New Word Forms Research Articles

Introduction to the Proceedings of the 2023 Symposium ‘Historical English Word-Formation’

It has not yet been ten years since Klaus Dietz (2015: 1915) prophesised that "[f]uture research work [on historical word-formation in English] will profit by two kinds of new instruments: firstly, by the Dictionary of Old English (DOE) and its Web Corpus, by the Middle English Dictionary (MED) and by the nascent third edition of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED), and secondly, by new corpora of historical English." The proceedings of the 2023 symposium respond to those predictions in manifold ways. Under the heading ‘Historical English Word-Formation’, the organisers of the symposium intended to “bring together researchers studying diachronic English word-formation and to showcase current research in this area” (Majewski 2023: 287). Although no particular temporal, thematic, or methodological focus was asked for, the five essays provide answers to some of the general questions that the symposium had initially raised, namely: How have large-scale corpus analyses and respective computational tools helped us study diachronic changes in the formation of new words? Which recent insights are there into the frequency and productivity as well as the rules and restrictions of word-formation units and patterns in the history of English? Further, which roles do regional, social, medial, and other factors as well as text types and (non‑)literary genres play for the creation of new words? The five contributions to this special issue of ZWJW illustrate that, as Dietz had anticipated, the study of word formations in past stages of English has profited extremely from the advances made in computational research and Artificial Intelligence, yet they also delineate both their advantages and limitations.

ВЛИЯНИЕ СОЦИОКУЛЬТУРНЫХ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ НА ЛЕКСИКОН РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА

This article explores the impact of sociocultural changes on the lexicon of the Russian language. The process of formation of new words and expressions in the context of changes in society, culture, technology and mass culture is considered.

TIPE HUMOR DALAM CERITA-CERITA PENDEK GUNAWAN TRI ATMODJO

Gunawan Tri Atmodjo's short stories are considered by many readers present humour. Many impressions are written by readers on the humorous aspect, but there is still no study that describes the humour aspect in these stories. Therefore, this study examines the types of humour in Atmodjo's stories based on a number of humour theories in literary works as presented by Louis Hasley and Matthew Kotzen. From the results of the study, it was found that there are three types of humour in Atmodjo's short stories, namely play, the formation of new words and expressions, and irony in the story. In compiling the story Atmodjo often uses the principle of deviation in normal situations. This can be seen from how he punctuates the names of the characters and the title of the work, the formation of words and expressions, and the irony in the story. These three things are built in conditions that are far from normal, both in terms of ethics (names and titles are messy and irony in the stories) and grammatical (on how words and expressions are formed). In this way, Atmodjo managed to free his readers from the emotional aspect that had been limited by ethics and grammar. Atmodjo thus consciously carried out the selection process (choosing characters and titles to play on), arranging (forming new words and expressions and arranging ironic plots), and using style (in summarizing these three things) so that the humour can be experienced and enjoyed by the reader. without leaving a message to be conveyed. The three types of humour in Atmodjo's short stories are not separate, but they support each other to build humour in the minds of the readers.

THE ROLE OF GREECK AND LATIN ELEMENTS IN FORMATION OF FRENCH SCIENTIFIC TERMINOLOGY

The article deals with the role of Greek and Latin elements in the formation of new words of a terminological nature in the modern French language. The author defines the main tendencies in functioning of the morphemes of foreign origin (Greek and Latin), which are characteristic of the language at the modern stage of its development. The article also reveals the main variants of word- formation, connected with the processes of lexicalization and grammaticalization.

What Makes Consumers Purchase Social Media Influencers Endorsed Organic Food Products

Given the growing interest in healthy and sustainable consumption, organic food has gained much attention from restaurants and markets aiming to achieve a competitive advantage. As a new form of word of mouth, influencers’ endorsements help organic food marketers reach and attract potential consumers. However, little is known about the persuasiveness of influencer marketing in organic food settings. Drawing on source credibility theory, this study proposes influencer credibility as the key to influencer marketing and examines its impact on consumer responses. Using data from an online survey, structural equation modeling revealed a significant and positive relationship between all credibility dimensions (expertise, trustworthiness, attractiveness, and interactivity) and perceived information quality leading to behavioral intention. Moreover, a significant moderation of herd behavior on the credibility information quality relationship was found. These findings will provide useful insights for organic food marketers in developing effective influencer marketing strategies.

