New Forms Of Economic Activity Research Articles

Глобальні економічні тренди авіаційних пасажирських перевезень

The relevance of the chosen issue is due to the fact that the rapid development of large-scale processes of transport globalization has led, on the one hand, to another restructuring of the aviation sector of national economies, but on the other hand, to the emergence of significant global risks (COVID-19, terrorism, territorial seizures, increased competition among major aviation companies, unprecedented consequences of air pollution, etc.). These and some other preconditions (including the rise in fuel prices) have contributed to the bankruptcy of individual airlines, both among large companies and those with only 3-4 aircraft at their disposal. In today's conditions, the positioning of the world's leading airlines within the three dominant aviation alliances, Sky Team, Star Alliance, and One World, has become increasingly important. The author has demonstrated that they have divided the global aviation space into three unequal parts and have taken dominant positions in world. The article substantiates the phenomenon of the rapid development of aviation transport leaders, particularly passenger airlines: American Airlines (USA), Delta Airlines (USA), Ryanair Group (Ireland), United Airlines (USA), Southwest Airlines (USA), Lufthansa Group (Germany). The article examines the systemic nature and features of the development of budget airlines (low-cost carriers), as well as leading Chinese and Arab airlines. The leading role and development prospects of aviation infrastructure (including global airports) in improving the quality, safety, reliability, and efficiency of passenger air transport are substantiated. The central role of airlines in organizing the tourism business and forming on this basis new forms of economic activity is determined. A graphic model of the development of air passenger transport for the period 2020–2040 has been developed. The important role of global and national institutions in regulating air transport (harmonization of the regulatory framework, networking of aviation space, global hybridization of transportation, etc.) is emphasized.

Из истории Сибирского казачьего войска в Казахстане

Various aspects of the settlement of the Siberian Cossacks in the Kazakh steppe in the 18- 19th centuries and the relationship with the local population are analyzed. The features of the economic activity of the Siberian Cossacks, the introduction of new forms of economic activity and the positive aspects of the economic interaction of the Cossacks with the local population – the Kazakhs are noted. The historical experience of the past, in which not only politics, but also economic ties played a leading role, is receiving a new understanding. The scientific novelty of the work is given by the introduction into circulation of materials from the State Archives of the City of Astana, which were not previously used by historians, as well as materials from the Russian State Historical Archives.

Criminal law protection of new forms of economic activity

The article outlines proposals for making changes to certain articles of Chapter VII "Criminal Offenses in the Sphere of Economic Activity" of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, discusses the latest trends in the development of economic relations (sharing economy, gig economy, IV Industrial Revolution, Industry 4.0) and related social systems (Metaverse, Global redistribution of everything), which are based on the achievement of scientific and technical progress (artificial intelligence, blockchain, Big Data, Internet of Everything). On the basis of the performed analysis, a circle of perspective issues is outlined and the first steps on the way to their solution are proposed.

Topical Issues of the Russian State Antimonopoly Policy (Proposals for the Draft National Plan for the Development of Competition for 2021-2025)

The article is devoted to the development of Antimonopoly policy for the future 2021-2025, which ensures the fundamental rights and freedoms of consumers and entrepreneurs, and supports existing and new forms of economic activity in the context of profound changes in the economy. It is about how the new situation in the markets and in life is beginning to test the foundations of understanding economic and human relations. The author formulates the values of economic development in the new conditions. It is said that the role of consumers in the conditions of clip thinking is decreasing, and they need to be activated in the digital economy. The author assesses the emergence and development of new «human — machine» and «machine - machine» relationships, the ongoing convergence processes, the formation of multilateral, interconnected and global markets, and the correlation of the real and virtual world.Approaches to intellectual Antimonopoly regulation that stimulate innovative development are proposed. Recommendations are given for improving the Antimonopoly policy, taking into account the problems and challenges caused by the coronavirus and similar threats. Approaches to legal regulation of the activities of operators (aggregators) of digital platforms are proposed. Recommendations are given on the procedure for applying Antimonopoly legislation to actions and agreements on the exercise of exclusive rights to the results of intellectual activity. The article substantiates the need to switch to Pro-competitive, flexible, long-term tariff regulation and resuscitate structural reforms based on competitive mechanisms. Changes in international cooperation in the field of Antimonopoly policy are discussed. It is said about creating equal conditions for the activities of Russian and foreign participants in the e-Commerce markets. It is shown how, based on the creation of an exchange ecosystem, it is possible to form one of the world's financial centers in the country. Proposals are made to decriminalize the regulation and control of economic relations in General, as well as issues of Antimonopoly and tariff policy, and state procurements. We propose conceptual changes in the public procurement system with the transition from control of procedures to control the achievement of results using objective quotations of the prices of goods (works, services).

