Neutral Version Research Articles

The effects of threat on complex decision-making: evidence from a virtual environment.

Individuals living and working in dangerous settings (e.g., first responders and military personnel) make complex decisions amidst serious threats. However, controlled studies on decision-making under threat are limited given obvious ethical concerns. Here, we embed a complex decision-making task within a threatening, immersive virtual environment. Based on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), a paradigm widely used to study complex decision-making, the task requires participants to make a series of choices to escape a collapsing building. In Study 1 we demonstrate that, as with the traditional IGT, participants learn to make advantageous decisions over time and that their behavioural data can be described by reinforcement-learning based computational models. In Study 2 we created threatening and neutral versions of the environment. In the threat condition, participants performed worse, taking longer to improve from baseline and scoring lower through the final trials. Computational modelling further revealed that participants in the threat condition were more responsive to short term rewards and less likely to perseverate on a given choice. These findings suggest that when threat is integral to decision-making, individuals make more erratic choices and focus on short term gains. They furthermore demonstrate the utility of virtual environments for making threat integral to cognitive tasks.

Humeral Component Version Has No Effect on Outcomes Following Reverse Total Shoulder Arthroplasty: A Prospective, Double-Blinded, Randomized Controlled Trial.

Controversy exists regarding the ideal humeral component version to optimize humeral rotation and patient outcomes in reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA). Patients undergoing primary rTSA for rotator cuff tear arthropathy, a massive rotator cuff tear, or primary osteoarthritis with a rotator cuff tear were randomized to placement of the humeral component in neutral version or 30° of retroversion. Shoulder active range of motion and strength and visual analog scale (VAS) pain, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES), and Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Global 10 (PROMIS-10) scores were collected up to 2 years postoperatively. The goal of the study was to determine whether humeral external rotation and internal rotation are affected by humeral component version following rTSA at 2 years postoperatively. Sixty-six patients were included in the analysis. The median follow-up was 26 months for the neutral and 27 months for the 30° retroversion group. No differences between the groups were observed with respect to the primary diagnosis, sex, age, body mass index, or American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class. The 2 groups did not differ significantly in terms of improvement at 2 years in active shoulder abduction (p = 0.969), forward elevation (p = 1.000), internal rotation measured as the highest spinal level reached (p = 1.000), internal rotation with the arm abducted 90° (p = 0.451), external rotation (p = 0.362), or muscle strength in forward elevation (p = 1.000), abduction (p = 1.000), external rotation (p = 0.617), or internal rotation (p = 1.000). The 2 groups did not differ significantly in terms of improvement in postoperative ASES (p = 1.000), PROMIS-10 physical (p = 1.000), or VAS pain scores (p = 0.718) at the time of final follow-up. In the neutral version group, 1 patient underwent revision for instability and 1 for stiffness. One acromial stress fracture occurred in the 30° humeral retroversion group. Scapular notching was observed in 7 (21.2%) of the patients in neutral version group and 5 (15.2%) of the patients in the 30° retroversion group (p = 0.750). Securing the humeral component at neutral version or 30° of retroversion in rTSA resulted in similar active shoulder external rotation, internal rotation, forward elevation, abduction, and strength measurements, complication rates, and VAS pain, PROMIS-10 physical, and ASES scores at 2 years postoperatively. Therapeutic Level I . See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Beyond a Confessional Paradigm? Richard Simon and the Vernacular Bible

This article presents a new account of Richard Simon's work as a biblical translator. Having first contextualised Simon's views on the vernacular Bible in the contested world of late seventeenth-century French Catholic biblical translation, it then examines how they were engaged with and disputed by contemporaries (in particular, Antoine Arnauld). It contends that Simon's novelty did not consist in applying history and philology to the Bible in order to reach a confessionally neutral version, but rather in reconceptualising the relationship between multiple legitimate biblical translations to craft a new form of Catholic vernacular Bible.