Linguistic analysis of Chinese neologisms from 2017 to 2021

Lexicon is the most sensitive component of language in mirroring the changes in society. In this paper, Chinese neologisms were investigated from the perspective of their origins, characteristics and word formation, drawing the corpus of Chinese neologisms from the Language Situation in China from 2017 to 2021. Findings suggest that contemporary Chinese neologisms primarily stem from six sources: 1) new coinages; 2) existing words used with new meanings; 3) new words coined by media, magazines and news agencies; 4) internet neologisms; 5) words from dialects; 6) loanwords from other languages. In terms of the characteristics of Chinese neologisms, it is observed that in contrast to the dominance of disyllabic words in traditional Chinese, multi-syllabic words are emerging as a prominent trend in Chinese neologisms. Finally, a linguistic analysis of the corpus has been conducted to identify the formation of new words at the phonetic, morphological and semantic levels, resulting in the proposal of six categories: homophony, compounding, abbreviation, derivative words, words with letters/numbers, and rhetorical words.

ABOUT THE UNIFICATION PROBLEM GRAMMATICAL TERMS IN THE KAZAKH AND TURKISH LANGUAGES

In the context of the modern process of globalization, the intensification of scientific, technical, economic, political, cultural, literary, and linguistic ties between states indicates that an increasing number of new words have entered the language and have become an urgent problem of the system of formation of new words in terminology. In order to determine the manifestation of the modern system of terminology formation in the Turkic languages, a comparative study was conducted on the example of grammatical terms of the Kazakh and Turkish languages, similarities and differences in the grammar of the two languages were revealed, prerequisites for the possibility of unification of grammatical terms formed at the stage of global development were created. To achieve this goal, the article characterizes the stages of the formation of the grammatical sphere in the Kazakh and Turkish languages, reviews scientific conclusions in the field of grammar of two languages and the works of the founding scientists of linguistics. In the course of the study, terms from grammar textbooks in two languages were generalized, their structural specificity, terminological sphere, from which language they entered in the presence of a borrowed term were analyzed. Similarities and differences in the sound, root form of grammatical terms grouped from two languages were presented in the comparative table. According to the results of the study, it was found that the grammatical terms of the Kazakh language have been finally formed, and in the Turkish language grammatical terms still have a variety. The results of the research of the article acquire great practical importance in the unification of grammatical terms in grammar textbooks used in teaching Kazakh and Turkish.

Derivational Affixes in English and Arabic Words: The Process of Word Formation

This article discusses the process of derivational affixation in both English and Arabic. It aims to describe the affix derivation process, which results in changes in the meaning of some words attached by affixes. This is a qualitative research and all examples of words attached by affixes come from books, dictionaries, and other sources. The data collection results show that English and Arabic are very productive in the formation of new words when these words are attached by affixes, which can also cause changes in meaning. The obvious distinction between English and Arabic is in the root word. In Arabic, all basic words are verbs, whereas in English, the basic words that affixes can attach to are verbs, nouns, and adjectives.

