New Division Of Labor Research Articles

Europe’s Favourable Isolation

The global power shift from West to East offers Europe the chance to focus on pressing challenges close to home, and to create a new division of labour in transatlantic relations.

Imperatriz: de Vila à Cidade Comercial e Ponto de Apoio no Desenvolvimento Amazônico

Através da história econômica da cidade de Imperatriz no Estado do Maranhão,visa-se detectar a existência de atividades relacionadas a surtos econômicos, dinâmica demográficae criação de “trabalho novo”. Inicialmente, contextualiza-se o Estado do Maranhão no período da economia colonial, aprofundando-se as origens do povoado de Imperatriz até sua elevação à cidade, tendo-se por base as atividades que sustentaram sua vida econômica. O verdadeiro boom demográfico de Imperatriz ocorreu com a construção da rodovia Belém-Brasília, consolidando as atividades comerciais da cidade. Em seguida, Imperatriz especializou-se em serviços atuando como polo de comério da região Tocantina.

Surtos de Crescimento de Rio Branco -- Acre

Este trabalho se propõe a identificar os surtos econômicos ocorridos no Acree suas possíveis relações com os momentos de surtos demográficos vivenciados pela cidade de Rio Branco. Busca indagar se os surtos foram capazes de propiciar uma transformação no setor produtivo, criando um “trabalho novo”, representativo de nova divisão social do trabalho que modifica o conteúdo, a estrutura e a complexidade da economia; uma participação de todas as camadas sociais na renda gerada e nos bens imateriais.

Independent teaching work to cooperative teaching: A new paradigm introduced in the Portuguese educational system (1894–1895)

With this article we intend to fill a large gap that exists in the field of educational research – examining the history of teaching. We chose a critical historical moment that initiated the great labour transformation in the exercise of the teaching profession. In this context, we investigated the pedagogical benefits introduced by the Portuguese educational system by the class regime promulgated in the 19th century with the reform that introduced the class system, enacted in the nineteenth century. This change is a landmark in the history of teaching. We tried to study what had changed in the workplace to realise the division of teaching. How did teachers relate to each other and to their work in each working system? What social links are required by each of the working systems and what implications do they have for how teachers behave? What place (role) does the teacher play in the production chain? What skills (competences) are required in their working position? The system change that was enacted in the nineteenth century created a new division of labour that called for dynamic labour, diametrically opposed to the traditional and established practice. This curriculum revolution not only brought new demands in teaching but also had consequences in terms of professional identity. From that point forward, being a teacher no longer had the same reference, “if you know – you do it well”. This has radically changed. Being a professional in education is no longer a purely individual act involving inter-subject intervention. They now have to act inter-individually with the intention of being multi-, inter- and trans-disciplinary. They have to break through subject boundaries and dualities. The professional skills required by the job in the new employment scheme launched a new challenge in learning (teacher training) and in the exercise of the profession. Reflection on the new type of qualifications is still necessary and remains to be explored. Are the educational workers aware of this?

The Robot as Radiologist

Which tasks are best performed by machines, and which are best performed by humans? Frank Levy and Richard Murnane of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology tackled this question in their 2004 book The New Division of Labor: How Computers Are Creating the Next Job Market [1]. They divided the tasks performed by American workers into 5 broad categories. At the time of publication, technology had already substituted for many workers engaged in 2 of the categories, routine manual tasks and routine cognitive tasks.

Retrospect

This is a retrospective view of an earlier paper published in City. I briefly revisit the main arguments of that paper, with special reference to (a) the resurgence of urban growth as the new cognitive-cultural economy has gathered steam in recent years; (b) the new division of labor that is appearing in major world cities and the concomitant restratification of urban society; and (c) the formation of a polycentric and polyvocal urban mosaic in global capitalism.

Lavoro ed esperienza del dominio nel neoliberismo contemporaneo

The article presents some considerations around the notion of ‘centrality of work’. To do that Deranty expressly refers to Marx theories and develops Christophe Dejours psychodynamic approach, as it has been evolving at the Centre National des Arts et Metiers in the last 40 years. Within contemporary neoliberal societies the development of a new division of labour leads to an improved role of management inside private industries and public services, also thanks to the new technologies.This means that management reaches a new essential status in the process of short-term capital gain, that is one of the main features of neoliberal capitalism into the era of globalization. One of the results of the new organization is that work loses its centrality, not only into the factories and the offices, but also among the entire society. This causes a loss of role for the working class, but also generates increased suffering and mental pathologies among workers, that is the specific matter of psychodynamics.

