New Aspects Of Research Research Articles

Exclusive soliton solutions arise in mono-mode optical fibre connecting to nonlinear Fokas system

Nonlinear partial evolution equations are mostly significant to illustrate critical phenomena in wave theory concerning real-world problems. The current study deals with the (2 + 1)-dimensional nonlinear Fokas model depicting the nonlinear pulse through the mono-mode optical fibers. Improved auxiliary equation and improved tanh schemes are executed on the considering governing system. Subsequently, a variety of optical soliton solutions with the nature of dynamic nonlinear waves are made accessible throughout the present exploration. Some of constructed solutions are figured out in 3D, 2D and contour sense for the visualization to the readers for making them understand of the characteristics of dynamic waves. The solitons are visible to be bright, dark, kink, anti-kink, singular kink, periodic, compacton, anti-compacton etc. in the current exploration. Involved free parameters are assigned with various numerical values and brought out the effects of nonlinear pulses in wave propagation along mono-mode optical fibers. The entire work might claim to be recorded in the literature as new aspects of research.

Prediction and Formation of Creative Youth as a Class: Genetic-Modeling and Genetic-Creative Approaches

The article reveals the methodological problems of the study on the youth creative class formation.the purpose of the research is to carry out forecasting and formation of creative youth as a class in modern social and psychological conditions in line with the genetic­modeling and genetic­creative approaches.In accordance with the purpose, the main tasks are defined: the analysis of the demands made to young people in modern socio­psychological conditions; to find out the most adequate method of studying the personality of today and to determine its basic principles.research methods. A complex of scientific research methods was used to implement the key tasks: theoretical analysis, generalization, comparison, sys-tematization, theoretical modeling, and scientific interpretation.research results. It is established that the image of an ideal reference fi­gure, identification with which acts as an intermediate but important moment of life affirmation of a personality, constitutes a separate research problem in the modern psychology of life crises and the development of strategies for overcom-ing them. It is found out that the great potential of psychological science lies in its applied application for the purpose of overcoming the problems of the life crisis of a personality, in the disclosure of mechanisms of free internal dialogue of personal “Me” with different hypostases of self, in the disclosure of one’s own potential of subjectivity.It is shown that the genetic and creative method procedurally practically coincides with the process of counseling and therapy. This opens up the possibi­lity of scientific analysis of the data obtained in this process. It is established that this method helps to study the very process of psychological practice, making it the subject of scientific research. The main principles of the genetic and creative method were developed and defined, namely, the principle of development, the principle of experience, the principle of freedom, the principle of interaction, the principle of uncertainty and indeterminism, the principle of therapeutic effect.conlusions. The problem of scientific analysis of “grasping” the flow of a complexly structured entity, which is a personality, is analyzed, in particu-lar, the possibilities and limitations of nomothetic and ideographic methods, the problems of reductionism, the question of the constituting principle of the personality are highlighted. It is shown that the genetic­modeling method and the genetic­creative method are remained the most adequate methods of per-sonality research; the basic principles of use are explained. New aspects of re-search on personality development and self­affirmation in modern conditions are revealed

معاصر سماج میں ایک مسلم ماں کو درپیش چیلنجز اور ذمہ داریاں:شریعتِ اسلامی کی روشنی میں حل

The norms of everyday life are diverted from past to current situation with fast changes in contemporary human life. People often depend in these changes/veracities upon the needs of the day but according to their thinking not the revealed law. A mother in past had its own responsibilities according to the challenges she was facings it those days, and today these responsibilities have been changed to a new shape with passage of time. Today as the whole world shaped to be a global village and the print, electronic, mass and social media has been accessed and new discoveries have come into being, the challenges of a Muslim mother increased to be accepted and resolved by her with courage and patience, supported by wisdom and knowledge of sharia. When Muslims ruled about the whole earth, their mothers were literate, knew the challenges of that era and played their role honestly, wisely, and believing that in reward to their obeying duties, they will be paid in hereafter. That was the reason which pushed them obeying their duty devotedly, and made their children to rule the world. In the contemporary era the same role with new power and courage is required to be played for this great cause. This article handles the said issue in a research manner and put a road-map for the new scholars, and opens new aspects of research for them. As this area relates to a case study so the said research method has adopted in this article.