РОЛЬ ИННОВАЦИОННОГО ФАКТОРА В ПЕРЕХОДЕ К ЦИФРОВОЙ ЭКОНОМИКЕ

The digital economy is a new trend in the development of economic activity. Its main feature is the use of information technologies and electronic devices in the implementation of all business processes. Technological progress makes it possible to automate many areas and thereby modernize and optimize the solution of basic issues. The introduction of digital systems not only simplifies many activities, but also contributes to the emergence of new forms of economic activity. So, for example, one of the main concepts of the new time was the conduct of electronic business. This type is the management of electronic affairs: online stores, virtual money, and more. It has a number of advantages, but it is not the only innovative element of the digital economy. Almost all countries are focused on maximizing the use of innovation in economic activities. You can already see some positive results of the functioning of information systems: for example, an increase in world GDP. However, the spread of economic information technologies is uneven. There are advanced leading countries that use technology in their activities by more than 50%. Russia has average results, but the conditions of modern times are such that in order to conduct business without losses, it is necessary to reduce the gap as soon as possible. However, the introduction of information technologies requires a large amount of costs, both financial and time. The first aspect is dominant and reduces the availability of technology, and with it the development of the digital economy.

GUARANTEES FOR THE RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS OF MAN AND CITIZEN IN THE FIELD OF CASH PAYMENTS

The purpose of the article is to determine the essence of respect for the rights and freedoms of the individual and the citizen when conducting cash payments. The author has researched the essence of observing the rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen in the sphere of prevention of administrative offense connected with carrying out cash payments, and also defined directions of development of the system of administrative responsibility in the specified sphere. The conclusion was drawn about the need to analyze case law in order to determine the legal conditions conducive to the commission of administrative offenses. The focus is on accounting for the planning of preventive work for new forms of economic activity, which may not provide for the permanent presence of the employee in the workplace.Key words: administrative responsibility, human and citizen's rights and freedoms, administrative offenses, cash payments, cashless payments.

Dispossession and the Environment: Rhetoric and Inequality in Papua New Guinea by Paige West

