New Forms Of Governance Research Articles

The Light and Shadow of American Exceptionalism

The article deals with the phenomenon of American exclusivity. The author shows that this phenomenon is objective, having its own historical roots and ideological origins. It reflects the essence of the American people, representing their original and inherent feature. The main sources that influenced the formation of American exclusivity are analyzed: the uniqueness of the historical path of the United States, the absence of feudalism, the new form of government, democracy, geographical factors, immigration, religion, etc.

Towards new commons and sharing interests in the landscape, integrating natural and cultural heritage

Heritage values represent a common good, contributing to societal identity. Landscape is a topical issue because it represents character and identity in both a spatial and a temporal dimension, uniting natural and cultural aspects of heritage at the same time. Especially in Europe, practically all natural heritage can be considered cultural heritage as well, since it is through human action that Europe’s biodiversity has evolved. Heritage perspectives on landscape and nature underline time depth, human agency and social value within landscape. Its cultural starting point does not marginalise nature, but places nature within cultural filters, thus highlighting the reciprocity of nature and culture in the creation of sustainable places. Today’s changing society is transitioning towards new forms of governance dominated by collaboration and continuously shifting networks or actors. Reported examples of cultural landscapes explore heritage management approaches that benefit from combining natural and cultural heritage perceptions. In this context, commonly accessible heritage can bring people together in joint efforts to use the inherited landscape as a shared and cherished resource rather than a conserved and regulated landscape.

Governing spanish “municipalities of change” through mobilities

Les mesures pour favoriser la marche, la pratique du vélo et l’usage des transports publics au détriment de l’automobile constituent à la fois un vecteur et un révélateur du changement politique local à Madrid, Barcelone et Valence depuis 2015. L’article explore les ressources mobilisées par les élus pour repolitiser la mobilité en la sortant de la sphère technique de la gestion des déplacements. Ce champ d’action se construit autour d’élus dont la posture et les stratégies médiatiques varient fortement. Sans nier les limites (fétichisation du vélo et focalisation sur quelques opérations urbanistiques phares) des pratiques politiques, l’article montre les ruptures mais aussi les effets de continuité avec les programmes des municipalités précédentes. L’étude souligne également que la planification des mobilités, à travers le réordonnancement de l’espace public, illustre et prétend faire advenir le changement politique attendu (pacification des comportements, respect, civisme). Cette forme renouvelée de gouvernance par l’infrastructure induit également des reconfigurations relationnelles profondes dans le système local de la mobilité, entre acteurs publics et privés, mais aussi entre mouvements associatifs en faveur des mobilités nouvelles et groupes d’intérêts encore majoritairement attachés à l’automobile.

Problems of formation of public management mechanisms: health system: a discussion of the discussion field

The article substantiates that the country's health care system is in a state of constant transformation. Being a multi-level and branching structure, the system is evolving into complex approaches to defining governance mechanisms in the public and private healthcare sectors. It is in them that the state reproduces a new system of governance mechanisms, which need to be considered in the aggregate of the effects of meso, macro and microfactors with the use of new forms of government at all levels.According to the National Strategy for the Reform of the Medical System of Ukraine for the period 2015-2020, key problems, potential directions and ways of their solution for the formation of a new state policy in the field, including deep regulatory transformations and introduction of new financial mechanisms for ensuring human rights in the field of protection, have been identified health. In such circumstances, the country's medical system must be based on three fundamental principles: human-centered, result-oriented, best-in-class, and best practices in healthcare delivery.A review of historical and scientific sources shows that the management of the health care system requires systematic changes and qualitatively new approaches, finding alternative ways of reforming the organizational and economic mechanism of the medical industry, developing new models of interaction of public administration mechanisms to preserve the able-bodied population. We also believe that the mechanisms of public health management currently in place in our country do not correspond to its current changes.