How do nurse prescribers integrate prescribing in practice: case studies in primary and secondary care

To report a study investigating how nurse prescribers integrate prescribing in clinical practice. Factors that influence integration are explored and how nurses approach integration is defined. There are expectations that nurse prescribers will prescribe for patients. Nurse prescribers share jurisdiction of prescribing with doctors in the workplace and new divisions of labour must be agreed to enable the nurse to begin prescribing. Little is known about how nurses integrate prescribing in practice but these agreements are potentially important to the organisation of professional work and the delivery of healthcare. Case study. Twenty six nurse prescribers were interviewed in case studies of primary and secondary care prescribing. Case data were collected by semi-structured interview and combined with field notes and socio-demographic data in case summaries. Data were organised in vivo (QSR International Pty Ltd, Doncaster, Victoria, Australia) and subject to manual analysis at single and cross-case level. Twenty-one of the 26 cases were prescribing. Trust between doctor and nurse and nurse and employer was shown to be necessary for effective integration. There were differences in how prescribing agreements were reached in primary and secondary care. Restrictions were imposed in secondary care. In primary care, nurses made decisions themselves about the medicines they prescribe but frequently asked doctors to check their decisions. Nurses described three approaches to prescribing: as opportunity presents, for specific conditions and for individuals. Nurse prescribers described three approaches to prescribing and in two approaches the nurse self-restricted prescribing activity. Secondary care prescribers had more employer restrictions than their primary care counterparts. Trust between doctor nurse and nurse employer was shown to be necessary for integration; without trust, the nurse will not prescribe. Trust in prescribing relationships is necessary for effective integration of nurse prescribing in practice.

Editors' Introduction to Special Issue

Editors' Introduction to Special Issue Ute Deichmann, Michel Morange, and Anthony S. Travis In this second decade of the 21st century, we find the pervasive influence of synthetic biology everywhere, not only in research laboratories, but also in the discourses of politicians and ethicists. Despite its ubiquity, the precise meaning of the notions of "synthetic biology" and "synthetic life," as well as their history, potential, and risks, remain obscure not only to the layperson, but also to most biologists. The aim of this special issue is twofold. First, it is intended to help the reader better appreciate what synthetic biology is all about and what are its roots. Second, once the overall picture has been expounded and made clearer, the questions of whether research in synthetic biology raises new and specific ethical issues, and how to control the experiments in this field, can be based on a firmer ground. François Jacob argued that the best way to know what molecular biology really is, is to look at what molecular biologists do in their laboratories. We have adopted the same strategy here. Therefore, the first three contributions describe different and complementary aspects of research pursued in synthetic biology. It is naturally proper to commence this overview with the experiment that has had the most obvious media impact: the production by CraigVenter's group of a bacterial cell with a chemically synthesized genome. John Glass, who was closely associated with the project from its beginnings, describes not only the obstacles that had to be overcome to reach this outcome, but also underlines the fact that the experiment consists of two different steps, each endowed with its own difficulties: the chemical synthesis of a full-length genome, and its transplantation into a recipient bacterium. This successful experiment is as much a beginning as it is an achievement: it opens the possibility of constructing the minimal genome compatible with life, and through this of casting new light on the nature of life. This top-down approach to a definition of life is complemented by other bottom-up work done in synthetic biology, aiming at progressively introducing in simple physicochemical systems what is required to generate "living systems." [End Page 470] Wilfried Weber and his colleagues describe another dimension of synthetic biology, its ambition to engineer (program) cells for biological and biomedical applications. The latter can be highly diverse, from mimicking host-parasite interactions to efficiently screening new drugs against tuberculosis. Gregory Linshiz and his colleagues go a step further and suggest that the development of synthetic biology is nothing less than a scientific revolution. It requires the fusion of biology with computer science and engineering, a new breed of scientists, the construction of a new language of communication, and a new division of labor. Linshiz's contribution also points to the second strategy that we have used to determine what synthetic biology is: we positioned it in the historical development of biological knowledge, in order to appreciate its true novelty. This approach shows that reflections and research on the synthesis of life in the laboratory are much older and broader in scope than the extant synthetic biology. Ute Deichmann reminds us that the refutation at the end of the 19th century of the spontaneous generation of life, and of crystallizing cells from inanimate matter, by Pasteur, Remak, and Virchow, to mention only the most prominent researchers, was a prerequisite for the start of numerous projects targeted at synthesizing life. These projects were guided by very different central conceptions, such as growth and form on the one hand, and specificity of organisms' molecules and reactions on the other. However, Deichmann does not support relativistic views, showing that though morphological-mathematical approaches succeeded to mimic certain properties of life, the underlying conceptions turned out not to be fruitful. All extant projects are based on the specificity of macromolecules as the basis of life. To understand what exactly synthetic biology is also requires an exposition of what, clearly, it is not. Michel Morange shows that the recurrent discourse among some synthetic biologists who claim that they will improve the functions of organisms and do what evolution was unable to accomplish does not correspond to reality. Further...