Discursive Synergy of Verse Speech

The article deals with a new aspect of research in modern linguistics – the problem of the synergetic paradigm. In contemporary Kazakh linguistics, defining the synergetic nature of the text, when considering the text as a synergetic process, is currently one of the topical issues. In this regard, how interdisciplinary processes in scientific research with an interdisciplinary approach prove to be effective in the study of «systemicity, complexity» at the present stage of scientific development, modern linguistics reveals the effectiveness of the new synergistic approach in linguistic research in the context of language ~ discourse. It is known that language as a means of cognition, relying on its communicative function, develops individuals, linguistic personalities. The individual creative linguistic personality also uses the means of artistic expression to unlock the rich potential of words, using them with a different meaning, transforming their tone and colouring. Linguistic symbols, which are formed by language, are the cognitive and informational core that characterises spiritual and material culture, an instrument of revival of the spirit. The units of language are a national phenomenon, reflecting the worldview, existence, spiritual culture of the people, providing information about their everyday life, environment, mentality, psychology and socio-political views. Thus, it is shown that the works analysing the language of poetry in the anthropocentric aspect are structured according to the nature of linguistic personality as the animating means (words) in the functional-dynamic content of artistic speech. The article synergy of the poems of the poet M. Makataev is determined using the formula proposed by E. Muratova to determine the synergistic coefficient of the text (SK = A/N). The article uses concrete examples to reveal the poetic power and linguistic features of M. Makatayev's works, his artistic features with an emphasis on the use of ideological vocabulary, the significance of the poet's poems and the synergetic nature of his work.

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE THEORIES OF SOME SELECTED NON-MUSLIM THINKERS ABOUT THE RIGHT OF PROPERTY OF WOMAN: IN LIGHT OF QURAN & SUNNAH

Form the day first after landing down of Adam and Eve on the earth; the human life depended upon the two basic pillars; man and woman, but later on, the concepts of people regarding woman remained different. This differentiation was because of depending of each individual on his own mentality, and his own point of view about the woman due to her attitude and acts she performed. For the reformation of human life and saving him from the differentiation and declines, in every era, Almighty Allah, send messenger who guided their followers about the mistakes happened in human life intentionally or unintentionally. Whenever the teachings of a messenger regarding the humanity and especially woman were bypassed by anybody, some unsatisfactory circumstances occurred. All these probably miss-happened because of constituting the different contradictive point of view by thinkers about life and especially about woman, which was in contrast to the teaching/instruction of Almighty Allah, resultantly it caused strange decisions based on cruelty and injustice to women. Like so, there were some thinkers like Plato, Aristos etc. who wrote down their point of view regarding right of property and inheritance of a woman, which are somehow, in contrast to the sematic teachings. This article discusses the theories of some non-Muslim scholars, who lived before the revelations of Islam and even before Christ and after Islam. It analyses their theories about the said right of a woman in comparative style with a conclusion given at the end. All this study has been offered in a scholarly way. It will open new aspect of research for the up-coming researchers.

POSTBIOTICS AS FACTORS AGAINST DISEASES ALONG METABOLIC AXES

The review represents an analysis of recent year publications in connection with preventive and therapeutic use of postbiotics (PB). Postbiotics are widely used as immunomodulators, anti-inflammatory agents, protectors and the normalizers of metabolism of the open cavity mucosal biotopes, liver, brain and other organs, tissues and innate immunity cell populations that co-function to intestinal microbial metabolites as a network (cofunction within a number of metabolic axes “intestine-other locations”). They act in combination with other effectors as auxiliary agents prolonging the effect of drugs and supporting them. Prophylactic and therapeutic uses of PB are directed against groups of intestinal infection diseases, hepatitis, tumors, neurodegenerative brain disorders, other metabolic disorders and pathologies. New aspects of research of PB include the study and application of recognizing and binding therapeutic PB according to and in connection with a network of “Probiotic lectins—Glycoconjugates” interactions. The data indicate the prospects of a search and application of the new groups and combinations of PB directed at glycoconjugate exposed targets in accompanying and supportive therapy. Probiotic bifidobacteria, lactobacilli, baker’s yeast and probiotic lectins are perspective resources of synergistic sets of metabolite-cellular PB against diseases, pathologies and groups of infections.

