY FOR THE REAL PHYSICAL WORLD BY EXPLORING SELF-ORGANIZING AND SELF-REGULATING DECENTRALIZAD SYSTEMS BY APPLYING SMART CONTRACTS AND FIRST ATTEMPTS OF APPLYING AI

This paper explores the potential of DAOs (Decentralized Autonomous Organizations) built on blockchain technology, which are expected to revolutionize our computing and transaction infrastructuresThis paper will focus on the legal classification of DAOs, with an emphasis on the mechanisms of raising capital through ICOs and NFTs as alternative financing options for easier access to capital. The potential of linking DAOs and AI is also briefly addressed. Corporate law must keep pace with this rapid change, and the question arises whether it is "sufficiently flexible to make room for the new technical possibilities" and to cover completely "new forms of organization" based on software code that may be inadequately reflected in existing regulations. Overall, this paper highlights the potential of DAOs and their impact on the future of business models, organizational structures, and financing options.

Facilitating cooperation of smallholders in developing countries: design principles for a cooperative-oriented decentralized autonomous organization

AbstractClimate change and an increasing food demand due to a growing world population pose significant challenges for agriculture. Smallholders play a decisive role in establishing a sustainable and efficient future agricultural system since they already provide up to 80% of food in developing countries. However, they often face severe obstacles, especially in developing countries, hampering effective and efficient cooperation and productivity. Even though organizations in the form of cooperatives could help overcome some of the challenges of facilitating smallholders’ cooperation, they still suffer from structural problems. Further, in many countries, a lack of formal mechanisms to enforce contractual agreements exists. Given such challenges, decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) have already proven to provide alternative forms of governance independent of formal contracts or intermediaries. Therefore, this study follows the design science research paradigm to design, develop, and evaluate a decentralized autonomous organization in the agricultural sector that makes use of cooperative principles. This cooperative-oriented DAO is governed by smart contracts and technically enabled by blockchain technology as the underlying infrastructure. Through our developed and evaluated artifact, the AgriDAO, we guide researchers and practitioners on how such a cooperative-oriented DAO could look to solve existing problems related to smallholders and cooperatives. Additionally, we present eight design principles that will guide the development of cooperative-oriented DAOs. Finally, our research shall initiate lively discussion and extensive exploration of this new form of organization.

Relationship marketing: development of theory and practice

The article studies theory and practice of relationship marketing development based on the study of theoretical models’ evolution that conceptualize relationship marketing to a certain extent, taking it beyond traditional marketing complex. Further development takes place considering modern approaches to building relationships between a supplier of goods and services with consumers and partners in the context of further digitalization and “internetization” of business communications, transformation of CRM into CMR strategies of companies, network forms of business organization development, and transition from a product-centric to a client-centric structure. The prospects for relationship marketing development aimed at overcoming risks of new forms of organization, collaboration of business structures and strengthening their advantages, affirmation of consumer’s role as a direct participant in the creation of consumer value in consumer markets transformation, as well as wide spread of business ecosystems integrating the advantages of virtual business and a network form of organization have been determined, opening new opportunities for expanding collaborative innovations and obtaining a synergistic effect as a result of creating additional consumer value and building long-term multilateral relations.

World-Class University Campuses as a New Form of Organization of Educational Spaces on the Territory of the Russian Federation

An urgent problem in many countries is to increase the efficiency of using educational spaces, which is solvable through the creation of campuses. Campuses contribute to economic growth by localizing education, science, innovation and business in a single space. However, the establishment of campuses in the Russian Federation should be justified both for private investors involved in their creation and for the state, which accounts for a significant amount of their financing. Hence, it is necessary to determine the parameters that will allow creating the most popular and effective educational spaces on the territory of the Russian Federation. The paper considers various types of campuses available in world practice: urban and autonomous, local and dispersed, historical and modern, campuses of various models: English, French, American, Southeastern and satellite. Though known in world practice from the 18th century, campuses as an effective form of organizing educational spaces are currently only being created in Russia. Since 2021, there have been selected 17 projects, and the selection of projects will continue in subsequent years. The study resulted in parameters that are not taken into account when determining the maximum amount of subsidies aimed at creating campuses on the basis of existing regulatory documents. However, the analysis of the world practice shows that these parameters are necessary and directly affect the creation and further functioning of campuses. A system of additional criteria is of great importance, which makes it possible to assess not only the success of the project for the urban environment and the effect on the economy of the region, but also the expediency of financial investments, both for the state and for the private investor. The paper concludes that when considering projects for the creation of campuses, it is necessary to additionally take into account commercial and budgetary efficiency; the location of the campus, its scale, orientation, involvement in the urban environment; the load of infrastructure facilities to ensure the creation of the most effective campuses on the territory of our country.

