New Cases Of Colon Cancer Research Articles

ZMIZ1 Regulates Proliferation, Autophagy and Apoptosis of Colon Cancer Cells by Mediating Ubiquitin-Proteasome Degradation of SIRT1.

There are nearly 1.15 million new cases of colon cancer, as well as 586,858 deaths from colon cancer worldwide in 2020. The aim of this study is to reveal whether ZMIZ1 can control the fate of colon cancer cells and the mechanism by which it functions. Specific shRNA transfection was used to knock down the expression of ZMIZ1 in colon cancer cell lines (HCT116 and HT29), and cell proliferation was detected using EdU and CCK-8 reagents, apoptosis by flow cytometry, and autophagy by western blot. The interaction of ZMIZ1 and SIRT1 was analyzed. Knockdown of ZMIZ1 significantly inhibited autophagy and proliferation, and induced apoptosis of HCT116 and HT29 cells. The mRNA level of SIRT1 was not affected by ZMIZ1 knockdown, but the protein level of SIRT1 was significantly decreased and the protein level of the SIRT1-specific substrate, acetylated FOXO3a, was reduced. Immunoprecipitation assays identified the interaction between SIRT1 and ZMIZ1 in HCT116 and HT29 cells. ZMIZ1 increased intracellular ubiquitination of SIRT1. Knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of SIRT1 neutralized the effects of ZMIZ knockdown on proliferation, autophagy and apoptosis in HCT116 and HT29 cells. ZMIZ1 may control the fate of colon cancer cells through the SIRT1/FOXO3a axis. Targeting ZMIZ1 would be beneficial for the treatment of colon cancer.

Retrospective Study about the Impact of the Negative Lymph Node Count on the Survival Rate of Stage III Colon Cancer

Background Colorectal cancer is the fourth most frequently diagnosed cancer and the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States. In 2019, an estimated 101,420 new cases of colon cancer and approximately 44,180 cases of rectal cancer occur. During the same year, an estimated 51,020 people will die of colon and rectal cancer combined. Aim of the Work The aim of this study was to assess the role of negative lymph node count as a predictor of prognosis in patients with stage III colon cancer. Patients and Methods During the five years period from January 2013 till the end of December 2018; about 2417 patients presented to the Clinical Oncology Department, Ain Shams University Hospital per year. Out of which, about 132 cases were pathologically diagnosed as colorectal cancer cases of which 42 cases met the inclusion criteria of our study. Results The current study showed that increased NLN was insignificantly correlated with improved PFS in stage III colon cancer. Subgroup analysis found that the prognostic value of NLN was independent on gender, age, sideness of disease. These findings may be related to the lack of our sample size; more importantly, other mechanisms involved are unclear. Here, it must be mentioned that there was no significant difference in the survival between the NLN ≤11 and >11 groups in stage IIIB disease compared with that in stage IIIA and IIIC disease. The patients with stage IIIB accounted for 59.5 % of the total number of patients, while the number of IIIA and IIIC patients only accounted for 40.4%, making it difficult to draw meaningful results. Conclusion Our study suggests that NLN cannot function as independent indicator of survival of patients with stage III colon cancer. Regardless patient characteristics (gender, age or sideness of disease).

Evaluation Changes in Indicators of Oncological Service in Colon Cancer in Kazakhstan