‘New perspectives on religious conversion in medieval England’ a review essay on Lauren Fogle, The King’s Converts: Jewish Conversion in Medieval London, Lexington Books, Lanham 2019

ABSTRACT This paper is a review essay on a new publication concerning Anglo-Jewish history: Lauren Fogle, The King’s Converts: Jewish Conversion in Medieval London. After addressing the contents of the aforementioned monograph, I concentrate on new aspects of research on Jewish medieval conversion to Christianity. The second part of the essay is dedicated to some methodological concerns. The essay closes with a discussion on the necessity of integrating the perspective of Jewish sources when writing about Jews.

A Short Review on the Role of Various Deep Learning Techniques for Segmenting and Classifying Brain Tumours from MRI Images

The past few years have observed substantial growth in death rates associated with brain tumors and it is second foremost source of cancer-related demises. However, it is possible to increase the chance of survival if tumors are identified during initial stage by employing various deep learning techniques. These techniques are helpful to the doctors during the diagnosis process. The MRI which refers to magnetic resonance imaging is a non-invasive procedure and low ionization radiation diagnostic tool to evaluate an abnormity that evolves in the form of shape, location or position, size and texture of tumour. This paper focuses on the systematic literature survey of numerous Deep-Learning methods with suitable approaches for tumour segmentation and classification (normal or abnormal) from MRI images. Furthermore, this paper also provides the new aspects of research and clinical solution for brain tumor patients. It incorporates Deep-Learning applications for accurate tumor detection and quantitative investigation of different tumor segmentation techniques.

The Impact of COVID-19 on Consumer Habits: New Aspects of Research

Aim. The presented study aims to propose and substantiate new research directions with allowance for the impact of COVID-19 on consumer habits.Tasks. The authors investigate the problem of the pandemic’s impact on common consumer behavior stereotypes; identify major trends in changing consumer habits; propose new directions for research on the transformation of consumer habits in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods. This study is based on specialized scientific publications accessible via the Scopus and WoS databases and uses complementary methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, etc.Results. Isolation and social distancing measures taken during the COVID-19 pandemic have changed consumer habits. Consumers are learning to improvise based on their existing habits and are developing new habits associated with the digitalization of sales, changing demographics, and innovative ways that allow them to solve the problems of blurring boundaries between work, leisure, and education. The authors propose several new research questions for the next decade.Conclusions. Isolation and social distancing in the fight against the COVID-19 virus have significantly changed consumer behavior, limiting consumption by time and location. Due to the flexibility of time and the fixed nature of location, consumers have learned to improvise creatively and innovatively. The use of digital technologies can fundamentally and irrevocably change many existing habits. Government policy also forms new consumption habits, especially in public areas: airports, concert halls, public parks, etc. The most important objective is to investigate ongoing processes and to implement the obtained scientific results in the activities of government authorities, educational institutions, and marketing activities of Russian companies.

Bacterium-incorporated fly ash geopolymer: a high-performance, thermo-stable cement alternative for future construction material

Cement, the primary construction material, releases a substantial quantity of CO2 (about 5–7% of total CO2 emission) in the atmosphere during its production, thereby causing global warming. Fly ash is a coal combustion by-product that leads to many environmental problems like ground water contamination, spills, heavy metal contamination, etc. To overcome the serious ecological problems and health hazards of cement industries and thermal power plants, development of clean binding materials for construction purposes has become an interesting and new aspect of research to the scientific communities. This study has been designed to develop and characterize 100% fly ash-based geopolymer by incorporating improved Bacillus subtilis cells which may be used for cement alternative in future. The designed geopolymer showed significantly increased compressive, flexural and tensile strengths, reduced water absorption capacity and increased sulphate and chloride resistance attributes. It also possesses enhanced durability with high-temperature tolerance (400 °C) compared to cementitious material. Microstructure analysis showed more compactness, reduced porosity and development of new phases inside the geopolymer matrix. The newly developed 100% fly ash-based geopolymer is an eco-efficient material which will reduce the pollution caused by fly ash and be used for sustainable construction purposes in the near future.

