New Form Of Nuclear Matter Research Articles

Future Possibilities for Accelerators in Nuclear Physics

Here, we consider the future of accelerators in nuclear physics. First, we look at the future of unstable beams toward a broader region of nuclei. Second, we review the possibilities in generating new forms of nuclear matter with heavy-ion beams. Third, we discuss the efforts to produce stronger powered proton beams for generating secondary particles, including neutrinos, kaons, muons, and anti-protons. Fourth, we discuss the possible electron–ion scatterings including their colliders. Other subjects such as hadron spectroscopy are not covered.

Weird new form of nuclear matter might lie just beyond experimenters’ grasp

Weird new form of nuclear matter might lie just beyond experimenters’ grasp

Azimuthal anisotropy of the identified charged hadrons in Au+Au collisions at √SNN = 39 - 200 GeV at RHIC

A new form of nuclear matter, where quarks and gluons are deconfined and interact strongly with each other, is produced in heavy ion collisions at the relativistic heavy ion collider (RHIC). Azimuthal anisotropies of particle distributions relative to the symmetry plane in high energy heavy ion collisions are used to characterize the collision dynamics. The results of measurements of the azimuthal anisotropy parameters vn (n=2,3) of identified charged hadrons (pions, kaons and protons) in Au+Au collisions at √SNN = 39, 62.4 and 200 GeV are presented and discussed. The energy dependence of the difference between the flow of the particles and their anti-particles are discussed as well.

Femtotechnology: Nuclear Matter with Fantastic Properties

Problem statement: At present the term 'nanotechnology' is well known-in its' ideal form, the flawless and completely controlled design of conventional molecular matter from molecules or atoms. Such a power over nature would offer routine achievement of remarkable properties in conventional matter and creation of metamaterials where the structure not the composition brings forth new powers of matter. But even this yet unachieved goal is not the end of material science possibilities. The author herein offers the idea of design of new forms of nuclear matter from nucleons (neutrons, protons), electrons and other nuclear particles. Approach: The researcher researches the nuclear forces. He shows these force may be used for design the new nuclear matter from protons, neutrons, electrons and other nuclear particles. Results: Author shows this new 'AB-Matter' has extraordinary properties (for example, tensile strength, stiffness, hardness, critical temperature, superconductivity, supertransparency and zero friction.), which are up to millions of times better than corresponding properties of conventional molecular matter. He shows concepts of design for aircraft, ships, transportation, thermonuclear reactors, constructions and so on from nuclear matter. These vehicles will have unbelievable possibilities (e.g., invisibility, ghost-like penetration through any walls and armor, protection from nuclear bomb explosions and any radiation flux). Conclusion: People may think this fantasy. But fifteen years ago most people and many scientists thought-nanotechnology is fantasy. Now many groups and industrial labs, even startups, spend hundreds of millions of dollars for development of nanotechnological-range products (precise chemistry, patterned atoms, catalysts and meta-materials) and we have nanotubes (a new material which does not exist in Nature!) and other achievements beginning to come out of the pipeline in prospect. Nanotubes are stronger than steel by a hundred times-surely an amazement to a 19th Century observer if he could behold them. Nanotechnology, in near term prospect, operates with objects (molecules and atoms) having the size in nanometer (10-9 m). The researcher here outlines perhaps more distant operations with objects (nuclei) having size in the femtometer range, (10-15m, millions of times less smaller than the nanometer scale). The name of this new technology is femtotechnology.

Zooming in on the Quark Gluon Plasma

Over the last thirty years, heavy ion experiments have recorded a wealth of data ranging from collisions of nuclei from S N N = 2 GeV up to the highest energy of 200 GeV as provided by the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, RHIC. It is at these high energies that the predictions of QCD come into play and new phenomena are sought that may illuminate our view of the basic structure of matter. Measurements at RHIC have revealed compelling evidence for the existence of a new form of nuclear matter at extremely high densities and temperatures. This medium allows for the predictions of QCD to be tested, and new phenomena explored, under conditions where the relevant degrees of freedom, over nuclear volumes, are expected to be those of quarks and gluons, rather than of hadrons. This is the realm of the quark gluon plasma. However, detailed analyses of the data also make it clear that this hot, dense medium has properties that are surprising, and not yet fully understood in terms of the early expectations for the quark gluon plasma. In this talk I give a brief review of the major findings and discuss the current understanding of the state of matter created.

Future Articles: Frontiers of Nuclear Structure: Exotic Nuclei

The atomic nucleus is a complex, quantum mechanical system that is of fundamental importance in our quest to understand the world around us, to comprehend how the universe developed to where it is today, and as a tool for a variety of applications from energy to medicine. The nucleus, central to each atom, comprises over 99.9% of the mass of the atom, yet occupies less than a trillionth of its volume. The smallness of the atomic nucleus relative to every-day objects is astounding. If the nucleus were the size of a football, then the atom would be as large across as London. A Frisbee, in relative size, would be as large as our entire solar system. Despite this incredibly small size, the task of nuclear science is to manipulate atomic nuclei on a femto-scale, make new forms of nuclear matter by rearranging its constituent pieces, and come to a thorough understanding of its inner workings.

Physics with loosely bound nuclei

The essential aspect of contemporary physics is to understand properties of nucleonic matter that constitutes the world around us. Over the years research in nuclear physics has provided strong guidance in understanding the basic principles of nuclear interactions. But, the scenario of nuclear physics changed drastically as the new generation of accelerators started providing more and more rare isotopes, which are away from the line of stability. These weakly bound nuclei are found to exhibit new forms of nuclear matter and unprecedented exotic behaviour. The low breakup thresholds of these rare nuclei are posing new challenges to both theory and experiments. Fortunately, nature has provided a few loosely bound stable nuclei that have been studied thoroughly for decades Attempts are being made to find a consistent picture for the unstable nuclei starting from their stable counterparts. Some significant differences in the structure and reaction mechanisms are found.

Toward new forms of nuclear matter with relativistic heavy-ion collisions

At BNL and CERN new experiments on relativistic heavy-ion collisions have been started, and this field is growing at enormous speed. This introductory talk covers a) physics goals, b) current status at BNL and CERN, c) data related to reaction dynamics, and d) efforts toward the search for new forms of nuclear matter using the beams at RNL and CERN.

From basic reaction mechanism to new forms of nuclear matter

In this lecture three subjects are discussed; (a) current understanding of the reaction mechanism for hadron emission in high-energy nuclear collisions (Sec. 2), (b) projectile fragmentation (Sec. 3), and (c) efforts toward searching for new forms of nuclear matter (Sec. 4). Before describing these three main subjects a short introduction on the difference between high-energy and low-energy nuclear collisions is discussed (Sec. 1).