According to World Health Organization (2020), about 1.148.515 new cases of colon cancer (СС) are registered annually. Colorectal cancer currently (2020) ranks fourth (9.4%) in the structure of cancer incidence in Kazakhstan. At the same time, about 4.9% of new cases of all registered cases of cancer annually account for CC. The purpose of the study was to evaluate some indicators of the oncological service of Kazakhstan on CC in 2010-2019. Methods. The material of study was the data of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan – annual Form No. 7 and 35 concerning CC (ICD 10 – C18) for 2010-2019 – morbidity, mortality, early diagnosis, neglect, morphological verification. A retrospective study using descriptive and analytical methods of biomedical statistics was used as the main method. Results. In 2010-2019, 15.834 new cases of CC and 7.694 deaths from this pathology were registered in Kazakhstan. CC incidence tended to increase from 8.3±0.20/0000 (2010) to 8.8±0.20/0000 in 2019 (p=0.077). In dynamics, mortality rates from СC tended to decrease from 4.9±0.20/0000 (2010) to 3.9±0.10/0000 in 2019 (p=0.000). The study reveals a trend: the indicators of early diagnosis (the proportion of patients with stage I-II) improved from 31.4% (2010) to 57.4% in 2019, and, accordingly, the proportion of neglected patients decreased significantly with stage III (from 49.4% to 29.2%) and with stage IV (from 18.7% to 12.8%). Morphological verification indicators for СС improved by 34.2%, from 85.2% and 95.2%, respectively, in 2010 and 2019. Conclusions. Positive changes in the indicators of the oncological service were revealed: an increase in the proportion of morphological verification and early detection, a decrease in the proportion of patients with stage III-IV at the time of diagnosis and a decrease in mortality from СC. All this indicates a positive effect of the anti-cancer measures used, such as screening for CRC.

Abstract 1547: LncRNA UCA1 modulates glucose metabolism proteins in colorectal cancer

Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the primary cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. According to the American Cancer Society, it is the third most common cancer diagnosed in adults in the United States. It will have an estimated 149,500 new cases of colon cancer in 2021. In addition, studies show CRC has increased morbidity with obesity and obesity-related diseases such as diabetes. In a geographical area of The Rio Grande Valley which has a high incidence of diabetes, understanding the connection between CRC and diabetes is essential. Our lab identified LncRNA UCA1, a poor prognosis marker in CRC, responsible for increased proliferation and upregulating glucose metabolic pathway. First, we investigated the possible role of UCA1 in glucose metabolism, finding that UCA1 overexpressing cells (SW480+UCA1) showed a higher glucose consumption than their vector. The inverse of this trend was established when we knockdown UCA1 (SW620+shUCA1). Further, we found that overexpressing UCA1 increases the migration, invasion, and proliferation of SW480 cells. A vital aspect of the metastatic progression is when the cell survives detachment from the extracellular matrix. A route in which they overcome apoptosis is through modulation of the metabolic pathways, upregulating such markers as GLUT1, FDFT1, SGK1, and HIF1α. At 36hrs of anchorage-independent stimulation, we found an uptick in glucose consumption and lactate production and an increase in the expression of GLUT1, FDFT1, SGK1, and HIF1α compared to 0hrs. The Warburg effect is when glycolysis is no longer connected to the tricarboxylic acid cycle or oxidative phosphorylation. The increase in expression of the markers GLUT1, FDFT1, SGK1, and HIF1α indicates aerobic metabolic activity during anchorage-independent growth with UCA1 expression. This relationship needs to be further examined and could lead to understanding the increased morbidity associated with diabetes and CRC. Citation Format: Sophia Leslie, Kyle Doxtater, Samantha Lopez, Adithya Anilkumar, Meena Jaggi, Subhash Chauhan, Manish Tripathi. LncRNA UCA1 modulates glucose metabolism proteins in colorectal cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 1547.

The cytotoxic effects of green synthesized AgCl2 nanoparticles on colon cancer (SW480) cells