Three-dimensional analysis of biplanar glenoid deformities: what are they and can they be virtually reconstructed with anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty implants?

Descriptions of glenoid deformities in glenohumeral osteoarthritis (GHOA) have focused on the axial plane. Less is known regarding arthritic glenoids with higher amounts of superior inclination and little evidence exists to guide management of inclination or combined version-inclination deformity when performing anatomic total shoulder arthroplasty (aTSA). We hypothesized that biplanar deformities (BD) would be present in a higher proportion of GHOA patients than previously appreciated, and these deformities would be difficult to adequately reconstruct with contemporary aTSA implants. A retrospective query was performed of GHOA patients indicated for TSA 2012-2017 with a computed tomography (CT) scan within three months of surgery. Images were uploaded to three-dimensional (3D) software for automated measurements. Glenoids with superior inclination ≥10°, and retroversion ≥20° were considered to have BD. Walch classification was determined, and C-type glenoids were excluded. Rotator-cuff muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) was measured and fatty infiltration was graded. Glenoids withBD were virtually planned for aTSA with correction to neutral inclination and version, then with 5° superior inclination and 10° retroversion. Two-hundred and sixty-eight shoulders in 250 patients were included; average age was 65years, 67% male. There were no differences in inclination between Walch types (P=.25). Twenty-nine shoulders with BD were identified (11%). These deformities were not associated with age (P=.47) or gender (P=.50) but were skewed towards Walch B-type, specifically B2 (P=.03). Acromial index and posterior humeral head subluxation were higher in BD patients (P=.04, P<.001, respectively). Biplanar deformities had similar cuff CSA compared to those without but were less frequently associated with fatty infiltration of the subscapularis (P=.05). When correcting to neutral version and inclination, 41% BD could not be reconstructed. Of those that could, 94% required augmented implants. When correcting to 5° superior inclination and 10° retroversion, 10% could not be reconstructed. Of those that could, 58% required augmented implants. With partial correction, augment use was predicted by retroversion >26° (P=.009). Inclination did not predict augment use (P=.90). Final implant position commonly involved unseating in the posterosuperior quadrant and cancellous exposure in the anteroinferior quadrant. This retrospective computed tomography (CT)-based study of 268 shoulders with GHOA found an 11% prevalence of BD. These deformities were commonly associated with Walch B2 wear patterns. Virtual aTSA planning showed a high failure rate (41%) when correcting to neutral version and inclination. Posteriorly augmented implants were frequently required, and often still involved unseating in the posterosuperior quadrant, increased cancellous exposure in the anteroinferior quadrant, and vault perforation.

COMO O PRINCÍPIO DA RAZÃO SUFICIENTE MINA O ARGUMENTO COSMOLÓGICO

ABSTRACT My aim here is to show how the Cosmological Argument (CA) is undermined by one of its own premises: the Principle of Sufficient Reason (PSR). Firstly, I explain the type of CA that I am thinking about (I). Secondly, I explain a traditional modal objection against the PSR, which is ultimately based upon our intuitions in favor of contingency (II). Thirdly, I show how this modal objection begs the question against the necessitarian, and then I reformulate the CA in more neutral terms (III). Fourthly, using this more neutral version of the CA, I argue that the main problem with the PSR goes way beyond its apparent necessitarian consequences. As an argument used by Bradley shows, embracing the rationalist path that underlies the PSR seems to commit us to a form of Radical Monism too (IV). Finally, I conclude by showing how this result ultimately undermines the CA itself (V).