CONTEMPORARY ANGLICISMS IN UKRAINIANS SPEECH AND THEIR UKRAINIAN CORRESPONDENCES

In general, the article presents the problem of the borrowings functioning in contemporary Ukrainian. Considering the constant flood of loanwords into the Ukrainian language under the conditions of modern technologies rapid development, directions of activity, as well as the globalization of the world, the study of modern anglicisms is relevant since there is a constant need to analyse new linguistic phenomena. The article deals with the peculiarities of the adaptation of the latest borrowings from the English language to the rules of functioning of the Ukrainian language on the material of the «Slovotvir» platform. Modern Ukrainian orthography regulates some aspects of borrowed words spelling (norms for the transmission of certain sounds with specific letters), but in practice, transmission in writing may vary for a certain period, until it is finally fixed or gets out of use due to unnecessary use. The word can be transmitted both by transcription and by transliteration. Sometimes in English several words are used to denote a concept, and it entered the Ukrainian language as one, where all components are written together, which indicates that a borrowed word combination in Ukrainian is perceived as one whole word, unlike in English, where lexemes are self-sufficient and exist in syntagmatic relations. Several anglicisms acquire specific elements, including endings or suffixes. Words with different roots can be pronounced the same but spelled differently. But such homophones in English can turn into homonyms in Ukrainian (homophones, homographs at the same time) in connection with the transmission of foreign sounds by available means of language. So, it takes some time for the word to adapt. It is desirable to choose Ukrainian equivalents for anglicisms whenever possible because it nourishes the language and uses specific resources. Often a borrowed word has its own equivalents that are in circulation at the same time as it. In addition, in some cases, it is possible to translate an anglicism into Ukrainian, in which case the use of anglicisms is not appropriate. Another solution to the issue of finding equivalents for anglicisms is the involvement of the word-formation of the Ukrainian language – the formation of new words, as is actively happening in English. Key words: word structure, borrowing, transcription, transliteration, specific elements.

FENOMENA BAHASA GAUL SEBAGAI KOMUNIKASI GENERASI Z DI SEKOLAH MENENGAH ATAS NEGERI 1 BANDAR PERDAGANGAN

The popularity of the use of slang by generation z is very common, both in person and on social media. They are currently experiencing changes in the pronunciation and writing of Indonesian in accordance with the Big Indonesian Dictionary (KBBI) due to the emergence of a new style of language. So when using slang, it makes them feel more confident and considered contemporary. This study aims to find out the kinds of slang words, and to find out what factors influence the use of slang by Generation Z at State Senior High School 1 Bandar Perdagangan. This study used a qualitative descriptive method, with data collection techniques through interviews with 10 students in class 12 social sciences at State Senior High School 1 Bandar Perdagangan. As for the results of this study, it was concluded that the slang used by the z generation at State Senior High School 1 Bandar Perdagangan was only limited to a few forms of words according to needs, such as abbreviations, acronyms, word reversals, and the formation of new words. Meanwhile, the factors that influence the use of slang by generation z are advances in communication technology and the circumstances of the surrounding environment that encourage the development of slang.

Cognitive mechanisms of the formation of new words in German media

The article is devoted to the study of the discourse of the German mass media, addressed to the topic of the coronavirus pandemic. Using the examples of magazine articles, television broadcasts and blogs in social networks, a conceptual analysis of the ways of word-formation activity of the German language in the era of coronavirus restrictions is carried out. The subject of the study is the cognitive mechanisms of word formation of the German language and their pragmatic features. The object of the study was the coronavirus discourse of the German-speaking language space. The aim of the work was to reconstruct some concepts of the discursive field "Coronavirus infection", as well as to describe the cognitive mechanisms underlying their formation on the basis of linguistic data. The methods of conceptual and prototypical analysis, as well as cognitive modeling and contextual analysis were used in the study of cognitive mechanisms of word formation. The relevance and novelty of the research lies in the study and description of the latest word-formation phenomena and trends in German-speaking social discourse. As a result of the research, the regularities of the functioning of the main cognitive mechanisms of concept formation were deduced and formulated. The analysis of the German media discourse during the coronavirus pandemic revealed new basic concepts and concepts-components that form conceptual fields. The basic concepts we attributed, for example, such as "Corona", "Mundnasenschutz", "Distanz", "Lockdown", "Panick". As a result of the study, it was concluded that the basic concepts form conceptual fields, including component concepts, the methods of language verbalization of which imply the presence of emotive and evaluative components. The studied and described language material allows us to conclude that the main cognitive mechanisms of concept formation are profiling, conceptual metaphor, conceptual metonymy and contamination.