Current trends in incidence of HIV/AIDS in the world and in Ukraine: promising ways to solve the problem

Further reform of the health care system in Ukraine requires the use of an effective tool for managing and making decisions based on evidence, in particular an effective monitoring and evaluation system, taking into account new international and national practices not only in the HIV/AIDS system and other sexually transmitted infections (STI), but also in the health care system as a whole. Such a tool would help to obtain the necessary results for decision-making in counteraction to these diseases. Ukraine has unique experience of implementing the best international approaches to prevention, treatment, medical and social support, as well as monitoring and assessment in terms of the national response to HIV-infection epidemic. There is also potential to ensure the development of modern international principles of monitoring and evaluation in the field of public health in Ukraine.At the present stage, we need to revise and improve existing strategies for organizing the response to epidemic of HIV-infection in Ukraine, to find new ways and tools that can be applied in the health care system due to improvement of resource efficiency, introduction of new forms of governance and coordination. This is not only due to the emergence of new evidence-based integrated approaches and recommendations for public health care in the world. The article presents the key areas for further improvement of the monitoring and evaluation system in order to strengthen the control over the epidemic of HIV-infection in Ukraine.

The problem and the productivity of ignorance: Public health campaigns on antibiotic stewardship

This article offers a critical account of efforts to engage people with the issue of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). It analyses how public health workers encourage what they understand as responsible antibiotic use or antibiotic stewardship, and how their efforts are shaped by different theories of ‘behaviour’ or social action. Discourse analysis of all major UK campaigns and their evaluations over the last two decades reveals how different versions of the citizen jostle for attention in a public health that draws on sociology, psychology, and increasingly behavioural economics. Rejecting an explanation which focuses solely on the appeal of emotion in new forms of governance, I deploy theories of expert and lay ignorance to show how public health is pushed towards new approaches as it struggles with an apparently recalcitrant public in the case of AMR. Here ignorance is both problematic and productive, prompting a shift to campaigns based on unreflective action, that are accompanied by decisions to work with potential misunderstandings about antibiotics and their effects. I suggest the term ‘shrug’ as a provocative counterpart to the ‘nudge’ of behavioural economics, drawing attention to the ways in which behavioural interventions may be linked to strategic retreats from engagement, when policy makers feel unable to affect or predict the understanding and views of non-experts. The article thus contributes to sociological and political critique of narrow forms of behavioural thinking and their effects on relations between governments and their citizens.

Controversies Around the System, Organisation and Curriculum Structure of Secondary School Education in Poland, in the Years 1944–1948

A new form of government of the Polish state was combined with its rather intensive influence on the character of the educational system, including general secondary schools. That time is distinguished by numerous controversies, which then appeared in various social circles, political parties, and referred to the constitutional and organizational structure as well as the program structure of this school level. In the first years the controversies were more of an evolutionary concepts for the Polish route to socialism were still possible. After 1948 there was no more room for discussion; the decisions about this sphere were also made by one group – the people related to the communist party (Pol. abbr. PZPR). Already right after the cessation of war activities, the tendencies leading to the centralization of education management were noticeable, and consequently, ever more intense influence of the government of the working classes (lub the people’s government) on the functioning of schools, but, above all, on the teaching content. The process of centralization was linked with the so-called democratization process of school i.e., the question, of which the ruling communists made their priority. A consequence of democratization of the general secondary school and rendering it a tool for the manufacture of future citizens – devoted to and subjected to the government of the working classes – was the aspiration for closing private general secondary school, and also the expulsion of religion from school. Such changes, falsely justified by the necessity to observe the principle of freedom of conscience and confession, led to the secularization of the school system. The discussed expulsion of the Church from schools, and at the same time from the sphere of educating a young generation, was supposed to serve the formation of a new socialist society in the future.