Examining the influence of self-referential thinking on aberrant salience and jumping to conclusions bias in individuals with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders

Background and objectivesCognitive processes such as aberrant salience and the jumping to conclusions (JTC) bias are implicated in the development of delusions. Self-referential thinking is implicated in this process; however, it is unknown how it may interact with aberrant salience and JTC bias in individuals with schizophrenia-spectrum disorders (SSDs). This study examined associations of self-referential thinking with aberrant salience, JTC bias, and delusion severity, and whether self-referential stimuli led to an increase in aberrant salience and JTC bias in SSDs (n = 20) relative to psychiatrically healthy controls (n = 20). MethodsTo assess aberrant salience and JTC bias, participants were asked to complete both self-referential and neutral versions of the Salience Attribution Test (SAT) and the Beads Task, as well as self-report measures of aberrant salience and JTC bias. ResultsSelf-referential task condition interacted with clinical group to predict JTC beads task scores, such that participants with SSDs exhibited greater levels of JTC bias than psychiatrically healthy controls during the neutral task condition, when controlling for levels of motivation, cognitive insight, and functioning. Self-referential thinking was significantly associated with aberrant salience, JTC bias, and delusion severity. LimitationsThis experiment examined trait-level relationships between variables, so does not provide information about state-level interrelationships and would benefit from replication using more dynamic methods such as ecological momentary assessment. ConclusionsThese findings highlight the interrelationships between self-referential thinking, JTC bias, aberrant salience, and delusion severity, in individuals with SSDs, and support the interactive role of self-referential thinking in predicting JTC bias.

Some characterizations of resolute majority rules

AbstractIn this paper we consider decision functions in which voters have three options and one of them is abstention or indifference and the output is a binary decision between two alternatives so that a tie is not possible. These resolute decision functions appear frequently in grading, in some sport competitions, in voting situations in which the status quo is put to the vote, etc. It is a more restricted case of the voting context considered in the seminal article by Kenneth May on decision functions, published in Econometrica in 1952, because the output set does not admit a tie. Among these resolute decision functions we focus on the study of majority functions, in which the number of favorable votes to an alternative must be strictly greater than the number of votes against it. This work provides an axiomatic characterization for the set of majority functions and for the relative majority function with status quo bias. Both characterizations are based on weaker versions of neutrality. Other complementary characterizations are also provided.

Cementing a Monoblock Dual-Mobility Implant into a Fully Porous Cup in Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty to Address Hip Instability: Surgical Technique.

Cementing a Monoblock Dual-Mobility Implant into a Fully Porous Cup in Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty to Address Hip Instability: Surgical Technique.

Sperm double-strand DNA breaks in patients with normozoospermia and pathozoospermia.

The levels of double-strand DNA breaks as a severe disruption of genome integrity were studied using the neutral version of the comet assay in the sperm samples of the men of the Belarusian population with normozoospermia and pathozoospermia, including asthenozoospermia, oligozoospermia, oligoasthenozoospermia, and other combined forms of pathozoospermia. It was demonstrated that double-strand DNA breaks have a large proportion (about 44–50 % on average) of the total number of DNA damage (singleand double-strand breaks, alkaline-labile sites, etc.) analyzed with the alkaline version of the comet assay recommended by the World Health Organization. Higher levels of sperm double-strand DNA breaks were established in the pathozoospermia group and in asthenozoospermia subgroup compared to the normozoospermia group. It was also shown that the levels of double-strand breaks observed at pathozoospermia correspond to the mutagenic effect in vitro of high concentrations (10–30 μg/ml) of bleomycin sulfate that acts as a strong radiomimetic, which points to a significant disruption of the DNA integrity at pathozoospermia. In general, the data obtained demonstrate the usefulness of the sperm double-strand DNA break analysis for male infertility diagnostics.

Evidence for selective emotional memory enhancement in a mock witness paradigm.