Reviewed by: Dispossession and the Environment: Rhetoric and Inequality in Papua New Guinea by Paige West Foley Pfalzgraf Dispossession and the Environment: Rhetoric and Inequality in Papua New Guinea, by Paige West. New York: Columbia University Press, 2016. isbn cloth 978-0-231-17878-5; isbn paper 978-0-231-17879-2; isbn e-book 978-0-231-54192-3; 195 pages, map, notes, bibliography, index. Cloth, us $90.00; paper us $30.00; e-book, us $29.99. What do a middle-aged Australian surfer, a capacity builder fluent in bankspeak, and a tourist-scientist interested in "discovery" all have in common? In Dispossession and the Environment: Rhetoric and Inequality in Papua New Guinea, Paige West argues that these sorts of positionalities are capitalist and assist in perpetuating rhetorical and physical acts of dispossession against Papua New Guinean (PNG) individuals and communities. West's multisited analysis of rhetoric situates dispossession temporally, in terms of autochthonous imaginings of PNG communities as beyond and before; spatially, in tourism, development, and conservation-mediated landscapes; and personally, in the stories and articulations of dispossession provided by research partners. This work extends our recognition of the implications of Western ontology and epistemology on PNG people and places while also [End Page 294] moving beyond criticism to construct something entirely new. West begins by reminding readers situated in environment or conservation science of the significant need to engage social and critical theories. Contributing to conversations in Marxism, political ecology, the ontological turn in anthropology, and decolonial methods, West links theorizations of dispossession by accumulation to the ahistorical production of peoples and places in Papua New Guinea by outsiders. She explains how processes of accumulation and dispossession "today rest… on the discursive, semiotic, and visual production of both Papua New Guinea and Papua New Guineans as outside of the natural order of things—with the assumption that the natural order of things is a kind of linear progression fantasy in which everyone… should have come to live, in urban, cosmopolitan ways" (23). The vignettes that follow surf tourists, development projects, conservation science, and PNG philosophy illustrate how rhetorical moves affect PNG sovereignty: spatially, economically, and discursively. Additionally, throughout the text, West documents that Papua New Guineans are not passive recipients; rather, they viscerally experience these acts of dispossession and resist and theorize them. Chapter one analyzes the representational practices of the surf industry and those who fall within its currents. West discusses the replication of historic forms of travel writing, which emphasize discovery, frontier, and "primitive" places. In this imagining, Papua New Guineans are cast as "easygoing" locals, at risk of being changed by the world or losing something essential about their simple (idyllic) lives serving the benevolent surf tourists at resorts owned by Australians. Drawing from Vincent Crapanzano, West incorporates the idea of the "beyond"; for Western surfers, both Papua New Guinea and Papua New Guineans are ahistorical, liminal, and disappointingly out of reach—beyond. This imaginative process not only entails rhetorical dispossession, since "the found 'primitive' justifies the assumed modernity and superiority of the Australian," but also has material effects on accumulation within the tourism industry (61). Drawing once more from the rhetorical imagination of foreigners, in the second chapter, West interrogates how this casting as before or beyond enables the framing of Papua New Guineans as unable to understand modernity and its accoutrements, like how to manage money (at household or organizational levels). West searingly shows that "underlying all this well meaning do-gooder-ism, there is an inherent focus on creating particular types of state-citizens and particular types of relations to land and natural resources that set the stage for ongoing dispossession" (73). Development projects are not merely about increasing incomes for rural Papua New Guineans; they are also about destroying customary tenure to allow for new forms of economic activity (including conservation) and creating new consumption-oriented citizens. This formation also obscures infringements on sovereignty and acts of dispossession that play out through capacity building sessions, such as discussions about the administration [End Page 295] of conservation funds in which PNG Institute of Biological Research scientists are reduced to laborers for big international nongovernmental organizations (bingos). In Chapter three, West...

The Sources and Practice of Economic Activity of Young People in Social Networks

The spread of new types of economic activity of young people in social networks is closely related to the growth of information and communication technologies and the formation of the digital economy, with the development and implementation of a large number of innovations. The paper investigates the factors of development and the consequences of the economic activity of young people (freelancers) on the Internet, in social network "VKontakte". The relevance of the research problem coheres with the fact that the implementation of the national program "Digital economy of the Russian Federation" is based not only on economic indicators of digital economy growth (indicators are published annually in the statistics digests of the Institute of Statistic Studies and Economics of Knowledge and the National Research University "Higher School of Economics"). The national program also takes into consideration sociological research of new forms of economic activity of young people, which raises many research problems further outlined. What is the motivation behind the formation of new practices? What are the challenges young people face using social networks for their economic activity? Probably, the most important issue is discovering the specifics of the economic behavior of young people using the opportunities of the digital economy. The article draws an inference concerning the correlation between new practices of economic behavior and the intensification of economic activity of young people.

The formation of credit dependency as a new form of social deviance: a danger for periphery countries

The article reveals the relevance and importance of studying deviant behavior, its new types and characteristics, in particular. It is argued that Ukrainian society, as a peripheral society, has particular risks with the emergence of new forms of economic activity and their controversial difficult integration into the socio-cultural contexts of modern times.The authors draw on the creative potential of a multidisciplinary approach in the study of personality behavior in society. Particular attention is paid to the study of how conflict of values prescribes the inconsistency of behavioral norms, and therefore an anomaly that causes dysfunction of credit behavior.Credit dependency is emerging as a new type of addiction for Ukraine. The authors propose to investigate deviant behavior from the standpoint of collective action analysis in specific circumstances of social coexistence. Additive behavior is determined by the uncritical irresponsible reproduction of habitual ways of life in the circumstances of new challenges. It is shown that the need to satisfy the needs, mainly the statutory consumption, in the conditions of aggressive advertising leads to the search for the easiest means of their realization. The formation of a dangerous trend – the lack of strategic planning of their own life to avoid the development of credit dependence is under the consideration of the authors.The authors emphasize the need to develop proactive strategies for the spread of this type of deviance.The article proves the existence of interdependence in the relationship between consumption as productive reproduction and consumption, as a transformed form of adaptive activity that causes credit dependence.The importance of socio-psychological and socio-cultural characteristics of a person’s economic behavior in specific historical and political contexts of social life is underlined.

