New Directions In Theory Research Articles

Interpersonal Influences of Emotions in the Workplace: New Directions in Theory and Research

In recent years, scholarly interest in the role of emotions in the workplace has been rapidly increasing. Whereas early research focused on individuals’ emotions as outcomes of workplace events, more recent studies have demonstrated that the emotions expressed by organizational members can also impact the perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors of others. However, the literature on the interpersonal effects of emotions is still in its infancy; we lack a precise understanding of when and how such interpersonal influence occurs. Drawing upon multiple theoretical perspectives and methodologies, this symposium brings together leading experts to provide new insights that can contribute to a richer and more precise understanding of the interpersonal effects of emotions in the workplace. Specifically, the presentations in this symposium (a) examine individual and personality differences (e.g., implicit theories of personality, cultural background) that influence how an observer responds to another person’s emotions, (b) identify important emotion characteristics (e.g., intensity, target, complexity) that moderate the effects of emotions on employees’ attitudes and behaviors, (c) highlight cognitive and affective mechanisms (e.g., inferences, attitude formation) linking antecedents to outcomes, and (d) identify a range of organizationally-relevant outcomes of expressing and observing emotions in the workplace (e.g., cooperation, relationship satisfaction, leadership effectiveness). In addition, the symposium will include an interactive discussion and question period aimed at shedding further light on these issues and identifying future research avenues. The Interpersonal Effects of Incidental Emotions in Negotiation Presenter: Annika Hillebrandt; Wilfrid Laurier U. Presenter: Laurie J. Barclay; Wilfrid Laurier U. Presenter: Russell Cropanzano; U. of Colorado, Boulder Everything in Moderation: The Social Effects of Anger Depend on Its Perceived Intensity Presenter: Hajo Adam; Northwestern U. Presenter: Jeanne M Brett; Northwestern U. Benefiting from Complexity: The Social Function of Emotional Complexity for Leaders Presenter: Naomi B. Rothman; Lehigh U. Presenter: Shimul Melwani; U. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill How Implicit Theories of Personality Shape Interpretations and Outcomes of Leader Anger Expression Presenter: Bo Shao; U. of New South Wales Presenter: Lu Wang; U. of New South Wales

Mapping the frontier of theory in industrial relations: the contested role of worker representation

The widespread decline of trade unions and the emergence of various alternative forms of worker voice and representation have posed a challenge to the field of industrial relations and generated significant rethinking of the future directions for this field of study. In this article, we examine how well industrial relations meta-theories, when combined with efforts to build middle-range theories, provide distinctive explanations and different predictions for the alternatives that have emerged to date to fill the void. We propose new directions for theory and research that expand the range of actors or institutions that shape employment relations and include social identities outside of the employment relationship as the basis for mobilizing collective actions and voice. Finally, we suggest using these theoretical arguments to test among alternatives as a means of revitalizing and reshaping industrial relations as well as carrying forward the problem-solving norms that have characterized the field since its inception.

An arts‐informed study of information using the draw‐and‐write technique

There are untold conceptions of information in information science, and yet the nature of information remains obscure and contested. This article contributes something new to the conversation as the first arts‐informed, visual, empirical study of information utilizing the draw‐and‐write technique. To approach the concept of information afresh, graduate students at a North American iSchool were asked to respond to the question “What is information?” by drawing on a 4‐ by 4‐inch piece of paper, called an iSquare. One hundred thirty‐seven iSquares were produced and then analyzed using compositional interpretation combined with a theoretical framework of graphic representations. The findings indicate how students visualize information, what was drawn, and associations between the iSquares and prior renderings of information based on words. In the iSquares, information appears most often as pictures of people, artifacts, landscapes, and patterns. There are also many link diagrams, grouping diagrams, symbols, and written text, each with distinct qualities. Methodological reflections address the relationship between visual and textual data, and the sample for the study is critiqued. A discussion presents new directions for theory and research on information, namely, the iSquares as a thinking tool, visual stories of information, and the contradictions of information. Ideas are also provided on the use of arts‐informed, visual methods and the draw‐and‐write technique in the classroom.

Review of Remembering with emotion in dynamic psychotherapy: New directions in theory and technique.