Elucidating the effects of negative emotion on eyewitness memory is an important part of understanding how witnesses remember and report criminal events. Extant research in this area has been inconsistent in its methodology and conclusions, thus warranting further empirical investigation. In the current experiment, participants (N = 204) viewed either a Negative or Neutral version of a video of a staged social interaction and had their memory assessed either immediately or 1 week later. Memory assessment consisted of both recall and recognition (lineup identification) components. The Negative video group showed enhanced recall for some aspects of the video compared to the Neutral group, but no enhancement (or impairment) of lineup identification performance. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Developing a virtual reality environment for educational and therapeutic application to investigate psychological reactivity to bullying

Understanding how bullying victimisation influences cognitive and emotional processes may help to direct early intervention to prevent the development of psychopathology. In a convenience sample of 67 female adolescents, we assessed the potential of a newly developed classroom-set bullying experience in virtual reality (VR) to evoke psychological reactions. Two VR experiences were co-developed with young people, one neutral and one hostile (bullying). Participants were matched and assigned to a condition based on measures of anxiety, depression, paranoia, and previous bullying, before experiencing either the neutral or hostile scenario. Before and after the VR session, participants completed measures of negative affect and levels of distress. All participants remained immersed for the whole duration, which supports the acceptability of using these VR experiences with more vulnerable participants. Those experiencing the hostile version reported greater negative affect post-immersion compared to those experiencing the neutral version (p = .018; d = 0.61). Although non-significant, a similar outcome was found regarding distress (p = .071; d = 0.37). Whilst we did not find a significant relationship between pre-existing internalisation on negative affect and distress, our sample was limited by containing adolescents with relatively low levels of previous bullying experience. Yet we still found evidence that the VR scenario evoked bullying-related psychological reactions. Further testing with a more representative groups of adolescents, especially those with more experience of bullying, would be advised. The VR scenario could potentially be used in educational and therapeutic settings to enhance empathy towards victimised children or enhance resilience following victimisation.

Butterfly, Vinylidene‐Like, Monobridged and Trans Structures of Si2H2+: Comparison to the Well‐Characterized Neutral Si2H2

AbstractThis paper investigates four of the constitutional isomers of Si2H2+, namely the butterfly, vinylidene‐like, monobridged, and trans structures. These isomer geometries were all studied using the CCSD(T) method with basis sets as large as cc‐pV5Z. Higher level methods CCSDT and CCSDT(Q) were used for final energetics. It is found that the butterfly isomer has the lowest energy, followed by vinylidene‐like and monobridged structures; the trans structure has the highest energy of the four. All structures were compared with their neutral counterparts. Partial charges are computed and it is found that all isomers share the positive charge between the silicon atoms. NBO analysis shows that the cation Si−Si bond order is reduced by 0.5 relative to the neutral versions of the same isomer in the case of the butterfly, vinylidene‐like, and monobridged; and reduced by 0.6 for the trans isomer. Vibrational frequencies, infrared intensities, and dipole moments are predicted to encourage the spectroscopic identification of Si2H2+.

Synthesis, Anticancer Activity and Molecular Docking Studies of Novel N-Mannich Bases of 1,3,4-Oxadiazole Based on 4,6-Dimethylpyridine Scaffold.

Cancer is one of the greatest challenges in modern medicine today. Difficult and long-term treatment, the many side effects of the drugs used and the growing resistance to treatment of neoplastic cells necessitate new approaches to therapy. A very promising targeted therapy is based on direct impact only on cancer cells. As a continuation of our research on new biologically active molecules, we report herein the design, synthesis and anticancer evaluation of a new series of N-Mannich-base-type hybrid compounds containing morfoline or different substituted piperazines moieties, a 1,3,4-oxadiazole ring and a 4,6-dimethylpyridine core. All compounds were tested for their potential cytotoxicity against five human cancer cell lines, A375, C32, SNB-19, MCF-7/WT and MCF-7/DX. Two of the active N-Mannich bases (compounds 5 and 6) were further evaluated for growth inhibition effects in melanoma (A375 and C32), and normal (HaCaT) cell lines using clonogenic assay and a population doubling time test. The apoptosis was determined with the neutral version of comet assay. The confocal microscopy method enabled the visualization of F-actin reorganization. The obtained results demonstrated that compounds 5 and 6 have cytotoxic and proapoptotic effects on melanoma cells and are capable of inducing F-actin depolarization in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, computational chemistry approaches, molecular docking and electrostatic potential were employed to study non-covalent interactions of the investigated compounds with four receptors. It was found that all the examined molecules exhibit a similar binding affinity with respect to the chosen reference drugs.