НЕТРИВИАЛЬНОСТЬ РЕЗУЛЬТАТОВ ПОЛЕВОГО ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТА МИЛГРЭМА В МОСКВЕ И НЬЮ-ЙОРКЕ

Non-triviality of the results of the field experiment conducted on Stanley Milgram’s methodology in the New York and Moscow subway have been studied. The statistical significance of the difference between empirical and predicted results has been taken as the non-triviality criterion. 208 respondents (psychologists and students studying psychology) were asked to predict an experimental result in dependence on an experimenter’s and subject’s gender, a subject’s age, and a city where the experiment was carried out. The obtained results have confirmed our hypothesis on non-triviality of the experiments in subways: it has been showed that there is a statistically significant difference between real behavior of subway passengers (in New York and in Moscow) and predictions made by Moscow and Tashkent respondents. Practically in most cases the predicted probability that a subject gives a seat after request of experimenter (young woman or young man) is much less than in reality. The structural equation modeling (SEM) has been used to analyze the data by constructing the model taking account of all factors mentioned above. The model fit the experimental data well (CFI = 0.919). It has been found that predicted results depend not only on gender, age, and residence of a respondent but also on the degree of familiarity with the research. The obtained data give an important material for a further study of the role of situational (an experiment design) and individual (respondent characteristics) factors in predicted results; they contribute to further understanding of the problem of creation and support of non-formal social norms in various cultures and show new aspects of research carried out on experimental methodology of Stanley Milgram.

Penicillium menonorum: A Novel Fungus to Promote Growth and Nutrient Management in Cucumber Plants

The present study is the first report on the isolation of Penicillium menonorum from rhizosphere soil in Korea and its identification based on morphological characteristics and internal transcribed spacer gene sequence. The fungal isolate was named KNU-3 and was found to exhibit plant growth-promoting (PGP) activity through indole acetic acid (IAA) and siderophore production, as well as P solubilization. KNU-3 produced 9.7 mg/L IAA and solubilized 408 mg of Ca3PO4/L, and inoculation with the isolate significantly (p < 0.05) increased the dry biomass of cucumber roots (57%) and shoots (52%). Chlorophyll, starch, protein, and P contents were increased by 16%, 45%, 22%, and 14%, respectively, compared to plants grown in uninoculated soil. The fungus also increased soil dehydrogenase (30%) and acid phosphatase (19%) activities. These results demonstrate that the isolate KNU-3 has potential PGP attributes, and therefore it can be considered as a new fungus to enhance soil fertility and promote plant growth. Moreover, the discovery of PGP ability and traits of this fungus will open new aspects of research and investigations. In this study, plant growth promotion by P. menonorum KNU-3 is reported for the first time in Korea after its original description.

New aspects of research to assess and manage critical incidents in service encounters

Purpose – The objective of this paper is to describe the teleological actions needed to assess and manage critical incidents that cause negative emotions in service encounters. Teleological actions are movements into the future that are believed to be move either towards a predictable/known or unpredictable/unknown state or condition. The authors distinguish between, define and apply three categories: transformative – ad hoc and present-based actions; formative – pre-determined and past-based actions; and rationalist – goal-directed and future-based actions. Design/methodology/approach – A qualitative study, based upon a two-phase approach applying convenience and judgemental sampling, was used. Focussing on one teleological theory, a process of abductive matching was applied throughout the study. Abductive matching refers to recurring themes, patterns and categories that are uncovered through the iterative processes of analysis. The teleological framework structured and guided the data collection and empirical observations. Findings – Seen through the perspective of teleological actions, the study enhances our understanding of the manner in which critical incidents generate negative emotions in service encounters. Through the same perspective, the investigation also reveals that the outcome of a negative service encounter depends upon the interactive interface between service provider and service receiver. Research limitations/implications – The teleological actions between service providers and service receivers in negative service encounters appear to be mediators between cause-and-effect on the one hand (critical incident and negative emotions) and a perceptual gap on the other (outcome of negative service encounter). The teleological perspective also provides numerous opportunities for further research in this area. Practical implications – Managers should strive to understand the teleological actions potentially undertaken by service receivers, so that they can deal with the teleological actions of their front-line staff accordingly. The interactive interface between a service provider and a service receiver is crucial in assessing and managing critical incidents. Originality/value – Based on teleological actions, the investigation provides both a valuable and complementary contribution on assessing and managing critical incidents and the negative emotions that are often triggered in the service-encounter interface between a service provider and a service receiver. Providers also need to educate their staff on what can occur and on how to react appropriately.

Effect of Penicillium Extractsa on Germination Vigor in Subsequent Seedling Growth of Tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum L.)