Childhood and child labour in the British industrial revolution1

Quantitative and qualitative analysis of a large number of autobiographies by working men who lived through the industrial revolution has demonstrated that there was an upsurge in child labour in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries with children's work entrenched in traditional sectors as well as spreading in newly mechanized factories and workshops. I have interpreted this rise in terms of the appearance of a new equilibrium in the early industrial economy with more and younger children at work. The new equilibrium, in turn, was related to a number of co‐incidental developments including: an increase in the relative productivity of children as a result of mechanization, new divisions of labour, and changes in the organization of work; the dynamics of competitive dependence linking labour market and families; high dependency ratios within families; stumbling male wages and pockets of poverty; family instability; and breadwinner frailty. The establishment of these links forges a new synchronization between revised views of the industrial revolution and a revisionist history of child labour.

Health workforce changes and the roles of information technology associated with these changes. “The Times They Are A‐Changin' ” (Bob Dylan, 1964)

Healthcare is considered a service profession and most of what clinicians do is manage information. Thus, information is not a necessary adjunct to care. It is care and effective patient management that require effective management of patients' clinical data. This perspective is supported by the World Health Organisation in its use of the quotation from Gonzalo Vecina Neto, head of the Brazilian National Health Regulatory Agency, 'There is no health without management, and there is no management without information'. This opinion paper discusses how traditional clinical decision-making led 'by the doctor' is unsustainable in the modern era and how e-technologies will facilitate distributed effective decision-making and new divisions of labour across the health workforce.

ESTRADA DE FERRO: o anúncio das metamorfoses de modernização do território no Sudeste Goiano

At the beginning of the twentieth century was a factor of prime importance for the start of the development of Goiás and the modernization of the territory: the arrival of the railroad in the Southeast portion of the state. The arrival of the railroad land in Goiás meant much more than a modern form of movement. Considered a symbol of modernity and capitalist expansion, the railroad made possible the integration of the state economy of southeastern Brazil, through a new division of labor, or more specifically, the capitalist relations of production. Thus, designing the railway as a symbol of capitalist expansion in Goiás, requires placing it in the list of changes that happened in this period in the forms of production and circulation and also in the livelihoods of the population of the geographic areas covered with the implementation of the rails. Logically, the stronger impact of the insertion of Mogiana railroad was built where the first part, covering the cities of Catalão, Goiandira, Ipameri, Pires do Rio and Urutaí.

Beyond Product Architecture: Division of Labor and Competence Accumulation in Complex Product Development

Firms that develop complex products have a strong incentive to leverage the suppliers’ specialized knowledge. On the other hand, firms are often confronted with a trade-off between the benefits of leveraging external sources of innovation and the benefits of competence accumulation provided by in-house design and engineering. Our study shows that this important trade-off originates from treating product architecture, the allocation of design and engineering tasks, and organization architecture as tightly coupled. Grounded in a longitudinal case study of a major European auto manufacturer and 16 of its first-tier suppliers, the article presents a new way of allocating design and engineering tasks along the auto manufacturer’s value chain which does not mirror product architecture. This new division of labor enabled unexpected competence accumulation trajectories that strongly contributed to mitigate the trade-off. On the basis of this new empirical evidence, the article offers managerial and theoretical implications for organizing the innovation of complex products.