Assessment of DNA damage in somatic and germ cells of animals living with increased radiation background and their offspring

Purpose The aim of this work is to assess DNA damage in the somatic and germ cells in root voles living for a long time under conditions of an increased radiation background and to examine the of manifestation of long-term consequences in their offspring. Materials and methods Using the DNA comet assay (neutral version), we assessed the proportion of cells with DNA damage in the cells of the thyroid, bone marrow and testicular in root voles (Microtus oeconomus Pall.) that lived under conditions of increased radiation background (exposure dose rate − 0.50–20 μSv/h; Komi Republic, Russia) and in their offspring (F1–F3) that were reproduced in a vivarium with a normal radiation background. Results In animals caught in a radioactively contaminated area, the level of DNA fragmentation in the thyroid gland, bone marrow and testicular remained within the range of values of control animals. The studies that we continued on the offspring of irradiated root voles that were developing in the vivarium under normal radiation background allowed us to identify an increase in the level of DNA DSBs in the thyroid gland in the F1 generation, in the bone marrow and testicular cells in the F2 generation. The modifying effect of urethane showed a similarity in the response of somatic cells in voles that lived for a long time in a radioactively contaminated area and in their offspring that developed with a normal radiation background. The effect of urethane was more conspicuous in thyroid cells that, than in bone marrow cells. Conclusion The data obtained on voles from the experimental site indicate adaptation to habitat conditions in a radioactively polluted environment. The provocative effect of urethane made it possible to reveal different response of organs with different proliferative activity. Long-term habitation of voles under conditions of an increased radiation background led to genome instability in their offspring.

The Sexual Function Questionnaire: Validation and Gender-Neutral Adaptation to Hungarian (SFQ18_HU)

Objectives: Assessment tools for sexual function have been developed and validated separately for women and men, resulting in gender-specific screening tools. In order to fill in this gap, the objective of this study was the translation, adaptation and validation of the Sexual Function Questionnaire- Version 2 (SFQ-V2) into Hungarian, in a gender-neutral language, to make it suitable for both genders. Methods: A total of 1662 adults were evaluated with the checklist. The items were translated and adapted for both male and female respondents, reformulating in the specific Hungarian gender-neutral vocabulary. An exploratory factor analysis was performed for this new scale, followed by a confirmatory factor analysis. Cronbach’s alpha was used to examine the reliability of the factors. We assumed sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value in the detection of sexual dysfunction. Results: The Hungarian, gender neutral version of the scale consists of 18 questions and 5 domains: arousal, desire, pain, enjoyment and orgasm. According to our results, the model with 5-factor structure is adequate, in that it was indicated by the model fit indices. Our results have revealed that the SFQ_18 HU has good psychometric properties and may be a useful instrument for assessing of sexual functions. Conclusions: The use of the instrument both in clinical practice and/or research can be effective, while the administration and interpretation of scores is easy and not time consuming. The proposed questionnaire, SFQ18_HU is conceptualized as a screening scale or checklist, not a diagnostic instrument.

Pyrazolo[4,3-e]tetrazolo[1,5-b][1,2,4]triazine Sulfonamides as Novel Potential Anticancer Agents: Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Activities In Vitro.