Remembering With Emotion in Dynamic Psychotherapy: New Directions in Theory and Technique, by Steven ?. Sandler. Lanham, MD: Jason Aronson, 2011. 223 Pages (ISBN 978-07657-0827-4, US $60.00 Hardcover; ISBN 978-0-7657-0829-8 US $59.99 eBook)Reviewed by JEAN DESCOTEAUXDOl: Ι0.Ι037/a003Ι312In this work, the author strives to integrate key concepts from various theories of emotion, attachment, and memory in order to elucidate the theory and practice of psychodynamic In this respect, the book's content is most contemporary: An increasing number of volumes in psychology are drawing upon theories of emotion in an effort to solidify the concepts that they present. Although the discussion of theoretical concepts in this book is simple and accessible, it goes further than others in that it outlines practical applications.This effort to explore practical applications, is however, limited to intervention techniques that fall under the rubric of short-term dynamic psychotherapy. These techniques require a certain degree of specialized training; therapists usually master them only after having become adept at more conventional psychodynamic methods. Consequently, although the intended audience consists of beginning psychotherapists of all theoretical orientations, those with a few years of practice under their belt will most likely derive maximum benefit from the book's content. Still, the theoretical notions in the volume are applicable to all types of therapy, both time-limited and longer-term, and are likely to be of interest to a large audience.The book is divided into three parts. The first section covers the theoretical aspects of working with emotion in dynamic In it, the author proposes a new classification scheme for emotions: those that favour approach and expansion, such as joy and pride, and those that bring about withdrawal and retraction, such as anxiety and shame. The author justifies his taxonomy briefly and cites some references, but it would have been good to include the perspectives of pioneers in the field, such as Nico Frijda. In general, the references cited in the book appear to be anecdotal, targeting specific support instead of including a more general critical discussion.Avoiding the question of what an emotion is, the author emphasizes two processes of withdrawal or retraction that are central in psychotherapy: anxiety and depression. Interestingly, he formulates the hypothesis that protective mechanisms such as anxiety or depression are adaptive in the short term when the individual faces a threat. The context (Is action possible or not?) and the genetic predispositions of the person would thus determine, to a large extent, his or her choices and reactions. From this perspective, the author criticizes the pharmacological vision of inherited neurotransmitter dysfunction. Instead, he proposes that it is not a matter of attempting to compensate for some kind of deficiency with medication, but rather a question of discovering the characteristics of the threat, which are often internal and which maintain genetically predisposed moods and behaviours. The author suggests that most of these genetic predispositions represent normal variations and are thus not abnormal in nature.The chapter on psychological defenses is less original, insisting on the emotion-regulation function. But it contains a number of pertinent examples that illustrate defense mechanisms, along with suggestions for intervention. The chapter on attachment leaves a similar impression; it explores the development of an image of the therapist as an attachment figure and includes an expose of the classic categories. Finally, the last chapter of the section presents the usual elements of assessment: symptoms, intrapersonal processes (emotions, defense mechanisms), interpersonal process, prognosis, and motivation to treatment.The second part of the book deals with intervention. …

Barriers and Gateways to Forgiveness in the Workplace: New Directions in Theory and Research

Over the past decade, scholarly interest in forgiveness in the workplace has been rapidly increasing. However, there have been numerous questions raised related to the effects of forgiveness in the...

Book review: Fergus McNeill, Peter Raynor, Chris Trotter (eds.), Offender Supervision: New directions in theory, research and practice

Book review: Fergus McNeill, Peter Raynor, Chris Trotter (eds.), Offender Supervision: New directions in theory, research and practice

Boundaryless Careers: Bringing Back Boundaries

Boundaryless career theories are increasingly prominent in career studies and management studies, and provide a new ‘status quo’ concerning modern careers. This paper contextualizes the boundaryless careers literature within management studies, and evaluates its contributions, including broadening concepts of career and focusing interorganizational career phenomena. It acknowledges the considerable stimulus given to career studies by this literature, but also offers a critique based on five issues: inaccurate labelling; loose definitions; overemphasis on personal agency; the normalization of boundaryless careers; and poor empirical support for the claimed dominance of boundaryless careers. Because these problems render the boundaryless career concept increasingly obsolete as a ‘leading edge’ construct in career studies, we offer new directions for theory and research. In particular we re-examine the role of career boundaries, and suggest the development of new, boundary-focused careers scholarship based on boundary theory, to facilitate studies of the processes whereby career boundaries are created, and their effects in constraining, enabling and punctuating careers.