SOCIO-POLITICAL NEOLOGISMS OF THE XXI CENTURY: FEATURES OF CREATION AND FUNCTIONING

From the point of view of the theory of neology, the processes of the formation of new words, the causes and prerequisites for their occurrence have not yet been studied in linguistics, in the end there is still no balanced clear definition of neologism. The very fact of registration of new words by lexicographers who are at the same time native speakers means that these words have passed the stages of entry and partial or complete assimilation in the language, namely: acceptualization and lexicalization in speech and language. On the slope of the last century, dynamic socio-political processes took place both in the international arena and within English-speaking countries. They continue today, certainly reflecting in the lexico-semantic system of the new socio-political vocabulary. This is evidenced by the emergence of a significant number of new words, syntagms, phrases, as well as lexicalized syntactic constructions, semantic derivation. Coverage of these issues and the transience of socio-political phenomena determine the relevance of the study of new words of socio-political content. This will contribute to a deeper knowledge of the multifaceted relations between language and society, an adequate perception of the structure and meaning of new words to achieve the most important goal of communication – mutual understanding. This research is an attempt to explore the creation of socio-political neologisms to determine the main productive word-building models, methods of their use and translation in the context of socio-political newspaper texts of the 21st century. The purpose of the study is to establish and analyze the ways of creating, functioning and translating neologisms in the English language journalistic discourse. The object of research are neologisms, the ways of their creation and functioning, and the subject is the ways of adequate translation of neologisms. Neologisms are words and phrases that mean a new concept or a new meaning for an already existing word. Taking into account the method of creation, neologisms are divided into: phonological neologisms; borrowings; semantic neologisms and morphological neologisms. The examples of socio-political neologisms analyzed in the research reflect the trends in the development of the word-forming system of the English language at the present stage. Their analysis allows us to conclude that at the present stage such types of coining new words as affixation (prefixation), reduction (abbreviations and shortenings), composition, blending, conversion are the most productive. Prefixation as a word-forming device is widely used in the English language due to the lack of endings as such. The levelling of case endings and the simplification of verb inflections led to deep lexical distinctions motivated by the use of prefixes. Prefixing is quite a powerful way of innovation, but it is inferior to reduction (abbreviations and acronyms) in frequency of use. A relatively new way of word formation – reduction, has reached a high degree of productivity due to the fact that the current media are trying to provide maximum information in the most compressed form to save time and space. The composite method of word-formation or word-composition occupies a significant place in the formation of English neologisms, its result is lexemes with diverse word-formation, structural and semantic characteristics, which in turn can serve as a derivational base for the creation of new composites. Currently, there is a tendency to increase compositional semantic structures in the English language. Blending is one of the most popular means of word formation in the English language. The bulk of modern research covers such areas as the field of information technology and advertising, because it is in these areas that the largest number of telescopic neoplasms are formed. Quite productive and common is the use of conversion in socio-political life. Conversion is referred to as an affixless way of word-building or even affixleless derivation. It consists in making a new word from some existing word by changing the category of part of speech, the morphemic shape of the original word remaining unchanged. Thus, the most productive models of the creation of neologisms are affixation, reduction, word composition, blending, conversion. The non-productive ways of modern English word formation include sound inheritance and repetition or reduplication. The study of the dynamics of the development of vocabulary was and is an important problem of linguistic science. This scientific exploration is an attempt to explore the ways of creating neologisms in the socio-political discourse presented in the language of the modern press; identify their main productive word-forming models, methods and forms of functioning in the context of socio-political newspaper texts of the XXI century. The research also establishes possible ways of translating neologisms into the Ukrainian language.

임의 조어 수단, ‘혼성’(Контаминация) 고찰: 개념과 유형을 중심으로

The purpose of this article is examin in detail the forms of nonce words by individuals in relation to the formation of new words. Second chapter is devoted to the problem of differentiation between potential and occasional words. The paper analyzes general and particular features of occasionalisms and potential words. Third chapter is devoted to the issue of some promising and not fully studied aspects of lexical contamination. The relevance of the article is due to the fact that, despite the numerous works devoted to contamination, the following aspects of it still remain unresolved or not fully developed: strategies for decoding the constituent components of the contaminant, the direction of decoding the contaminant is analytical or synthetic, the functions of contaminated formations and their linguistic creative potential. As a result, each researcher identified different ranges, terms, and types of classification, and it was confirmed that the difficulty of such a multifaceted type classification was to prove the broad function of the lexical contamination. These and some other issues of further study of contamination are considered in this article.