In this paper, we present for the first time the evaluation of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of de novo synthesized pyrazolo[4,3-e]tetrazolo[1,5-b][1,2,4]triazine sulfonamides MM129, MM130, and MM131 in human tumor cell lines: HeLa, HCT 116, PC-3, and BxPC-3. Cytotoxic and genotoxic properties of the tested compounds were estimated using the MTT assay, comet assay (alkaline and neutral version), and γ-H2AX immuno-staining. Examined sulfonamides exhibited strong anticancer properties towards tested cells in a very low concentration range (IC50 = 0.17–1.15 μM) after 72 h exposure time. The results of the alkaline and neutral version of the comet assay following 24 h incubation of the cells with tested compounds demonstrated the capability of heterocycles to induce significant DNA damage in exposed cells. HCT 116 cells were the most sensitive to the genotoxic activity of novel tricyclic pyrazolo[4,3-e]tetrazolo[1,5-b][1,2,4]triazine sulfonamides in the neutral version of the comet assay. Immunocytochemical detection of γ-H2AX showed an increase in DNA DSBs level in the HCT 116 cell line, after 24 h incubation with all tested compounds, confirming the results obtained in the neutral comet assay. Among all investigated compounds, MM131 showed the strongest cytotoxic and genotoxic activity toward all tested cell types. In conclusion, our results suggest that MM129, MM130, and MM131 exhibit high cytotoxic and genotoxic potential in vitro, especially towards the colorectal cancer cell line HCT 116. However, further investigations and analyses are required for their future implementation in the field of medicine.

THE INFLUENCE OF MANIPULATIONS ON INDIVIDUAL AND GENERAL MEMORY: SPECIFICS OF CURRENT LIFE SITUATION PERCEPTION AND INTERPRETATION OF THE FUTURE

Social interaction can make a great impact on a person's memory. This property can have positive and negative effects, as it helps to expand the possibilities of memorization as well as causes the distortion of real memories. In this regard, the authors aimed to explore the features of collective memory and identify possible consequences of manipulative influence on memories. The participants of the experiment were divided into one control and two experimental groups. In the experimental groups, the manipulative teacher intervention was used in two variants of expression: optimistically carefree or anxious-pessimistic. The control group received a neutral version of the instructions. Participants wrote an essay on memory about their experience of quarantine related to the spread of coronavirus in Ukraine. It was found that manipulations affect even recent memories. The manipulations also affected the respondents' assessment of the possible future to a greater extent than Their memories of the past. It has been proven that manipulative influence on the memories of socially significant events significantly affects the individual diversity of memories reducing them to a given template.

THE INFLUENCE OF MANIPULATIONS ON INDIVIDUAL AND GENERAL MEMORY: SPECIFICS OF CURRENT LIFE SITUATION PERCEPTION AND INTERPRETATION OF THE FUTURE

Social interaction can make a great impact on a person's memory. This property can have positive and negative effects, as it helps to expand the possibilities of memorization as well as causes the distortion of real memories. In this regard, the authors aimed to explore the features of collective memory and identify possible consequences of manipulative influence on memories. The participants of the experiment were divided into one control and two experimental groups. In the experimental groups, the manipulative teacher intervention was used in two variants of expression: optimistically carefree or anxious-pessimistic. The control group received a neutral version of the instructions. Participants wrote an essay on memory about their experience of quarantine related to the spread of coronavirus in Ukraine. It was found that manipulations affect even recent memories. The manipulations also affected the respondents' assessment of the possible future to a greater extent than Their memories of the past. It has been proven that manipulative influence on the memories of socially significant events significantly affects the individual diversity of memories reducing them to a given template.

EFFETS DE LA CHARGE AFFECTIVE DES MOTS ET DE LA PRÉSENCE D’UNE ILLUSTRATION SUR LA LECTURE ET D’UN RÉCIT DE PRESSE DRAMATIQUE PORTANT SUR LES VIOLENCES SCOLAIRES

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of the presence and place of the illustration on the reading, comprehension and retrieval of a journalistic text describing a dramatic news item. The text may be presented either in an emotionally loaded version, displaying a strong affective intensity of the words (T1), or in a neutral version (T2), with low affective intensity. The participants read one of the two texts on an eye tracker, accompanied by the image placed before the text (G1), after the text (G2) or with no image included. They retrieve the text using an electronic pen, and the production timeframes are recorded. The results show that retrievals vary according to the emotional load of the words, as well as according to the place of the image.