State and nation in twentieth-century Japan: toward an interpretive framework

This article suggests new directions in theories of Japanese nationalism that go beyond current theoretical assumptions that set ethnic (minzoku) and civic (kokumin) forms of nationalism against each other. Arguing that renewed attention to the concept of the state (kokka) is needed, it then explores influential Japanese ideas about the state, particular those of Kawamura Matasuke and Tanaka Kōtarō, along with other theories that argue that social organizations should be seen primarily as moral communities. This perspective, when incorporated into Tanaka's theory of world law, offers a mechanism for rehabilitating the state and the nation, even ethnic nations, for a global community that is accountable to the moral principles of the universal natural law.

Race and Criminal Justice; Children as Victims; Social Work: The Rise and Fall of a Profession?; Offender Supervision: New Directions in Theory, Research and Practice

Race and Criminal Justice; Children as Victims; Social Work: The Rise and Fall of a Profession?; Offender Supervision: New Directions in Theory, Research and Practice

Book Review: Offender Supervision: New Directions in Theory, Research and Practice

Book Review: Offender Supervision: New Directions in Theory, Research and Practice

How does Socio-Political Context Shape Daily Living: The Case of Jews and Arabs in Israel

The present paper addresses a timely topic by exploring the contribution of cultural, ethnic, and contextual attributes to close relationships within particular armed-political conflict. It is based on a series of studies to examine the daily lives of Jews and Arabs with different cultural orientations within the context of armed political conflict. In Study 1, we surveyed 697 Jewish and 300 Arab respondents to examine the extent to which daily occurrences are similarly experienced as stressful by different cultural and socio-political groups and how those occurrences relate to life and marital satisfaction. In Study 2, we employed a daily diary methodology with a sample of 300 couples to explore how daily fluctuations in psychological well-being and marital relationships relate to daily hassles. Security-related stress was perceived as the main source of stress for both Jews and Arabs, but on a daily basis it had little or no effect on well-being and marital relationships. The findings attest to the significance of the socio-political context within which people of different ethnic and cultural identity experience their daily lives. In so doing, this article advances new directions for theory and research.

There is more to mind reading than having theory of mind concepts: new directions in theory of mind research

AbstractFor more than 30 years, researchers have focused on the important transition that children undergo between the ages of 3 and 5, when they start to solve mind‐reading problems that require reasoning about complex mental states, such as beliefs. The main question for debate has been whether, during that transition, children acquire new concepts about how the mind works (i.e. a more sophisticated ‘theory of mind’) or whether their more general cognitive abilities improve and help them deal with the general task demands. Recently, researchers have started to explore mind‐reading abilities in individuals outside of the classic 3–5 age span, showing early theory of mind abilities in ever‐younger children and infants, but also far from flawless performance in adults. In this article, we show how the results of these two new lines of research converge on the idea that there is more to mind reading than having theory of mind concepts: there are various processes required to efficiently implement theory of mind concepts in our reasoning, and there may be, in fact, multiple mind‐reading routes available. We then highlight the emergent new directions for future research. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Conflict-in-Transformation: Ethics, Phenomenology and the Critique of the ‘Liberalizing’ Peace

Conflict transformation, and the ‘liberalizing peace’ paradigm of which it is a part, applies a specific ethos of transformation to the project of peacebuilding. This ethos reshapes conflict and the ways in which it is manifested. An ethico-phenomenological approach is used here to examine the phenomenon of ‘conflict-in-transformation’ (as opposed to ‘peace’) that this creates. To this end, the ethical critiques of Charles Taylor, the literature on ‘emancipatory’ forms of peacebuilding and the European Union's Programmes for Peace and Reconciliation in Northern Ireland are examined. This analysis is applied to phenomena of conflict-in-transformation in post-1998 Northern Ireland. In examining this case, the article highlights how an ethico-phenomenological approach can help to identify the (new) forms of conflict engendered by the liberalizing peace paradigm, with a view to transcending these through the development of new directions in theory and practice.

Polymer physics of the cell

Biological physics is in its heyday: we are witnessing the great success of single molecule techniques, new possibilities for probing and manipulating biological systems, and new theoretical concepts. For instance, optical tweezers allow one to manipulate individual biopolymers and obtain previously inaccessible results. These include measurements of the interaction between single stranded DNA binding proteins and the DNA molecule itself, and confirmation of 1D motion along the DNA chain. New optical methods allow the motion of individual particles within a cell to be tracked in space and time. Such experimental advances also inspire new directions for theory. For instance, the exploration of fluctuation theorems has added a completely new perspective to statistical mechanics. This focus issue brings together a number of studies that exemplify this development. The papers range from conceptual statistical mechanical approaches to biopolymer physics to cell mechanics.