Nanoparticles are materials having one of the dimensions in the range of 1–100 nm (Hussain et al., 2016). The development of efficient green chemistry methods using plants for synthesis of well-characterized nanoparticles has become a major focus of researchers. Nanoparticles produced by plants are more stable and more various in shape and size (Iravani, 2011). It has been shown that silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) preparation by green synthesis have significant advantages over conventional methods by chemical agents that are toxic to environment (Sharma, et al., 2009). AgNPs have significant place in nanotechnology because of their exceptional biological properties, and hence applications (Rafique et al., 2017). Various plant extracts have been used to synthesize AgNPs (Li et al., 2007; Srikar et al., 2016; Mussin et al., 2021). Although various plant components have been used as potential agents for green synthesis of AgNPs, synthesizing stable and widely applicable AgNPs is a challenge to the researchers (Srikar et al., 2016).Colon cancer is one of the leading tumors worldwide and the numbers of new cases of colon cancer is increasing rapidly. The incidence and mortality of colon cancer have been increasing during recent years even in the young adults below the age of 50 (Ahmed, 2020). Colon cancer is a neoplasm of an epithelial origin that increases exponentially with age (Jensen, 2019). Colon cancer treatments can include surgery, radiofrequency ablation, cryosurgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy. Newer cytotoxic chemotherapies and novel biologic agents have been investigated to be applied for colon cancer treatment. Despite significant advanced in colon cancer treatment, it still causes considerable morbidity and mortality due to unsuccessful therapy (Segal and Saltz, 2009; Chakrabarti et al., 2020).Recently AgNPs have gained considerable attention for use in cancer therapy. It has been shown that AgNPs have suppressive effects against colon tumor mediated by cell apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction (Gurunathan et al., 2018). AgNPs synthesized from leaf extract of Vitex negundo L. has been reported to have cytotoxic effects of on human colon cancer cell line HCT15 (Prabhu et al., 2013). Green synthesized AgNPs have also anticancer effects on human neonatal skin stromal cells (hSSCs) and colon cancer cells (HT115) in vitro (AlSalhi et al., 2016). In this study we investigated the cytotoxic effects of green synthesized AgCl2 nanoparticles on colon cancer (SW480) cells in vitro. Onopordum acanthium extract was used to synthesize AgCl2 nanoparticles. Onopordum acanthium was applied traditionally as bactericide and antitumor agent (Al-Snafi, 2020). Colon cancer (SW480) cell line was purchased from Pasteur Institute of Iran and cultured growth medium until they reached 80-90% confluence. The cells were then treated with different concentrations (1.5625, 3.125, 6.25, 12.5, 25 and 50 μg/ml) of AgCl2 nanoparticle for 24 hours. MTT assay was used to measure cytotoxicity of AgCl2 nanoparticles against SW480 cells. Cell viability significantly decreased in SW40 cells treated with 6.25, 12.5, 25 and 50 μg/ml of AgCl2 nanoparticle. Our findings indicated that green synthesized AgCl2 nanoparticles have cytotoxic effects against colon cancer (SW480) cells in vitro.

Tratamiento del cáncer de recto

Mortality from rectal cancer continues to be a matter of concern and health impact. Worldwide, colorectal cancer is in 3rd place in terms of incidence. In the United States, for the year 2015, 93,090 new cases of colon cancer and 36,610 of the rectum are calculated. In France, the incidence of rectal cancer currently oscillates at 15,000 new cases per year.1 In Uruguay, the National Cancer Registry of the Honorary Commission for the Fight against Cancer 2014, publishes the results of cancer incidence in Uruguay in the period 2007-2011.2 The incidence of colorectal cancer in men showed incidence figures of 38.07 with a mortality of 19.23 (3rd place behind prostate and lung) and in women an incidence of 27.28 with a mortality of 12.73 ( 2nd place, behind breast) per 100.00 inhabitants respectively. The estimate made for the year 2030 marks an increase in incidence close to 25% for both sexes (according to figures from Globocan WHO). This marks a worrying health reality and demands a joint effort and active policies with a view to improving results. Rectal cancer treatment has undergone major changes in the last 30 years. The introduction of total mesorectal excision (TME) in 1982 by R. Heald, associated with the important advances in the field of oncology and radiotherapy have modified the evolution of these patients. The introduction of laparoscopic surgery, new surgical techniques that make it possible to push the limit of sphincter preservation increasingly distal, and the expectations posed by robotic surgery, make distal rectal cancer a current topic. The Advances in associated disciplines such as imaging have allowed precise selection and optimization of treatments.