Problems of teaching verb categories (contact, version and passive voice) of the Georgian language to non-native speakers

Teaching Georgian to non-native speakers, it is important to focus on categories students' first languages lack or express them in a different way. The paper discusses the formation of indirect contact, neutral version, and passive voice in verbs. Infixes -in- and -evin- are used to form forms of indirect contact. They are added to infinitive forms without markers - -in- is used with stems containing vowels, and - evin- with stems without vowels. At the same time, prefix a- is added to verbs at the beginning, and the thematic marker -eb at the end. Like all other thematic markers, the latter disappears in the second series of conjugation. Deriving version forms is a little more complicated, as there are neutral version forms without markers and with the prefix a-, subjective and objective version forms with the prefix i- for the first and second persons and u- for the third person in both singular and plural forms. Neutral version is formed with the prefix a- in verbs with eb- and ob- thematic markers apart from several exceptions and verbs with the am- thematic marker, apart from one exception (as version is impossible in the third series of conjugation, examples are in the first and second series of conjugation): a-šen-eb-s - a-a-šena, a-tbob-s - ga-a-tbo, a-b-am-s - da-a-ba). Thematic markers make no difference in forming subjective and objective version forms. If a verb is semantically able to have subjective and/or objective versions, verbs in the first and second series of conjugation take forms of subjective and/or objective version. Forms of subjective version use prefix i-: c'ers – i-c'ers, dac'era – da-i-c'era. In forms of objective version, verbs take the prefix i- in the first and second person and u- in the third person, both singular and plural. Like in the forms of indirect contact, the aforementioned rule of using person markers can be put to use: m-i-c'ers is me, g-i-c'ers is šen, u-c'ers is mas/mat, gv-i-c'ers is čven, g-i-c'ert is tkven, u-c'eren isini mas/mat. As for the passive voice, it can be formed with prefixes (i- and e-), a suffix (-d) and without any markers. Thematic markers and the presence/absence of a vowel in the infinitive play a role in forming verbs in the passive voice. In the passive voice, prefixes are added to verbs with single stems (without thematic markers) and verbs with -av, -am, -op, -i thematic markers, those with vowel interchange, and some verbs with the -ob thematic marker. Verbs with a vowel in the infinitive form the passive voice the thematic stems of the second series of conjugation: xat’va – i-xat’eba, e xat’eba; breca – i-briceba, e-briceba, while stems without vowels form the passive voice from the infinitive without markers. There are several such verbs with -av and -eb thematic markers, verbs with -i, -am and -eb thematic markers and some verbs with the -ob thematic marker: šek’vr-a – i-k’vreba, e-k’vreba; da-d-eba – i-deba, e-deba; č'r-a – i-č'reba, e-č'reba; dadgm-a – i-dgmeba, e-dgmeba; ga-q’op-a – i-q’opa, e-q’opa; da-xrč-oba – i-xrčoba, exrčoba. Verbs with a vowel and the -eb thematic marker, apart from two exceptions, form the passive voice with the suffix -d from the thematic stem of the second series of conjugation: šen-eb-a – šen-d-eba. The passive voice is formed without markers from verbs with the -ob thematic markers. The thematic stems of the second series of conjugation are used as the roots: ga-tb-ob-a – tb-eb-a. The passive voice with suffixes (with the -d suffix) is formed only in verbs with the - eb thematic marker. The passive voice markers is formed only in some verbs with the -ob thematic marker. Other verbs can form the passive voice only with the i- and eprefixes. Verbs in the passive voice with the prefix e- have only two persons (emaleba is mas). Other passive voice forms can have only one person (imaleba is, c'itldeba is, idgmeba is, išleba is, iq’opa is, igrixeba is, xmeba is). The author hopes that this approach to these problems can help Georgian language learners.