AbstractPenicilliumspp. are well known to produce a variety of beneficial metabolites for plant growth and survival, as well as defend their hosts from attack of certain pathogens. In this study, effects of culture filtrate of differentPenicilliumspp. were tested on tomato seeds. On the whole, presoaking of seeds in filtrates of the ninePenicilliumisolates tested, significantly increased seed germination when compared with the control seeds. Cultural extracts ofP. expensumandP. billiwere highly effective in growth promotion up to 90%. It was also observed thatP. implicatumandP. oxlalicamsignificantly enhanced the root growth in tomato seedling as compare to other species. In case of shoot length,P. verrucosum(3.38),P. granulatum(2.81) andP. implicatum(2.62) were effective. HoweverP. implicatumwas quite promising to increase shoot and root length in tomato seedlings. Where asP. simplicissimiumandP. citrinumwere leas effective on seedling growth. The plant growth promoting ability ofPenicilliumstrains may help in growth permotion in other plants and crops.Penicilliumspp. are already known for producing mycotoxin and enzymes. Plant growth promoting ability ofPenicilliumspp will open new aspects of research and investigations. The role ofPenicil-liumspp. in tomato plant growth requires further exploration.

Investigations of the reduction of NO to N2 by reaction with Fe under fuel-rich and oxidative atmosphere

The limitation of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions from stationary combustion chambers is still an important issue in the field of the natural environment protection. This paper describes the reduction of NOx in the presence of iron. A few new aspects of research describing the utilization of iron as an additive that influences NOx reduction at high temperatures are presented. In particular, the influence of the excess air number (λ) on the NOx removal efficiency in the presence of Armco iron was determined. A >50 % increase in the efficiency was achieved at λ = 0.6. The research was conducted using N2/NO mixed with a flue gas from carbon monoxide combustion. In addition, a correction factor (Arrhenius-type empirical equation) was determined, which enabled the calculation of the oxygen influence on the inhibition of the de-NOx reaction in the presence of iron. The NOx reduction was also tested using bearing steel samples. Finally, the use of iron in de-NOx processes under different combustion conditions is briefly reviewed and analyzed.

Badania nad życiem religijnym Żydów w Polsce podczas Zagłady – główne źródła i podstawowe zagadnienia

Artykuł analizuje, w jaki sposób życie żydowskie podczas Zagłady jest opisywane w historiografii ortodoksyjnej. Autorka zwraca uwagę na problemy metodologiczne tradycyjnego ortodoksyjnego piśmiennictwa historycznego na ten temat. Wskazuje również na przydatność wewnętrznych źródeł rabinicznych do naświetlenia nowych aspektów na tym polu badawczym, szczególnie do poznania życia religijnego. W tekstach ortodoksyjnych widoczna jest tendencja do gloryfikacji tych, którzy sumiennie wypełniali nakazy religijnego stylu życia i stali na jego straży nawet w czasie Zagłady. Podkreślana jest też w nich ogromna odpowiedzialność, jaka spoczywała na rabinach ze względu na konieczność wykładania halachy w okolicznościach, w których kwestia życia i śmierci stała na porządku dziennym. Źródła takie warto włączyć do obiegu badawczego, z zastrzeżeniem starannego podejścia krytycznego i umieszczenia ich w szerokim kontekście