Melatonin inhibits proliferation and viability and promotes apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells via upregulation of the microRNA-34a/449a cluster.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) has a significant burden on healthcare systems worldwide, and is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates in patients. In 2020, the estimated new cases of colon cancer in the United States are 78,300 in men and 69,650 in women. Thus, developing effective and novel alternative agents and adjuvants with reduced side effects is important to reduce the lethality of the disease and improve the quality of life of patients. Melatonin, a pineal hormone that possesses numerous physiological functions, including anti-inflammatory and antitumor activities, can be found in various tissues, including the gastrointestinal tract. Melatonin exerts anticarcinogenic effects via various mechanisms; however, the identified underlying molecular mechanisms do not explain the full breadth of anti-CRC effects mediated by melatonin. MicroRNAs (miRs) serve critical roles in tumorigenesis, however, whether melatonin can inhibit CRC by regulating miRs is not completely understood. In the present study, the roles and mechanism underlying melatonin in CRC were investigated. The proliferation of human CRC cells was tested by CCK8, EDU and colony formation assay. The apoptosis of cancer cells was detected by flow cytometry and western blotting. A xenograft mouse model was constructed and the proliferation and apoptosis of tumor tissue was detected by Ki-67 and TUNEL staining assay respectively. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blotting were performed to measure the regulation of miRs on mRNA, and the dual-luciferase report analysis experiment was used to verify the direct target genes of miRs. Compared with the control group, melatonin inhibited viability and proliferation, and induced apoptosis in CRC cells. Additionally, the effect of melatonin in a xenograft mouse model was assessed. Compared with the control group, melatonin significantly enhanced the expression levels of the miR-34a/449a cluster, reduced CRC cell proliferation and viability, and increased CRC cell apoptosis. Finally, the dual-luciferase reporter assay indicated that Bcl-2 and Notch1 were the target mRNAs of the miR-34a/449a cluster. To the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first to suggest that melatonin inhibited proliferation and viability, and promoted apoptosis in CRC cells via upregulating the expression of the miR-34a/449a cluster in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, melatonin may serve as a potential therapeutic for CRC.

Mo1657 EVALUATION OF SAFETY, USABILITY, AND PATIENT COMPLIANCE USING C-SCAN SYSTEM FOR COLORECTAL CANCER SCREENING: US PILOT STUDY

Current strategies to prevent colorectal cancer (CRC) vary considerably with regard to effectiveness, up-front costs, risks, invasiveness and patient compliance. A known barrier for patients is the cleanse needed for colonoscopy. A non-invassive screening test where structural information could be provided, but not require cleansing of the colon. The C-Scan® capsule-based system is a preparation-free test for CRC screening. The system is based on a low dose radioactive (RA) sealed source embedded in the C-Scan capsule, which radiates X-Rays through a collimator to all directions. The capsule starts scanning in the cecum and the X-ray is emitted when the capsule is passing through. When not moving the capsule is set at an idle mode and the radiation X-ray source is blocked. During the passage of the capsule in the colon, it transmits information to a recorder. The data from the C-Scan Track is then analyzed. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the safety, usability and patient compliance of the C-Scan System (image 1). A multicenter prospective open label single arm study enrolled patients who were eligible for CRC screening. 40 out of 45 patients were included in the study. The five patients not included were unable to swallow the capsule (n=2) or had renal impairment. Mean age was 52.9 ± 5.7 years and 35.8% were male with 85% being Caucasian. No serious adverse events occurred. The most common complaint was self-limiting abdominal cramping from fiber to aid capsule transit. All patients passed the capsule. The mean radiation exposure was 8.4±7.6 (μSv) ,less than a CXR. The mean capsule transit time from ingestion to expulsion was 65.2Hr ± 51.9 Hr. Patient compliance was 100% with all 40 patients that swallowed the capsule. Satisfaction was based on a survey questionnaire using a scoring system 1(strongly disagree) to 5(strongly agree). C-scan was deemed easier than colonoscopy with a score of 4.05 compared to 2.91. C-scan was also more likely be recommended with a score of 4.18 compared 2.86 for colonoscopy. The C-Scan view output data included YES / NO for identification of patients with colon polyps. In 3 patients (10.7% of the analyzed patients), polyps at a size range of 6-9mm were found at colonoscopy. C-Scan identified polyps in 2/3 polyps. Of the 9 patients excluded (data capture failure) from C-scan analysis, 2 had a positive FIT test and polyps >10 mm detected at colonoscopy. To continue to reduce new cases of colon cancer each year, CRC screening compliance is key. Colonoscopy is the gold standard, but patient adherence remains a challenge. In this study, C-Scan demonstrated safety with high patient satisfaction and compliance. Future are planned to improve data capture allowing for increased C-scan analysis and to assess polyp detection in comparison to colonoscopy.