Old and New Organizational Forms in a Complex Society: A Systems-Theoretical Perspective

This contribution demonstrates the potential of Niklas Luhmann’s organization theory to enrich current research on organizational phenomena. Although this theory originated more than half a century ago, we show that it is a powerful instrument to describe and understand the role that different old and new forms of organizations play in current crises and transformation processes. Hereby, we stress two combined advantages of the theory: (1) Luhmann offers a strong concept of organizations as self-referential networks of decisions. This helps to distinguish them from other social entities, for example, groups, social networks, or families. Moreover, the assumption of ‘substitutability of structures’ allows us to grasp the dynamics of a variety of organizations and does not fail to confront even ‘fluid’, ‘virtual’, ‘temporary’, and ‘unconventional’ forms of organization unknown at the time of the theory’s origin. (2) This theory of organization is unique as it is embedded in an encompassing theory of society that offers several concepts suitable to explain the reciprocal influence of organizations and broader social contexts. This prevents any under- and overestimation of the organization phenomenon in modern society.

Urban living laboratories: Opportunities for modelling sustainability transitions

Urban living laboratories: Opportunities for modelling sustainability transitions Here, a group of academics present Urban Living Laboratories to study sustainable food production systems, using systems dynamic modelling to analyse policy alternatives. Urban Living Laboratories (ULLs) have shown first promising signs of being valuable platforms for understanding transition phenomena. To address our time’s diverse grand societal challenges (like climate change and biodiversity loss), we must transition to truly sustainable systems, possibly the most significant shift facing modern civilisations. Such transitions involve coupled technological, social, economic and environmental shifts and demand transformative approaches with new forms of organisation and management.

BLOCKCHAIN IMPLEMENTATION AND PRINCIPAL-AGENT THEORY

One of the biggest issues in organization in centuries is problem raised by the relationship between actor inside. This problem called principal-agent problem which explained by principal agent theory (PAT). The emerged new technology disruption called blockchain technology (BCT) receive the challenge to offers the solution for principal agent problem, it claims empirically could reduce or even eliminate the problem, thus lead to lower cost to solved the problem, called agency cost. This technology application wide spread in several sectors, the example is the implementation of Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO). DAO is the blockchain based new form of organization, who run based on a smart contract or algorithm run in the computer network. This paper is conceptual paper, we explained about the basic of blockchain, and we analyzed the correlation between blockchain and principal agent theory.

Electronic government in public administration

The article is devoted to the study of electronic governance in public administration.The article clarifies the essence of information and communication technologies in the process of development of public administration. Attention is drawn to the fact that, thanks to information technologies, there has been a transition to a new form of organization of the activities of public authorities, as well as a qualitatively new level of efficiency and ease of obtaining public services by organizations and citizens.It is noted that an important role in this aspect is given to electronic governance as a new form of communication between citizens and the authorities.Approaches to defining the concept of “electronic governance” are considered. Based on the results of the review, two approaches to the definition of this concept were identified: narrow and broad. It is noted that the authors of the narrow approach emphasize the possibility of an alternative way of providing public services in electronic form. They suggest that e-government can be synonymous with digital administration, online administration or, in a certain context, transformational administration, which focuses on the use of Internet technologies as a platform for exchanging information, providing services and interacting with citizens, businesses, etc. In a broad approach, the idea of e-government is to interact with citizens and businesses through the Internet and other information systems.The main elements of the interaction of electronic governance with the state and society, the state and representatives of business, and authorities are defined. It is indicated that e-governance is considered not only as a way of increasing the efficiency of public management and administration, but also as the main element of a new model of democracy in the information society.Attention was drawn to the fact that the transition to electronic governance means reforming all forms of activity of state administration bodies, changing their structure, tasks and functions. The success of this transition depends on the correctly chosen strategy and tactics, coordination and effective interaction of all subjects of this process, namely: legislative, executive and judicial branches of government, business and society.It is proposed to make changes to the legal definition of the concept of “e-government” set out in the Concept of the Development of Electronic Government in Ukraine No. 649 dated September 20, 2017 and to replace the phrase “state administration” with the term “public administration”.

Long-term didactic innovations in higher education teaching caused by the coronavirus pandemic?