ОБЩАЯ ТЕОРИЯ УСТОЙЧИВОСТИ РАЗВИТИЯ СОЦИАЛЬНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ СИСТЕМ: ОСНОВНЫЕ ПОЛОЖЕНИЯ, ПРИНЦИПЫ И ПРЕДПОСЫЛКИ

At a turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, with updating of a problem of improvement of theoretical bases of safety of Russia of the Post-Soviet period in the conditions of transition to market economic model of managing and new forms of government there was a need for formation and formation of the new direction for the general science about management in social and economic systems which received the name "general theory of stability of development of social and economic systems". The specified direction is further development of traditional theories of national and economic security of social and economic systems which also those which have the state sovereignty (country) that actually opens the new scientific direction of researches of such systems are among.

Langland and the Reinvention of Array in Late-Medieval England

Abstract Tradecraft lurks throughout the allegories of cloth-making in William Langland’s Piers Plowman, more fully and sympathetically expressed than scholars have realized. But in spite of the depth of lore there, the poem continually examines the problem of supervising such craft production and producers. Assessing this double perspective adds a distinctive chapter to understandings of how Piers Plowman invokes and requires wide economic and social contexts, specifically those focused on cloth production, a topic more amenable to ‘thing theory’ than the ‘costume rhetoric’ often applied to the presentations of array in Chaucer and other poets. All writers in the period were confronted with major changes in how clothing was made, sold, and worn, but Piers Plowman’s concerns differ significantly from contemporary writings both in how intricately the poem invokes the cloth industry yet how frequently it indicates the need for its punctilious governance (and that of craft and labour in general). Langland’s presentations of array offer not only an original and highly informed contribution to a central instance of late-medieval social and allegorical signification but also a contradictory response to its changing social, industrial, and institutional dimensions. Langland uses array and its making and remaking to affirm craft, process, and aesthetics in general while imagining new forms of governance, religious and political, that might contain its social and ethical disruptions.

Social finance and the commons paradigm

PurposeThe concept of the commons, or common goods, is becoming increasingly widespread in the world of research and among civil society. The commons are defined as resources that are shared and collectively managed by communities of users, such as natural commons (e.g. fisheries, the climate) and knowledge commons (e.g. Wikipedia, open-source software). The paper aims to discuss this issue.Design/methodology/approachThis paper presents the findings of the PhD dissertation “Social finance and the commons,” recipient of the 2017 Emerald/EFMD Outstanding Doctoral Research Award, category Management and Governance, sponsored by Management Decision. Adopting an interdisciplinary perspective of the commons, this dissertation investigates how community enterprises govern financial resources as commons to serve the common good. To do so, it builds on data collected on community development banks in Brazil and complementary currencies in multiple countries.FindingsThe findings explain how collective action favors the implementation of new forms of governance and management potentially enabling finance to create and support communities. In doing so, this dissertation provides insights on the transformative power of some governance features for the creation of commons.Originality/valueThis dissertation advances theoretical and conceptual foundations for a theory of the commons in management sciences. It contributes to a new conceptualization of the commons, especially by extending the concept of commons to finance and showing the variety of commons according to governance structures and values. It also generates theoretical insights into social and community entrepreneurship research through an in-depth investigation of social finance organizations.

Agencements of Reanimation: Facilitating an Active Old Age through Danish Co-Creation Initiatives

Contemporary healthy and active aging policies coincide with new forms of governance in European welfare states promoting active citizenship, which in Denmark has been termed “co-creation.” As active aging and co-creation policies go hand in hand, new forms of health promotion programs and public-private collaborations emerge. This article centers on two initiatives that target older people in two Danish municipalities: a local COPD-choir in Vordingborg and the local department in Ishøj of the (inter)national Cycling without Age association. The municipalities take on the assignment of reanimating old age through such initiatives, by challenging the institutional barriers of the municipality. The article describes how co-creation is a redistribution of agency in the European welfare states and how older volunteers are called upon to participate in the organization of municipal initiatives, while at the same time these initiatives come with pre-fixed definitions of “good” old age. The article explores the co-creation initiatives as indicative of the agencements (Çalışkan and Callon 2010) of reanimation that endeavor to revive old age and subjectivise older people as active citizens. While such agencement involves health promotion, this article argues that the aim of initiatives is instead to engage older citizens, and hence to facilitate an active old age.

