Abstract
Cement, the primary construction material, releases a substantial quantity of CO2 (about 5–7% of total CO2 emission) in the atmosphere during its production, thereby causing global warming. Fly ash is a coal combustion by-product that leads to many environmental problems like ground water contamination, spills, heavy metal contamination, etc. To overcome the serious ecological problems and health hazards of cement industries and thermal power plants, development of clean binding materials for construction purposes has become an interesting and new aspect of research to the scientific communities. This study has been designed to develop and characterize 100% fly ash-based geopolymer by incorporating improved Bacillus subtilis cells which may be used for cement alternative in future. The designed geopolymer showed significantly increased compressive, flexural and tensile strengths, reduced water absorption capacity and increased sulphate and chloride resistance attributes. It also possesses enhanced durability with high-temperature tolerance (400 °C) compared to cementitious material. Microstructure analysis showed more compactness, reduced porosity and development of new phases inside the geopolymer matrix. The newly developed 100% fly ash-based geopolymer is an eco-efficient material which will reduce the pollution caused by fly ash and be used for sustainable construction purposes in the near future.
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