Morphology: New Words Phenomenon Existed in Indonesian Language in Youth Communication

In morphology, the formation of new words is based on the word-formation process. The word-formation process itself is the concept of how new words can be formed. Several processes underlie the formation of new words in a language. This theory is based on Yule (2010). A comprehensive analysis requires answers to questions. 1. How new words are formed in Indonesian language communication, 2. What formations are dominant in the formation of new words? Observation serves as a data collection tool. The author collects new words to determine the natural word formation conditions used in communication and to identify the process of word formation without the intervention of the researcher. Finally, they are classified according to the process of word formation. This study uses data triangulation to ensure the research obtains valid data. The first-word formation process is blending which dominates the formation of new words in Indonesian with 13 processes found. The second process that dominates is the acronym with 8 found processes. The clipping process also includes the most processes in the formation of new words with 5 processes. The creation of new words found is not only blending, acronyms and clipping but also borrowing processes with 3 processes and compounding with 1 process. The first-word formation process is blending which dominates the formation of new words in Indonesian with 13 processes found. The second process that dominates is the acronym with 8 found processes. The clipping process also includes the most processes in the formation of new words with 5 processes. The creation of new words found is not only blending, acronyms and clipping but also borrowing process with 3 processes and compounding with 1 process.

Slovene language from word to sign. An example of the use of the Slovene Sign Language in school

Both language systems, spoken Slovene and Slovene Sign Language, are composed of basic word formation or sign formation elements, which act as cornerstones for compounded words and signs. The formation of new words in Slovene language is realised by adding suffixes after the base or stem of a word, linking together two or more bases with infixes, or adding prefixes before the base or stem of a word. To express these word formation types, sign formation adopts visual elements: facial expression, hand- and finger shape, signing speed, signing orientation and signing space.

A national cultural peculiarity of suffix word formation

Language is constantly developing, and the study of changes in the language's vocabulary is an important task of linguistics. The modern English language is characterized by the constant formation of new words. The suffix system of modern English has been actively and fruitfully studied by both domestic and foreign linguists; a significant number of works have been written considering certain aspects of the suffix system of the English language. However, the language changes over time, and its structure partially changes. The existing theoretical knowledge becomes insufficient. Therefore, it is necessary to identify new, modern trends that have been observed in recent decades. The article is devoted to the patterns of the use of noun suffixes in modern English. Also, in this article, the concept and types of word formation as one of the ways of enriching the language are studied. Thanks to the use of live suffixes, it will be easier to enrich your vocabulary. Suffixes are easily distinguished as word-forming elements. They are suffixes. They are used to form new words. The productivity of the suffix depends on how many formations they give. The article provides examples of suffixes of the actor and ways of formation from different parts of speech. Most often, nouns and verbs with the addition of suffixes are used for word formation at the base of the word. In addition, this article examines the definitions and approaches to defining the concepts of new words. New words formed by the suffix method are investigated. The most productive ways of forming new words are analyzed and identified. The principles of morphemic analysis of the basics are considered. Semantic and grammatical functions of the suffix morpheme are defined. The productivity of suffixes of modern English is studied. The process of distribution of suffixes by parts of speech is revealed.

TA'RĪB AS AN ARABIC MODERNIZATION AND THE SPIRIT OF NATIONALISM: A HISTORICAL STUDY OF ARABIZATION / TA’RIB SEBAGAI MODERNISASI BAHASA ARAB DAN SEMANGAT NASIONALISME: SEBUAH KAJIAN HISTORIS TENTANG ARABISASI

This article aims to investigate the process of forming ta'rīb (Arabization) of foreign words into Arabic language and factors influencing the arabization process. The researcher used library research method with historical analysis. Research data sources were a number of literatures that is considered valid and credible. The result of study indicated that ta'rīb have began in the late 19th century and the ta’rib phenomenon that occur in Arabic was as a response to the development of civilization although there were pros and cons. Ta'rīb process of foreign words and terms into Arabic language was carried out in three ways, namely absorption, translation and formation of new words or terms. Absorption of words and terms was usually done by lexicographers, while the translation and formation of new words or terms were mostly done by language institutions. There were several factors that lead to the ta'rīb process, namely the influence of the power politics, science development carried out by scientists and writers, the influence of globalization, and the spirit of nationalism of Arab society.