Overcoming the Myths of Mainstream Economics to Enable a New Wellbeing Economy

Increasingly, empirical evidence refutes many of the theoretical pillars of mainstream economics. These theories have persisted despite the fact that they support unsustainable and undesirable environmental, social, and economic outcomes. Continuing to embrace them puts at risk the possibility of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals and overcoming other global challenges. We discuss a selection of paradoxes and delusions surrounding mainstream economic theories related to: (1) efficiency and resource use, (2) wealth and wellbeing, (3) economic growth, and (4) the distribution of wealth within and between rich and poor nations. We describe a wellbeing economy as an alternative for guiding policy development. In 2018, a network of Wellbeing Economy Governments (WEGo), (supported by, but distinct from, the larger Wellbeing Economy Alliance—WEAll) promoting new forms of governance that diverge from the ones on which the G7 and G20 are based, has been launched and is now a living project. Members of WEGo aim at advancing the three key principles of a wellbeing economy: Live within planetary ecological boundaries, ensure equitable distribution of wealth and opportunity, and efficiently allocate resources (including environmental and social public goods), bringing wellbeing to the heart of policymaking, and in particular economic policymaking. This network has potential to fundamentally re-shape current global leadership still anchored to old economic paradigms that give primacy to economic growth over environmental and social wealth and wellbeing.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ГЛОБАЛИЗАЦИИ НА КОНВЕРГЕНЦИЮ МОДЕЛЕЙ КОРПОРАТИВНОГО УПРАВЛЕНИЯ

The article examines the impact of globalization on the development of corporate governance. The basic concepts of globalization and the factors influencing the development of the modern world economy are analyzed. The process of liberalization of the business environment, development of scientific-technologocal progress and the development of global financial markets have a decisive influence on the activities of transnational corporations, turning them into global companies. These companies operate worldwide and the scope of their operations exceeds the size of the national income of many countries. Global business structure and international nature of the operations determine the need to develop harmonized standards for the implementation of the activities of large companies. Special attention in the paper is paid to the problems of corporate governance, which mostly determines the important corporate decisions and therefore the effectiveness of business development. The article presents the analysis of the main stages in the development of international regulation in this area and trends of improvement in theis area. The study examines the basic models of corporate governance, explains the process of convergence under the influence of contemporary processes of globalization, highlights the main factors of harmonization of corporate governance systems. Special attention is paid to the state of the Russian corporate sector and areas of improvement of corporate governance in Russian companies taking into account the contemporary processes of convergence of the models. The present study allows to conclude that there is an active process of harmonization of corporate governance systems, and to maintain the competitiveness and efficiency the large corporations are to improve the system and practice of corporate governance taking into account modern trends. There is a constant search for new forms of governance, management and leadership in big business, and the Russian public companies have to take into account the best practices of leading corporations and harmonised standards of international organizations in the field of corporate governance in order to maintain and improve competitiveness on the national and international markets.

Alignment of social and ecological structures increased the ability of river management

Large hydrologic basins involve multiple stakeholders, and coupled dynamic social and ecological processes. Managing such basins has long been a challenge. Balancing the demand for water from nature against that from humans is always difficult, particularly in arid watersheds. Here, we analyze potential institutional causes of ecological degradation and how it can be reversed by introducing new forms of governance. The framework and assumptions are illustrated using China’s second-largest endorheic basin, where empirical evidence shows that the introduction of a new governing authority connecting midstream and downstream actors facilitated the establishment of a new governance regime that is better aligned with the biophysical scales of the watershed. A trans-regional water allocation project initiated by the new higher-level authority successfully rescued downstream oases and restored a dried terminal lake. These outcomes suggest that when social and ecological structures are better aligned our ability to manage the interplay between social and ecological processes increases. However, the lack of direct connection between the actors of the middle and lower reaches resulted in the paradox of an increase in water demand. We therefore suggest that measures to stimulate the emergence of horizontal social ties linking different critical groups of actors across the watershed could further the alignment of the institutional and biophysical structures—without these changes sustainable management of river basins and other common pool resources will remain problematic.