Globalization in the margins: toward a re-evalution of language and mobility

Abstract Work on globalization has been concentrated on typical sites where features and phenomena are abundantly available: the huge contemporary metropolis with its explosive and conspicuous diversity in people and languages, its hyper-mobility and constant flux. Less typical places – peri-urban and rural areas, peripheral areas of countries, peripheral zones of the world, peripheral institutional zones where minorities are relegated – have been less quickly absorbed into current scholarship. Yet, upon closer inspection, there is no reason to exclude these `margins' from analyses of globalization processes and of their sociolinguistic implications. Globalization is a transformation of the entire world system, and it does not only affect the metropolitan centers of the world but also its most remote margins. Thus, we are bound to encounter globalization effects, also in highly unexpected places. A survey of these reifications of globalization at the margins will be the topic of this paper. We shall suggest a specific angle from which such forms of globalization in the margin can be most usefully addressed and we do so by drawing from examples taken from new media and communication technologies, from new forms of economic activity and, last but not least, from the perspective of legitimacy in the contentious struggle between commodification of language and the semiotic construction of authenticity.

Shampoo, saris and SIM cards: seeking entrepreneurial futures at the bottom of the pyramid

In recent years bottom-of-the-pyramid (BoP) models have emerged as a popular strategy for offering poor women the opportunity to earn an income by distributing goods and services door-to-door. In this article, we explore one recent example of BoP entrepreneurship: the CARE Bangladesh Rural Sales Program (RSP). The RSP is a partnership between CARE and several multinational and domestic companies that seeks to provide poor women with an opportunity to participate in new forms of economic activity, offering them a prospect to earn an independent income and provide a better future for their family by selling a mix of multinational and locally produced consumer goods across rural Bangladesh. Our research found that the RSP has opened up new pathways of empowerment for some marginalised women in a context of considerable socioeconomic and cultural constraints, yet whether such schemes will have traction as a model for economic empowerment over the long term remains an open question.

Proces kształtowania się słowackiego przemysłu motoryzacyjnego jako wyraz konkurencyjności regionu

The spatial systems of different scale try to create the most advantageous conditions for attracting new forms of economic activity to the particular areas by increasing their attractiveness of the new locations for the economic activities.With reference to the presented premises the process of forming Slovak automotive industry is presented. The paper presents the essential factors that caused competitive advantage of Slovakia in comparison to other countries of Central Europe, determining increased streams of direct foreign investments that resulted in, among others, dynamic development of Slovak automotive industry.

Dickens' Ghosts: Invisible Economies and Christmas

In her The Finan?al System in Nineteenth-Century Britain Mary Poovey notes that from the late eighteenth century onwards there was, due to the emergence of a predominately industrial economy, a shift in the perception of wealth. Crucially, whilst wealth had once been associated with land-ownership, it had now become less tangible, less visible, in part due to new forms of economic activity (such as, for example, the emergence of the Stock Exchange) and pardy because of the prevalence of paper money. According to Poovey:

Globalization and the territorialization of the new Caribbean service economy

With the increasing role of services activities in the economic growth of industrialized countries, and the failure of the manufacturing sector to create sustainable forms of development, many Caribbean policymakers have become interested in the role that these activities might play in the region's development. It is hoped that by designing ‘service-based’ industrialization and trade strategies Caribbean economies might be able to re-create the comparative advantages lost in the manufacturing sector. At a time when the islands of the Caribbean are orienting their economies towards the export of services, it is important to examine whether these new forms of economic activity are more likely to become embedded and territorialized in the region than the failed manufacturing industry. This paper argues that although technology has created greater opportunities for island services to be internationally traded, these industries are highly constrained by the institutions that govern transnational organizations. In a world of increasingly harmonized rules regarding trade and industry and given the highly contestable nature of the markets for traded services, these new industries are even more vulnerable to becoming spaces of exclusion and exploitation than was ever the case with manufacturing.