UN peacekeeping in Africa: from the Suez crisis to the Sudan conflicts

Nearly half of all UN peacekeeping missions in the post-Cold War era have been in Africa, and the continent currently hosts the greatest number (and also the largest) of such missions in the world. Uniquely assessing five decades of UN peacekeeping in Africa, Adekeye Adebajo focuses on a series of questions: What accounts for the resurgence of UN peacekeeping efforts in Africa after the Cold War? What are the factors that have determined the success, or contributed to the failure, of the missions? Does the mandating of so many peacekeeping missions signify the failure of Africa's regional security organizations? And, crucially, how can a new division of labor be established between the UN and Africa's security organizations to more effectively manage conflicts on the continent? Adebajo's historically informed approach provides an in-depth analysis of the key domestic, regional, and external factors that shaped the outcomes of fifteen UN missions, offering critical lessons for future peacekeeping efforts in Africa and beyond.

Report of the President: The Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study

Report of the President:The Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study Mark Sandberg, SASS President Salt Lake City, Utah was the venue for the 102nd Annual Meeting of the Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study, which was held from May 3-5, 2012. Our colleagues at Brigham Young University, Christopher Oscarson, Nate Kramer, and Steven Sondrup, did a marvelous job organizing an unusually pleasant and rewarding conference in excellent facilities. Although attendance was lower overall than at our 2011 centennial conference in Chicago, many people mentioned how much they enjoyed the smaller scale and the greater opportunities to connect and discuss with those who were present. In honor of the Strindberg Year, the organizers invited Magnus Florin of the Royal Dramatic Theater in Stockholm to give the opening plenary speech on current stagings of Strindberg's dramas; at the conclusion of the conference, we followed up on that theme by unofficially dubbing this the "Intimate Conference," since, like Strindberg's Intima Teater, the size and scale allowed for more nuance and subtlety than the usual bustle makes possible. The SASS Executive Council met on Thursday, May 3, and the General Business Meeting was held late on Friday afternoon. Front and center in discussions at both meetings was a proposal that SASS had received from the University of Illinois Press in which it offered to assume management and publication of Scandinavian Studies. A comparative cost analysis was presented at the Council meeting that indicated that the proposed arrangement could be financially viable and even cost-efficient in the long run, especially taking into consideration prospects of augmented income from online distributors like JSTOR and Project MUSE and the ability of UIP to promote and advertise the journal. The Council postponed a final vote, directing the SASS President and Vice President to travel to the UIP editorial offices after the SASS conference [End Page 537] for a closer consultation with them about the services offered. There was a similar discussion in the General Business Meeting on Friday, where those attending were informed of the tentative plans. Vice President Tom DuBois and I subsequently made a trip to Champaign-Urbana in late May to meet with the proposed editorial staff. We were impressed with their very professional operation and workflow procedures and came away convinced that the journal would be in very good hands at the University of Illinois Press. An email vote among the members of the SASS Executive Council followed, resulting in the approval of the initial proposal and the subsequent contract details later in the summer. I should add that at the time of the annual meeting in May, we still did not have a new Editor appointed to replace Steven Sondrup, who had agreed to oversee publication of Scandinavian Studies through issue 85.2 in 2013. Negotiations soon thereafter produced an excellent candidate, Susan Brantly from the University of Wisconsin, Madison (which institution has kindly provided staff support for the operation going forward). Susan brings a wealth of editorial experience and good sense to the operation, and as a former President of SASS has the long-term interests of the society clearly in mind. We are extremely pleased to confirm her acceptance of the position for a five-year term. Assisting her as Book Review Editor for the same period will be Andrew Nestingen from the University of Washington. This new division of labor, which conforms more closely with the SASS constitution, will create an efficient division of labor and make each editorial assignment more manageable. These new editors and the University of Illinois Press production team all began their terms on January 1, 2013 and are already at work preparing journal issue 85.3, which will be their debut. Given this new arrangement, I am confident that the journal has a bright future and will be especially well equipped to meet new challenges in a time of big transitions overall in academic publishing. Steven Sondrup's consistent efforts to raise the academic standing of Scandinavian Studies over the course of the twenty-three years in which he has served ably and devotedly as Editor will surely continue on with this excellent new editorial staff. Other news...

A World in Emergence: Notes Toward a Resynthesis of Urban-Economic Geography for the 21st Century

The argument in this paper is that we now need to move beyond the theoretical horizons of postfordism and to seek out a sui generis description of contemporary capitalism and its urban-economic geography. Three major characteristics of today's capitalism are singled out as exerting major impacts on the geographical reconstruction of the world as we know it: (1) digital technologies, (2) the new division of labor, and (3) the deeply intensifying role of knowledge and human sensibility in the labor process. The implications of these phenomena for urban form and regional development are discussed, with special reference to the cognitive-cultural economy of large cities. Recent transformations of the interstitial spaces between these cities are also considered. The argument goes on to place all of these issues in a wider spatial and organizational context in which the world is represented as a multifaceted, multitiered system of spatial convergence and differentiation. Some of the broad cultural and political meanings of this process are considered.