Beyond boundaries: September ASCIP conference convenes in Las Vegas

This year's annual meeting of the Academy of Spinal Cord Injury Professionals, scheduled for September 3–5 in Las Vegas, (with pre-conferences on September 2) is truly special in many ways. Renowned experts from our interdisciplinary conference faculty will share their latest findings in the most exciting areas of spinal cord injury research and clinical care. The variety and breath of the conference is wide. This includes invited speakers including Dr. Michael DeVivo who will devote his Donald Munro Memorial lecture to trends in epidemiology; Linda Madaris, the Audrey Nelson Lecturer, discussing trends in bedside care and Cheryl Vines addressing ‘life after rehab’ in the Essie Morgan Lecture. In addition, Dr. John DeLuca, well known for his expertise in cognitive rehabilitation, will focus on the challenges faced by patients with multiple sclerosis in his James J Peters Memorial Lecture. Dr Mark Schmeler keynote address is an important topic during these changing times for health care – ‘Advocacy Across the Lifespan’. There are numerous presentations on new aspects of research that impact all professionals in spinal cord injury, including: A special lecture by Dr. Susan Harkema focuses on her groundbreaking collaborative research combining intensive activity-based therapy and epidural stimulation in individuals with spinal cord injury, and a workshop by Drs. Ann Spungen and Gail Forrest and their collaborators about what is really going on the rapidly developing area of exoskeletons for ambulation. These are just two examples of the many great research presentations on the agenda. New this year is Reeve Research Realism, a presentation by Sam Maddox from the Christopher & Dana Reeve Foundation. You will get to listen to the always entertaining and thought provoking Denny O'Malley on ‘What's in the SCI Box?’ and I am pleased to present the Jayanthi Lecture, on determining prognosis for individuals with acute injury. This year's ASCIP honorees are all truly deserving but I would like to highlight the ASCIP Leadership Award to Margaret Hammond, MD. A range of clinical offerings address medical and psychological complications, co-morbidities and dual diagnoses, assistive technology, wellness, and adjustment to disability. Speakers will address the unique aspects of caring for women, children and adolescents with spinal cord injury. Special workshops include ‘Motivational Interviewing’ and ‘Ultrasound-Guided Approaches to Injections for Treatment of Spasticity’, which features hands-on training by experienced clinicians. Check the program for more opportunities: http://www.academyscipro.org/Public/Conference.aspx. This year, we offer three Pre-Conferences including the Comprehensive SCI Review Course, a course on pressure ulcers, and lastly a hands-on workshop on shoulder management in tetraplegia. This of course is in addition to the wonderful opportunity to meet old friends and make new ones in the community of professionals devoted to improving the lives of people with spinal cord injury. Looking forward to seeing you in Las Vegas.

Effects of Penicillium extracts on germination vigour in subsequent seedling growth of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Penicillium spp. are well known to produce a variety of beneficial metabolites for plant growth and survival, as well as they defend their hosts from attack of certain pathogens. In this study, effects of culture filtrate of different Penicillium spp. were tested on tomato seeds. On the whole, presoaking of seeds in the filtrates of the nine Penicillium isolates tested significantly increased seed germination when compared with the control seeds. Cultural extracts of P. expansum and P. bilaii were highly effective in growth promotion up to 90%. It was also observed that P. implicatum and P. oxalicum significantly enhanced the root growth in tomato seedling as compared to other species. In case of shoot length, P. verrucosum (3.38 cm), P. granulatum (2.81 cm) and P. implicatum (2.62 cm) were effective. P. implicatum was quite promising in increasing shoot and root length in tomato seedlings, while P. simplicissimum and P. citrinum were less effective on seedling growth. The plant growth-promoting ability of Penicillium strains may help in growth promotion in other plants and crops. Penicillium spp. are already known for producing various mycotoxins and enzymes. Plant growth-promoting ability of Penicillium spp. will open new aspects of research and investigations. The role of Penicillium spp. in tomato plant growth requires further exploration.

Plant growth promotion and Penicillium citrinum.

BackgroundEndophytic fungi are known plant symbionts. They produce a variety of beneficial metabolites for plant growth and survival, as well as defend their hosts from attack of certain pathogens. Coastal dunes are nutrient deficient and offer harsh, saline environment for the existing flora and fauna. Endophytic fungi may play an important role in plant survival by enhancing nutrient uptake and producing growth-promoting metabolites such as gibberellins and auxins. We screened roots of Ixeris repenes (L.) A. Gray, a common dune plant, for the isolation of gibberellin secreting endophytic fungi.ResultsWe isolated 15 endophytic fungi from the roots of Ixeris repenes and screened them for growth promoting secondary metabolites. The fungal isolate IR-3-3 gave maximum plant growth when applied to waito-c rice and Atriplex gemelinii seedlings. Analysis of the culture filtrate of IR-3-3 showed the presence of physiologically active gibberellins, GA1, GA3, GA4 and GA7 (1.95 ng/ml, 3.83 ng/ml, 6.03 ng/ml and 2.35 ng/ml, respectively) along with other physiologically inactive GA5, GA9, GA12, GA15, GA19, GA20 and, GA24. The plant growth promotion and gibberellin producing capacity of IR-3-3 was much higher than the wild type Gibberella fujikuroi, which was taken as control during present study. GA5, a precursor of bioactive GA3 was reported for the first time in fungi. The fungal isolate IR-3-3 was identified as a new strain of Penicillium citrinum (named as P. citrinum KACC43900) through phylogenetic analysis of 18S rDNA sequence.ConclusionIsolation of new strain of Penicillium citrinum from the sand dune flora is interesting as information on the presence of Pencillium species in coastal sand dunes is limited. The plant growth promoting ability of this fungal strain may help in conservation and revegetation of the rapidly eroding sand dune flora. Penicillium citrinum is already known for producing mycotoxin citrinin and cellulose digesting enzymes like cellulase and endoglucanase, as well as xylulase. Gibberellins producing ability of this fungus and the discovery about the presence of GA5 will open new aspects of research and investigations.