During the coronavirus pandemic, many universities worldwide were closed and lecturers had to switch from face-to-face teaching to online distance education. Consequently, questions arose which routines in teaching the lecturers were able to use despite this change in teaching environments, and which didactic innovations they implemented in their courses. Lecturers’ evaluation of these innovations and any aspects they intend to continue using after the pandemic and the return to face-to-face teaching were examined. Through a qualitative survey of 24 university lecturers in Germany and Panama, the long-term effects of the pandemic on teaching were investigated. It was found that the creation of new digital media for teaching, the use of new digital tools to ensure interaction and scientific exchange, the finding of new forms of organization, and combinations of synchronous and asynchronous teaching were all considered to be positive didactic innovations that should be maintained after the pandemic.

Establishing social services for health promotion in health insurance states: Germany, Switzerland and Austria compared

Prevention and health promotion are important areas of welfare state activity and can be considered parts of the critical infrastructure. They have been considerably expanded in Western welfare states in recent years. In the health insurance states of Germany, Switzerland and Austria, new forms of organisation have emerged. The article describes the evolution and status quo of the organisation of prevention and health promotion in the three countries and explores the legitimisation patterns for the chosen institutional forms. To this end, health reforms, debates and statements of key stakeholders are analysed. A distinction is made between ‘normative’ legitimisation patterns and ‘functional’ ones that indicate a ‘social investment’ strategy. In Germany, the 2015 Prevention Act created an institutional structure in which the actors involved cooperate closely. It also gives the health insurance funds a prominent role. In Switzerland, the cantons are responsible for prevention and health promotion; at federal level the main bodies are the Federal Office of Public Health (BAG) and the Swiss Foundation for Health Promotion (Gesundheitsförderung Schweiz). In Austria, the Länder are largely responsible, but the federal level gained importance by establishing Gesundes Österreich GmbH and strengthening coordination. While the term ‘social investment’ is not encountered in the debates and documents analysed, many arguments commonly associated with it are increasingly used in the context of prevention and health promotion. In contrast, normative justifications seem to be losing importance.

SOCIAL TECHNOLOGIES OF FAMILY ASSISTANCE IN AN UNSTABLE SOCIETY

The purpose of the study. The article deals with the problems of developing new and correcting existing technologies for working with the family that meet the complicated conditions of modern society. The authors analyze the results of a sociological study devoted to the search for new forms of organization of assistance to families of various categories. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the need to develop new technologies for helping families based on the principles of targeting and complexity. Methods. The methodology of the study is based on a systematic approach to the technologies of working with the family, presented in the works of A.I. Pyanov, A.V. Kovalenko, T.G. Yaroslavtseva, L.V. Lazareva, N.S. Danakin. To verify the theoretical provisions of the article, a sociological study was conducted in December - November 2022 among the population aged 18 to 75 years (Kursk region N = 1644;; Moscow N = 1012). The study was conducted using a specially designed questionnaire, an online survey method (using Yandex.Forms). Conclusion. The authors propose a comprehensive approach to the technologies of working with the family, covering areas for the formation of behavioral practices that ensure the stability of the family as a small group to the action of risks and reduce the riskiness of the living space of modern Russian families.

MODEL OF FORMATION OF ECONOMIC COMPETENCES OF SPECIALISTS IN TECHNICAL SPECIALTIES IN THE CONDITIONS OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION

The quality of education is an important condition for the competitiveness of the economy, it determines the political, scientific and socio-economic direction of the state's development. Global processes of integration significantly change the requirements for the training of educational specialists for professional development. The modern human resources system should be focused on the training of highly qualified specialists who are able to think strategically and are ready to work in complex modern conditions. It was established the internationalization of all spheres of social life requires the integration of educational process.An important prerequisite for the creation of a single European educational space is the provision of commonwealth and cooperation, as well as the preservation of one's own ethnic and cultural diversity. It was established that the rapid development of scientific and technical progress and new forms of organization of production put forward new requirements for the training of specialists in technical specialties. An innovative vector of development based on the integration of education and science at all levels has been determined. The importance of forming a basic level of economic competence among specialists in technical specialties is emphasized.The ability and skills to achieve an effective solution of professional tasks, taking into account economic factors, by a specialist in a technical specialty are highlighted. The educational space of a competitive specialist has been formed. An important point in the training of a technical specialist of the European model is the integration of his personal qualities with the assimilation of the disciplines of professional and practical training and relevant economic competenciesOn the basis of the conducted research, modeling of the process of formation of the system of economic competence of technical specialists was carried out, taking into account the requirements of the highly competitive labor market and in the context of the European vector of modernization of modern educational process. It was determined that the developed model covers all stages of professional training of specialists, ensuring the achievement of the set goal: the formation of a system of economic competence among specialists in technical specialties, which will be manifested in their readiness and ability to solve professional technical tasks with their qualified economic justification.