Crime, Justice, and the Under‐Laborer: On the Criminology of the Shadow and the Search for Disciplinary Identity and Legitimacy

This article proposes an alternative vision for what criminal justice can represent such that its interests in becoming a full‐fledged academic discipline are advanced. Linked to philosophical inquiry (the under‐laborer), emphasis is placed on explicating how insights derived from ontology, epistemology, aesthetics, and ethics underscore the field. Coupled with this more probing excursion is psychoanalytic reflexivity (the criminology of the shadow). The manner in which the philosophical lens informs criminal justice is delineated, and the logic of this shadow criminology is described. As dimensions of an inclusive organizing scheme, their potential for fostering integration in crime and justice studies consistent with the goals of disciplinary identity and legitimacy is explored. The implications of the proposed model—especially for charting a new direction in theory, research, policy, and pedagogy—are also highlighted.

International Employment Discrimination and Implicit Social Cognition: New Directions for Theory and Research

This article contends that a complete understanding of employment discrimination should consider conscious and unconscious sources of bias. Research on implicit social cognition has described how prejudice and stereotypes operate at an unconscious level. These processes are believed to be fundamental properties of human cognition and universal across cultures; although specific targets of discrimination may vary by culture. Within an employment framework, implicit social cognitions can be measured to determine the extent to which unconscious prejudices influence organisational behavior. Human resource practices designed to minimise unfair employment discrimination may require interventions that operate at conscious and unconscious levels.Cet article soutient que la compréhension complète de la discrimination à l’embauche devrait prendre en compte les sources conscientes et inconscientes de ce phénomène. La recherche sur la cognition sociale implicite a décrit comment les préjugés et les stéréotype opèrent à un niveau inconscient. Ces processus sont pensés comme étant des propriétés fondamentales de la cognition humaine et universels du point de vue des cultures; bien que les cibles spécifiques de la discrimination puissent varier selon ces dernières. Dans le cadre d’une embauche, les cognitions sociales implicites peuvent être mesurées pour déterminer l’importance avec laquelle les préjugés inconscients influencent le comportement organisationnel. En matière de ressources humaines, les pratiques prévues pour réduire au minimum l’injuste discrimination à l’embauche peuvent exiger des interventions agissant aux niveaux conscient et inconscient.

An integrative model of effort propensity

Over twenty years ago, Mitchell [Mitchell, T.R. (1982) Motivation: New directions for theory, research, and practice. Academy of Management Review, 7:80–88.] called for research which integrates and competitively tests the multitude of motivation theories competitively. Yet, with few exceptions, theories of motivation tend to be narrow in focus. However, many motivation theories incorporate similar predictor variables such as job satisfaction, perceived equity, and organizational commitment, suggesting that theory integration is warranted. In this paper, several literatures are reviewed which deal with employee effort at different levels (e.g., withholding effort, offering extra effort). “Effort propensity” is offered as an appropriate integrating variable, and an integrative model of effort propensity which pulls these various literatures together and stimulates the type of research described by Mitchell [Mitchell, T.R. (1982) Motivation: New directions for theory, research, and practice. Academy of Management Review, 7:80–88.] is proposed.

Theory and Practice in Health Communication Campaigns: A Critical Interrogation

In recent reviews of the body of work on health campaigns, communication scholars discussed the importance of reflective thinking about the capacity of campaigns to effect change; this reflective thinking is especially important in the realm of the increasing gaps in society between the health rich and the health poor and the increasing marginalization of the poorer sections of society. This article critically reviews 3 central theories of health communication campaigns that represent the dominant cognitive approach: theory of reasoned action, health belief model, and the extended parallel process model. After articulating the limitations of these theoretical approaches, the article summarizes new directions in theory, methodology, and application of health communication campaigns targeting marginalized populations.

Tuning Systems: From Composition to Performance

This paper gives a summary of some of the work of the Performance Evaluation Process Algebra (PEPA) project, which was awarded the 2004 Roger Needham Award from the BCS. Centred on the PEPA modelling formalism, the project has sought to balance theory and practice. Theoretical developments have been tested and validated by application to a wide range of problems and such case studies have provided the stimulus for new directions in theory. Both aspects of the work are presented in summary as well as some current and future research topics.

Kokot, Tölölyan, and Carolin (eds.), Diaspora, Identity and Religion: new directions in theory and research

Kokot, Tölölyan, and Carolin (eds.), <i>Diaspora, Identity and Religion: new directions in theory and research</i>