Brain-based discourses and early intervention: A critical debate for health visiting

Neuroscientific discourses about early brain development and its plasticity have placed considerable importance on parenting, emotional nurturing and attachment during the first 1001 ‘Critical Days’. This has informed a policy shift towards early intervention in the early years, and is shaping public health practice in this field particularly health visiting. This article reviews these developments and outlines a critical debate that has been taking place among commentators concerned with how these brain-based discourses are being applied in policy. Concerns include the policy readiness of the science, the focus on parenting quality rather than contextual issues such as poverty, and that these developments are creating a new form of governance of families. In contrast, these concerns have not been debated within health visiting, raising questions about the profession's engagement with evidence and policy.

Making Choices: Social Media Platforms and Freedom of Expression Norms

Social media platforms make difficult decisions about the speech that they permit, and the speech they remove from their platforms. They permit heads of state to propagate ideas that are blocked when expressed by ordinary citizens. They censor activists’ demands for independent states, flagging them as hate speech or terrorist content. Since the social media platforms play a central role in public discourse, their self-regulatory norms matter. Through the architecture of the platforms and powerful algorithms, social media companies control how users engage with each other and with the platform. The architecture enables them to set the terms for engagement, from how users respond to arguments, to how they share photographs, or report abusive content. The algorithms enable fine distinctions of content-moderation, with different content being seen in different jurisdictions, content that cannot be shared at all, and content that will be online but down-ranked so it loses visibility. This power that the social media companies wield over speech online, and therefore over public discourse more broadly, is being recognised as a new form of governance. It is uniquely powerful because the norms favoured by social media companies can be enforced directly through the architecture of the social media platforms. There are no consultations, appeals or avenues for challenge. There is little scope for users to reject a norm enforced in this manner. While a blatantly illegitimate norm may result in uproar, choices made by social media companies to favour existing local norms that violate international human rights norms are common enough. This chapter is about the role of social media platforms. It discusses the role and influence of private companies, especially social media companies, in creating norms affecting freedom of expression. Towards this, it begins with an introduction to the role of the Internet in public discourse, followed by a discussion of how the architecture of the internet enables social media companies to influence speech norms. The paper then discusses the factors that influence the speech norms created by platforms and ends on a cautionary note about how the international human rights norm of freedom of expression may being threatened by the platforms’ self-regulatory norm-setting for online speech.

Teachers and learners in a time of big data

Policy and technological transformation have coalesced to usher in massive changes to educational systems over the past two decades. Teachers’ roles, subjectivities and professional identities have been subject to sweeping changes enabled by sophisticated forms of governance. Simultaneously, students have been recast as ‘learners’; like teachers, learners have become subject to new forms of governance, through technological surveillance and datafication. This paper focuses on the intersection of the metrics driven approach to education and the political as a way to re-think the future of schooling in more explicitly philosophical terms. This exploration starts with a critical examination of constructions of teachers, learners and the digital data-driven educational culture in order to explicate the futures being generated. The trajectory of this future is explored through reference to the techno-educational models currently being developed in Silicon Valley. Drawing on Deleuze’s notion of control societies we contribute to the ongoing philosophical investigation of the datafication of education; a necessary discussion if we are to explore the future implications of schooling in a technologically saturated world. We present consideration of the past, present and future, as three ways of considering alternatives to a datafied education system. Alternative conceptualisations of the future of schooling are possible which offer ways of understanding and politicising what happens when we impose data-driven accountabilities into people’s lives.