Complete Response to Stage IV Colorectal Adenocarcinoma with Disease-free Survival at 24 Months: Case Report and Overview of the Literature

Over 150,000 new cases of colon cancer were diagnosed in the US in 2019. Stage and age at diagnosis are important prognostic factors for overall survival (OS). For the age group 70-79, the OS for females with poorly differentiated stage IV colon cancer at 1, 2 and 5 years after surgery is 39%, 15%, and 2%, respectively. We present a case of a 77-year-old female with significant cardiac history. She was diagnosed with stage IV colorectal cancer complicated with enteric fistula. Due to her initial performance status and comorbidities, she was not a candidate for surgery or systemic chemotherapy. Nonetheless, and giving her tumor was microsatellite unstable, she was treated with neo-adjuvant immunotherapy. She achieved complete pathological remission with no evidence of disease found upon surgical resection, for which she eventually qualified due to improvement of performance status. Patient is alive and free of disease 24 months after operation.

Synthesis of Asymmetric 1-Thiocarbamoyl Pyrazoles as Potent Anti- Colon Cancer, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Agent.

Cancer is one of the leading diseases responsible for deaths in the society. According to the American cancer society, there will be 95,270 new cases of colon cancer in the U.S. in 2016. When a normal cell turns cancerous they develop into tumours, which produce various pro-inflammatory and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that attract leukocytes to the site of growth. The main aim of this paper is to introduce readers about the increased number of cancer patient, effects of cancer and need of research on same. The target molecules were prepared by reacting pyrazolealdehyde with appropriate aromatic ketone by using polyethylene glycol (PEG-300) as green solvent and catalyst to yield chalcone. Furthermore, the reaction of chalcones with thiosemicabazide yields asymmetric 1-thiocarbamoyl pyrazoles. All the newly synthesized compounds were in vitro screened for their anticancer activities against Colon SW-620 by employing the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay method. Also all the synthesized compounds tested for in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity by using known literature methods. Preliminary in vitro evaluation indicated that most of the compounds 4c, 4d and 4e possess distinct cytotoxicity profile against Colon SW-620 cell line compared to standard drug adriamycin. All the tested compounds showed good to excellent antioxidant activity against one or more reactive (H2O2, DPPH, SOR and NO) radical scavenging species. Additionally, all the synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro antiinflammatory activity. Compounds 4a, 4b and 4e shows potent anti-inflammatory activity as compared to diclofenac sodium as a standard reference. New anti- Colon SW-620 cancer agents are the need of time, we trust that 1-thiocarbamoyl pyrazole derivatives 4c, 4d and 4e constitute an interesting template for the evaluation of new anticancer agent also antioxidant and anti-inflammatory work may provide an interesting insight for further development.

COMP Gene Coexpresses With EMT Genes and Is Associated With Poor Survival in Colon Cancer Patients

BackgroundAbout 1.2 million new cases of colon cancer (CC) and 0.6 million deaths are reported every year, establishing CC as an important contributor to worldwide cancer morbidity and mortality. Although the overall incidence and mortality of CC have declined over the past 3 decades, the number of early-onset colon cancer ([EOCC], patients <50 y old) continues to rise alarmingly. These young patients are often diagnosed at a more advanced stage and tend to have poor survival. Our recently published data showed that the cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) is overexpressed in early-onset colon cancer patients. COMP is also reported in several cancers to coexpress with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) transcription factors. Given the role of EMT in cancer metastasis and cell invasion, we assessed the correlation between COMP gene expression and EMT gene expression in CC, and COMP's relationship to patient survival. MethodsmRNA expression of COMP was compared to that of EMT markers using the UCSC Cancer Genomics Browser. Survival analysis was performed using the UCSC Xena Browser for cancer genomics. ResultsExpression analysis revealed coexpression of COMP with the EMT markers CDH2, FN1, VIM, TWIST1, TWIST2, SNAI1, SNAI2, ZEB1, ZEB2, POSTN, MMP2, MMP9, and COL1A1. Samples that were more mesenchymal had higher expression levels of COMP and EMT markers, thus suggesting a potential role of COMP in EMT. Patients with increased COMP expression presented with poorer overall survival compared to patients with no change or reduced COMP expression (P = 0.02). ConclusionsThese findings reveal COMP as a potential biomarker for CC especially in more aggressive CC and CC in young patients, with a likely role in EMT during tumor metastasis and invasion, and a contributing factor to patient survival.