Emerging cities of the third wave

I argue that three distinctive waves of urbanization can be recognized, each of them associated with a major historical phase of capitalist development. The leading edges of capitalism today can be typified in terms of a basic cognitive–cultural system of production that is transforming the economic foundations of many large metropolitan areas all over the world. This turn of events is evident in two further aspects of urbanization processes at the present time. First, a new division of labor is strongly under way with major implications for the restratification of urban labor markets and urban social life. Second, the economic and social transformations currently evident in large urban areas are provoking significant changes in the physical milieu and built form of the city, from gentrification to what I call aestheticized land use intensification. I attempt to synthesize important elements of the discussion by means of a disquisition on the city and the world, in which I point to some of the more outstanding institutional failures within the current system of neoliberal local–global development.

Childhood and child labour in the British Industrial Revolution

Quantitative and qualitative analysis of a large number of autobiographies by working men who lived through the industrial revolution has demonstrated that there was an upsurge in child labour in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries with children's work entrenched in traditional sectors as well as spreading in newly mechanized factories and workshops. I have interpreted this rise in terms of the appearance of a new equilibrium in the early industrial economy with more and younger children at work. The new equilibrium, in turn, was related to a number of co-incidental developments including: an increase in the relative productivity of children as a result of mechanization, new divisions of labour, and changes in the organization of work; the dynamics of competitive dependence linking labour market and families; high dependency ratios within families; stumbling male wages and pockets of poverty; family instability; and breadwinner frailty. The establishment of these links forges a new synchronization between revised views of the industrial revolution and a revisionist history of child labour.

The fragmentation of the global climate governance architecture

AbstractThe term fragmentation implies that policy domains are marked by a patchwork of public and private institutions that differ in their character, constituencies, spatial scope, subject matter, and objectives. While the degree of fragmentation varies across issue areas and their respective architectures, global climate politics is characterized by an advanced state of institutional diversity. In recent years, scholars have increasingly addressed this emerging phenomenon of international relations. The article finds that the predominant focus of these studies has been on dyadic overlaps, i.e., interlinkages between two institutions, and less on the overarching level of entire architectures and their degree of fragmentation. This goes in particular for research on the global climate change architecture. Many studies have attended to the relationship between the United Nations climate regime and other institutions: multilateral technology partnerships, regimes regulating other environmental domains like ozone or biological diversity, and regimes from non‐environmental issue areas like the world trade regime. However, a cross‐cutting account of these overlaps which addresses the overall implications of institutional fragmentation on climate change is still missing. As possible areas for further research the article identifies: consequences of fragmentation (e.g., a new division of labor or increased inter‐institutional conflict), fragmentation management and conditions of its effectiveness; theory‐driven analyses on the reasons of fragmentation within and across policy domains.WIREs Clim Change2011 2 255–270 DOI: 10.1002/wcc.104This article is categorized under:Policy and Governance > Multilevel and Transnational Climate Change Governance

The New Division of Labor in the Globalized Economy: Women’s Challenges and Opportunities

The way in which the new international division of labor (NIDL) in the globalized economy affects gender inequalities has not been sufficiently explored yet. The body of literature on commodity chains that has attempted to assess the welfare effects of the NIDL, especially in less developed countries, has paid sparse attention to gender issues. Globalization has entailed the deverticalization of commodity supply chains and the emergence of highly concentrated financial groups and transnational companies linked to a network of firms operating as affiliates and suppliers, namely the global commodity chains. The NIDL could worsen gender inequality, due to the particular organizational strategies in global commodity chains that privilege power, instead of trust and market exchange, as the major form of governance and means for resource allocation. Because women represent the poorest swathe of the world’s population, they suffer the most from the growing wealth inequality and the concentration of power produced by the NIDL. Moreover, because of the traditional sexual division of labor and because of their low status in society, women are the most harshly exploited subjects in the system. The general conclusion of the paper is that in the NIDL the main means of resource allocation are not competitive markets, as often suggested by the GCV literature and mainstream economics, but are instead power relations that ultimately stem from the patriarchal culture of violence and domination.