ANALYSIS OF WORD FORMATION PROCESS IN ONLINE SHOP’S TERMINOLOGIES

This study is to analyzes the type of word formation process of terms in online shops. Thisresearch used descriptive qualitative. The result of the analysis shows four types of wordformation process in online shops, namely derivation, compounding, clipping, and acronym.The derivation is the process of forming words by giving affixes to the word, so results in newword formation causes a change in word-class and its meaning. The examples of suffix are -er,-or, -al, -ment, -ed, –ing in the words “Seller, Buyer, Supplier, Retailer, Counter, Hanger,Customer, Testimonial, Endorsement, Payment, Booked, Trusted, Shipping, Booking,Packaging”. The examples of the prefix is re- in the words “Return, Refund, Restock,Refurbish”. Compounding is the process of forming words by combining two or more classesof words into a new form such as in the words “Handmade, Dropship, Download, Upload,Cashback, Online, Offline, Stockroom, Showroom, Giveaway, Fullset, Checkout”. Clipping is theprocess of forming words by cutting parts of the word itself or forming words from words thathave more than one syllable that gets the word cutting process at the beginning or end such asin the words “Advertisement (Ad), Original (Ori), Brother (Bro), Sister (Sist)”. The acronym isthe process of formation by taking from the initial letter in each syllable arranged to mentionthe abbreviation or extension of a term, so the result can be pronounced as a word. Forexample in the words “COD (Cash on Delivery), PO (Pre Order), DP (Down Payment), FP (FullPayment), PL (Price List), (PM) Private Message, IDR (Indonesian Rupiahs), WTB (Want toBuy), WTS (Want to Sell), WS (WholeSale), ATC (Add to Chart), RC (Recommended Seller).Keywords: word-formation, word-formation process, online shop, terms, morphology

About /on/ the relationship between the formation of new words in western Armenian

New formations /new words / have a special role in vocabulary enrichment. The study of neologisms has always been the subject of linguists' attention. The material of the study was the words taken out from the Western Armenian press /Hayrenik, Nor Yaraj, Horizon/ published in 2018-2021, which are not fixed in the dictionaries. In the majority of Western Armenian complex (complicated) words, the main semantic center is the last component. The latter expresses such a meaning that is concretized by the first component. Moreover, the superior component can be nominal or verbal. In the case when the root of the verb acts as a root, it is manifested mainly by the root of the verb and the root of the adverbial modifier. It should be noted that in the case of the stem root, it is more rarely compared to being in the compound root, because the verb rarely becomes a compliment to other parts of speech. As we have seen, among the independent verbs of the Western Armenian (including Eastern Armenian) the indefinite, subjective compounds (complex and derivational words) also participate in word formation without change, preserving not only infinitives but also the verbal word-forming suffix-endings (-el, -al, -ogh) , (ing), (to do, doing). The study of the material allows us to conclude that the verb base, as a stemming base, participates less in word formation than as a compound base. Indefinite and subjunctive verb bases are more often found in the role of seed bases, sometimes preserving verb endings as well.

Phonetic expression and its role in phonetic changes and in the installation of new materials

This paper consists five sections. The first section provides a general preview of language phonemes and some phonological conditions, it also deals with some phonemic cases in Kurdish language. As far as the second section is concerned, the elision and change of these sounds and their roles in phonemic assimilation and formation of new words are stated. The third section clarifies the influences of changing and elision of some sounds and their roles in the formation of simple words out of compound words. Similarly, section four explains the change and elision of sounds and their roles in forming simple words out of complex words. Finally, the role of assimilation of linguistic items in implying intended meaning in both speaking and writing is discussed. Consequently, a list of conclusions, resources, and abstracts in both English and Arabic are provided.