A Perspective Discussion on Rising Pesticide Levels and Colon Cancer Burden in Brazil.

Agriculture is a mainstay of many developing countries’ economy, such as Brazil. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Brazil is the major global consumer of pesticides. Irrespective of the fact that the International Agency for Research on Cancer suggests that pesticides promote human cancer risk, a prospective study reports that colorectal cancer (CRC) burden will increase in developing countries by approximately 60% in the coming decades. Here, we review the literature and public data from the Brazilian Federal Government to explore why pesticides levels and new cases of colon cancer (CC) are rising rapidly in the country. CC incidence is the second most common malignancy in men and women in the South and the Southeast of Brazil. However, while these regions have almost doubled their pesticide levels and CC mortality in 14 years, the amount of sold pesticides increased 5.2-fold with a corresponding 6.2-fold increase in CC mortality in Northern and Northeastern states. Interestingly, mortality from endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases are rapidly increasing, in close resemblance with the pesticide detection levels in food. Taken together, we discuss the possibility that pesticides might alter the risk of CC.

Knockdown of Rhotekin 2 expression suppresses proliferation and induces apoptosis in colon cancer cells.

Colon cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors in the human body, ranking second as a gastrointestinal tumor. It has a high incidence in Europe, America and China and more than 1 million new cases of colon cancer are reported worldwide each year. The incidence of colon cancer in China has increased from 12/0.1 million in the early 1970s to 56/0.1 million at present with an annual growth rate of 4.2%, which far exceeds the international level (2%). Rhotekin (RTKN) 2, a Rho-guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) effector, has been reported to be anti-apoptotic. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the biological function of RTKN2 in colon cancer remains unknown. The present study investigated whether the mRNA expression level of RTKN2 was markedly higher in 30 human colon cancer specimens compared with adjacent non-cancerous tissues. The results showed that the protein expression level of RTKN2 was significantly higher in SW480 and HCT116 cells, compared with HIEC cells. Knockdown of RTKN2 in the SW480 and HCT116 colon cancer cells, by lentivirus-mediated RNA interference led to the notable inhibition of cell proliferation and cell cycle progression, by reducing the expression levels of the PCDA, Cyclin D1 and c-myc cell cycle-associated proteins. The inhibitory effect of RTKN2 silencing on the proliferation of colon cancer cells may be partially realized by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Furthermore, the silencing of RTKN2 in the cells induced apoptosis by reducing the expression level of Bax and increasing the expression level of Bcl2. These results show that RTKN2 is involved in the carcinogenesis and progression of human colon cancer, indicating that RTKN2 may be a molecular target in colon cancer therapy.