Strategies To Invent Cardiovascular Drugs by Cardiac Gap Junctions

In order to prevent and treat cardiac diseases, the author proposed strategies to invent cardiovascular drugs by cardiac gap junctions through summarizing the functions, physiology and pathophysiology of cardiac gap junctions. The 5 principle strategies to invent cardiovascular drugs are created. The 5 principle strategies to invent cardiovascular drugs have the great potentialities to be used as novel proposals to treat and prevent cardiac diseases. INTRODUCTION More and more studies have been done on the gap junctions' structure, functions, physiology and pathophysiology. The gap junctions as a pharmacological target for clinical treatments becomes a important topic in medical science. Lots of tissues have gap junctions. But the cardiac gap junctions are the most important gap junctions in the human body. The research on cardiac gap junctions' structure, functions, physiology and pathophysiology has reached good achievements. But the cardiac gap junctions' clinical applications as targets to invent cardiovascular drugs have not developed good results. There are no reports about the cardiac gap junctions' clinical applications as targets to invent cardiovascular drugs. Which is identified through a MEDLINE search of the Englishlanguage literature on “Strategies To Invent Cardiovascular Drugs by Cardiac Gap Junctions” and the key words of this paper or only on the title of the paper. According to cardiac gap junctions' structure, functions, physiology, pathophysiology characters and recently research achievements about cardiac gap junctions, the author summarized his ideas as following strategies that cardiac gap junctions should be targeted to invent cardiovascular drugs. 1. Cardiac gap junctions blockers or mediators for clinical usages. Research and select cardiac gap junctions blockers or mediators to mediate or block cardiac gap junction channels. So as to mediate or block the ions and small molecules flowing passage in cardiac gap junctions and electrical activation of the heart's cell-cell transfer of current via gap junctions. As the gap junction blocker had been invented for clinical prevention and treatment in the nervous system. The cardiac gap junctions mediators have a bright future. These strategies may be easy to do. 2. Modulating gap junction protein expression. As cardiac gap junction channels are predominantly composed of connexin40(Cx40) or connexin43(Cx43) proteins. Specially selected molecules to mediate connexin40 or connexin43 proteins expression, transcriptions, and translations or proteins catabolism are also bright ways to mediate cardiac gap junction channels' functions, physiology, pathophysiology activities. These strategies may affect gap junction conductance chronically. 3. Modulating protein kinases. Substances which activate protein kinase C, protein kinase A or protein kinase G may alter Cx43 gap junction conductance. Therefore, modulating protein kinase C, protein kinase A or protein kinase G may alter cardiac gap junction conductance. 4. Reformed mediators like endothelin-1, angiotensin-II, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and cAMP to mediate cardiac gap junction conductance. Mediators like endothelin-1, angiotensin-II, TGF-beta, Strategies To Invent Cardiovascular Drugs by Cardiac Gap Junctions 2 of 3 VEGF, and cAMP have been shown to increase Cx43[1]. Pharmacologically change endothelin-1, angiotensin-II, TGF-beta, VEGF, and cAMP et al. into positive substances to mediate cardiac gap junction conductance to treat and prevent cardiac diseases. Which is also a good strategy. 5. Modification of gap junction communication for prevention cardiac diseases. Researches have found that some substances can prevent cardiac diseases from developing critical stages through modification of gap junction communication[2]. Modifications of gap junction communication for prevention cardiac diseases are another ways to treat and prevent the cardiac diseases. Which may be the best and difficulty way. There are lots of methods to treat cardiac diseases. But the cardiac diseases are still in high mortality and incidence rate. So the new aspect of research to treat and prevent the cardiac diseases must be developed. More and more researches have been done on the gap junctions' structure, functions, physiology and pathophysiology. The gap junctions as a pharmacological target for clinical treatments becomes a important topic in medical science. In this paper, the author summarized 5 principle strategies to invent cardiovascular drugs by cardiac gap junctions. Which have the great potentialities to be used as principles for inventions of cardiovascular drugs to treat and prevent cardiac diseases.