Treating Farms as Firms? the Evolution of Farm Business Support from Productionist to Entrepreneurial Models

Farming enterprises throughout the European Union have traditionally been treated very differently by the state compared with their nonagricultural counterparts. Agricultural activities have been governed by a separate set of policy objectives, political institutions, and support agencies. However, this agricultural ‘exceptionalism’ is being steadily eroded as markets are partially liberalised, farmers are encouraged to pursue new forms of economic activity, and as government institutions are reformed. Farmers are being encouraged to see themselves as ‘entrepreneurs' to face fundamentally changed markets. There is, therefore, renewed attention to the existing levels of generic business skills within the farming sector and to the nature and effectiveness of business advice and support frameworks in enhancing these skills. The paper investigates the extent to which farmers have experienced different patterns of business support use and perceive themselves as having different generic skills needs in comparison with other rural microbusinesses and considers the attractiveness of different models of delivering business advice to the sector. A review is undertaken of the evolution of rural business support in England together with an analysis of data from a survey of almost 1800 rural microbusinesses in the northeast of England. It is concluded that there are a number of significant challenges facing the adjustment of the farm sector towards a more entrepreneurial model of business development arising from the sector's legacy of separation and exceptionalism within the support framework. In order to help encourage the development of generic business skills an ‘intermediary’ model of business advice is advocated, in which an intermediary agency acts as a bridge between farms and generic business support providers.

Economic Growth and the Limits of Environmental Regulation: A Social Economic Analysis

After a quarter century of environmental regulation in this country, significant environmental threats remain. Why has the regulatory system failed to fully address our environmental problems? The goal of this paper is to suggest that the roots of environmental problems, and the failure of environmental regulation, are deeply embedded in the processes that generate economic growth. The logic of the argument to be presented will take the following form: long-run economic growth relies on the creation of new industries and new forms of economic activity; these new forms of economic activity create new kinds of environmental problems; these new forms of economic activity constitute vested political interests that oppose environmental regulation. Each of the three main sections of the paper will provide theoretical and empirical justification for each component part of the basic argument.

Economic Restructuring and the Role of Foreign Workers in the 1980s: The Case of Germany

A growing body of literature suggests that the new forms of economic activity associated with post-Fordist restructuring offer limited opportunities for the types of unskilled and semiskilled jobs associated with the employment of foreign workers in Western Europe. In this paper this proposition is tested by examining the impact of economic restructuring on West Germany's foreign work force in the 1980s. With data for the socially insured section of the employed population it is demonstrated that male foreign workers in particular have been differentially and adversely affected across the entire range of manufacturing and construction industries, with a gradual replacement of foreign by indigenous workers. Contraction of employment in these crucial sectors was only partially compensated by a limited expansion of employment for mainly female foreign workers in selected service activities. The analysis also indicates that this general retreat of foreign labour has been mediated by regional differences in overall economic performance, expressed in a widening north-south divide and a growing focus on core areas of foreign population. It is concluded that the German economy in the post-Fordist phase has witnessed a further marginalisation of its foreign work force, long seen as a ‘structural necessity’.

Industrial restructuring as class restructuring: Production decentralization and local uniqueness

Massey D. (1983) Industrial restructuring as class restructuring: production decentralization and local uniqueness, Reg. Studies 17, 73–89. Industrial change is also a process of social change. This article examines the impact on two very different kinds of area of the entry of new forms of economic activity. It points out that, although in each case the new industry was the same (branch plants employing women in low-paid and unskilled jobs), the social effects in the two regions were very different. In one kind of region the old basis of the labour movement is being undermined, in the other the division between labour and capital may be becoming clearer. The social processes of the reproduction of spatial inequality are examined and it is shown how class and other divisions—such as those based on gender—are at the heart of this dynamic.