Metastatic Colon Cancer: A Rare Presentation of Parotid Gland Metastasis

Colorectal cancer is the third most common type of cancer in the United States and has the potential of metastasizing to nearly any organ in the body. We present a rare case of metastatic colon cancer to the parotid gland. A 64-year-old male presented with a history of adnocarcinoma of the esophagus and colon. PET-CT showed no metastatic disease. The esophageal disease was reported T3N0 and the transverse colon disease T3N1. Ideally the patient would have pursued neoadjuvant chemoradiation followed by surgery, but he was not a candidate hence systemic chemoradiation was not performed. He underwent a right hemicolectomy followed by a short course of palliative radiation therapy to his chest. 6months later he developed a new left parotid mass. Biopsy of the left parotid gland, showed a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemistry determined that this was likely from lower GI origin making metastatic disease from his colon cancer the most likely source. Unfortunately, he remains a poor candidate for systemic chemotherapy due to his advance age and poor performance status, hence arrangements were made to initiate radiation therapy in palliation. Colorectal cancer is a common and potentially lethal disease. Estimates range as high as 134,490 new cases of colon cancer are diagnosed annually in the US. Approximately 49,190 Americans are expected to die of colon cancer each year which has decreased significantly since 1990 at a rate of approximately 3% per year presumably due to better screening methods. Approximately 20% of patients in the US have distant metastatic disease at the time of presentation. The most common metastatic sites are the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and peritoneum. Parotid gland involvement by adenocarcinoma of the colon is extremely rare. Metastatic involvement of the parotid gland may arise from lymphatic spread, hematogenous dissemination, or contiguous involvement. Contiguous extension is common with malignancies of the supporting tissues in the parotid region, whereas the parotid gland is unusual as the focus of a distant primary tumor. Most metastases to the parotid gland arise from primary tumors in the head and neck region, usually being either melanomas or squamous cell carcinomas. Colorectal carcinoma has the potential to metastasize to almost any organ of the body. Although rare, metastatic adenocarcinoma from the colon should be included in the differential diagnosis of lesions of the parotid gland.

44P Pharmacogenetic methods of personalization in medical treatment of colon cancer

Background The importance of colon cancer (CC) increases due to the steady growth of morbidity and mortality from this disease in developed countries. According to the WHO, there are worldwide 600,000 new cases of CC yearly with half of them dying. This study aimed to improve the results of choosing personalized chemotherapy (CT) treatments by studying the molecular-genetic parameters of patients with CC. Methods We investigated samples of blood tests for gene polymorphisms XPD and DPYD_D949V, DPYD_14 in 75 patients with CC, who were treated at the departments of chemotherapy National Cancer Research Center of Uzbekistan in the period 20142016. The study included patients previously treated with several courses of CT containing 5-fluorouracil and platinum-based drugs and have acquired resistance to those regimens. Of the 75 patients: 35 women, 40 men. The median age was 39 6 1. Patients with histological established mainly adenocarcinoma G2. Under the conditions of genetic laboratories we studied different variants of polymorphism alleles associated with the repair activity of the gene XPD. Results The presence Lys751Gln polymorphism, Asp312Asn alleles in the XPD gene was found in 32 (43%) and 25 (33.3%) patients, respectively. Mutations in the genes DPYD_D949V, DPYD_14 were found in 29 (38.6%) patients from 75. As a result of the processing of retrospective data it was shown that in patients bearing polymorphisms and mutations in these genes the positive response to the therapy did not exceed 5%, and the relative risk of death among patients with mutant alleles was increased by 1.8 times (P = 0.030). Conclusions Thus, polymorphisms Lys751Gln, Asp312Asn XPD gene and gene DPYD is an important prognostic factor in the clinical application of CT with platinum drugs and 5-fluorouracil. The study of these factors can prevent inappropriate use of the different regimens of CT in the treatment of CC. Considering the pronounced incidence in certain groups of patients, these figures are subject to further additional study, and therefore a further study considering the toxicity of treatment, overall survival, and duration of the period without relapse is ongoing. Legal entity responsible for the study National Cancer Research Center of Uzbekistan Funding Health Ministry of Uzbekistan Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Spatial Analysis of Colorectal Cancer in Iran

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers. Due to demographic changes, it is predicted that the incidence of this cancer will increase. Variations of its incidence rate among geographical areas are due to various contributing factors. Since there have been a lack of studies on this topic in our country, the present assessment of spatial patterns of colorectal cancer incidence in Iran was performed. In this ecological study, the new cases of colon cancer were extracted from Cancer Registry Center report of the Health Deputy of Iran in 2009. The reported incidences of the disease were standardized on the basis of the World Health Organization population and the direct method. Then the data were inserted into the GIS software, and finally, using the analysis of hot spots (Getis-Ord Gi) high-risk areas were drawn. Provinces that are higher or lower than the national average (1.9 SD) were considered hot spots or cold spots, significant at the level of 0.05. A total of 6,210 cases of colorectal cancer were registered in Iran in 2009, of which 3,727 were in men and 2,783 in women (age-standardized rates of 11.3 and 10.9 per 100,000 population, respectively). The results showed that in central and northern Iran including Isfahan, Qom, Tehran, Qazvin and Mazandaran significant hot spots in men were present (p <0.05). In women also we have high incidence in northern and central states: Mazandaran province (p<0.01) and the province of Tehran (p<0.05) had higher incidences than the national average and were apparent as significant hot spots. Analysis of the spatial distribution of colorectal cancer showed significant differences between different areas pointing to the necessity for further epidemiological studies into the etiology and early detection.