Profitable tidal flats, governable fishing communities: Assembling tidal flat fisheries in post-crisis South Korea

Tracing the discursive emergence of “tidal flat fisheries” in South Korean fisheries policy as a new orientation toward governing tidal flats and coastal fishing communities, this paper examines how crisis catalyzes the production of neoliberal socionature. Framed as a “new growth engine” of South Korea's Low Carbon Green Growth initiative, tidal flat fisheries appeared as both a way to contribute to the country's wealth and a solution to a doubly failing coastal fisheries sector plagued by declining production and aging fishers. In this paper, I argue that tidal flat fisheries as a neoliberal intervention opened underdeveloped tidal flat spaces and exclusive coastal fishing communities to intensified forms of capitalist relations and new forms of governance. Tidal flat fisheries reimagined tidal flats as potentially productive and profitable spaces in need of intensive aquaculture, and delivered a subtle representation of coastal fishing communities as inefficient and illegal, thereby irrationalizing their communal rights to tidal flats as livelihood resources. This paper highlights the role of crisis in the making of tidal flat fisheries as a context-specific, hybrid assemblage where existing discourses, actors, and programs were reconfigured to convey neoliberal rationalities of efficiency and managerial governance. Multiple crises (global and domestic, chronic and acute) and the notion of multi-faceted crisis itself were used to justify neoliberal reform in the coastal fisheries sector. The case of tidal flat fisheries in South Korea compels us to develop an account of crisis and nature in late neoliberalism. Focusing on how crisis produces neoliberal rationalities, I contend that we can advance our critique of neoliberalism beyond the dimensions of variegation to its status as a potentiality with lasting discursive and material effects.

Kontrowersje wokół struktury ustrójowo-organizacyjnej i programowej szkolnictwa średniego ogólnokształcącego w Polsce w latach 1944-1948

A new form of government of the Polish state was combined with its rather intensive influence on the character of the educational system, including general secondary schools. That time is distinguished by numerous controversies, which then appeared in various social circles, political parties, and referred to the constitutional and organizational structure as well as the program structure of this school level. In the first years the controversies were more of an evolutionary character, as at that time discussion and exchange of opinions concerning differing standpoints and concepts for the Polish route to socialism were still possible. After 1948 there was no more room for discussion; the decisions about this sphere were also made by one group - the people related to the communist party (Pol. abbr. PZPR). Already right after the cessation of war activities, the tendencies leading to the centralization of education management were noticeable, and consequently, ever more intense influence of the government o f the working classes (lub the people’s government) on the functioning of schools, but, above all, on the teaching content. The process of centralization was linked with the so-called democratization process of school i.e., the question, of which the ruling communists made their priority.A consequence of democratization of the general secondary school and rendering it a tool for the manufacture of future citizens - devoted to and subjected to the government of the working classes - was the aspiration for closing private general secondary schools, and also the expulsion of religion from school. Such changes, falsely justified by the necessity to observe the principle of freedom of conscience and confession, led to the secularization of the school system. The discussed expulsion of the Church from schools, and at the same time from the sphere of educating a young generation, was supposed to serve the formation of a new socialist society in the future.

Violent non-State Actors and New Forms of Governance: Exploring the Colombian and Venezuelan Border Zone

This article explores the causes underlying a strong presence of violent non-state actors (VNSAs) in South America. Based on a case study of the border area between Colombia and Venezuela, the research relies on a broad empirical data collected from newspapers, official documents and interviews. The analytical perspective has been grounded on a theoretical framework of four dimensions: (i) funding and illegal activities, (ii) presence in strategic regions, (iii) low state presence and (iv) violence, which identifies different forms of presence of VNSAs. When questioned about how VNSAs create new forms of alternative governance in a territorial space of fragile statehood, the results tend to reveal a context in which state governance seems to overlap the alternative and illegal governance of VNSAs, creating a fragile and hybrid governance in the region.