Early detection of colorectal cancer relapse by infrared spectroscopy in "normal" anastomosis tissue.

Colorectal cancer is one of the most aggressive cancers usually occurring in people above the age of 50 years. In the United States, colorectal cancer is the third most diagnosed cancer. The American Cancer Society has estimated 96,830 new cases of colon cancer and 40,000 new cases of rectal cancer in 2014 in the United States. According to the literature, up to 55% of colorectal cancer patients experience a recurrence within five years from the time of surgery. Relapse of colorectal cancer has a deep influence on the quality of patient life. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy has been widely used in medicine. It is a noninvasive, nondestructive technique that can detect changes in cells and tissues that are caused by different disorders, such as cancer. Abnormalities in the colonic crypts, which are not detectable using standard histopathological methods, could be determined using IR spectroscopic methods. The IR measurements were performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded colorectal tissues from eight patients (one control, four local recurrences, three distant recurrences). A total of 128 crypts were measured. Our results showed the possibility of differentiating among control, local, and distant recurrence crypts with more than a 92% success rate using spectra measured from the crypts' middle sites.

Simultaneous versus staged hepatic resection for colorectal metastases with an intact primary cancer

Currently, there are approximately 103,170 new cases of colon cancer and 40,290 new cases of rectal cancer diagnosed yearly. Approximately 51,690 deaths occur from colorectal cancers annually. Colon and rectal cancer combined are the fourth most common cancer diagnosis and second most common cause of cancer mortality. While the incidence and mortality are decreasing, about half of all patients will develop metastatic disease. Of these patients, 80e90% develops unresectable liver metastases, which include 20e34% who have synchronous hepatic metastases. Recently published, Fahy presented that there are at least 13 different treatment algorithms for synchronous colon cancer with liver metastases [1]. Certainly, this makes it nearly impossible for physicians to rely on any “standard of care” or “standard approach” for these patients. One constant remains, however; treatment recommendations and decisions should be made in the setting of a multidisciplinary team including an experienced hepatobiliary surgeon. This article is not meant to give a comprehensive review of all the possible algorithms, but aims to discuss the timing of surgical resection of the primary cancer and the metastatic disease. Numerous retrospective articles have been published over the previous 10e15 years looking at surgical outcomes when comparing patients who have synchronous resection of colorectal liver metastases, to patients who have staged resections. The data suggests that a synchronous resection is just as safe as a two-staged approach, i.e. there is no difference in mortality or

Current surgical considerations for colorectal cancer.

Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States each year. Among men and women, it is the third most common cancer following lung cancer, prostate and breast cancers, respectively. In recent years, It has been estimated that in 2012 there were more than 100,000 new cases of colon cancer and more than 40,000 cases of rectal cancer (1,2). Fortunately, both the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer have declined steadily in the past three decades. This has been largely attributed to more effective screening programs and improvements in treatment modalities (1,2). Surgical resection offers the best chance of achieving cure, but the management of colorectal cancer often requires a multidisciplinary approach, which has been pivotal in achieving better patient satisfaction and outcomes.

Colon Cancer

Colorectal cancer is the third most frequently diagnosed cancer in men and women in the United States. An estimated 112,340 new cases of colon cancer will occur in 2007 and an estimated 52,180 people will die from colon and rectal cancer in the same year. Despite these statistics, mortality from colon cancer has decreased over the past 30 years, possibly because of earlier diagnosis through screening and better treatment modalities. These guidelines begin with the clinical presentation of the patient to the primary care physician or gastroenterologist and address diagnosis, pathologic staging, surgical management, adjuvant treatment, management of recurrent and metastatic disease, and patient surveillance. For the most recent version of the guidelines, please visit NCCN.org