Neutral Type Research Articles

Assessment of the dependence of the shape of the central incisors of the upper jaw on the type of structure of the body and skull

Is it true or myth that tall people with an asthenic type of complexion have an elongated face, long and narrow teeth, and low ones have a hypersthenic type of complexion, short and wide teeth. The article assesses the dependence of the forms of the central incisors of the upper jaw on the shape of the head, type of growth of the jaws and types of complexion of a person. Materials and methods. To assess the shape of the central incisors of the upper jaw, a group of 36 people was selected: 9 men and 27 women aged 15 to 45 years. On the basis of the obtained calculations, parameters were identified that assess the type of jaw growth: SGo: NMe, ML-NSL, ∠Biork (NSAr + SArGo + ArGoMe), NL-ML, ∠NGoMe, NBa/PtGn. Conclusions. The most common form of the maxillary central incisors is triangular and square. The rarest shape of the central incisors is round and oval. Counterclockwise rotation of the mandible is associated with the most common tooth shapes. Most often, the triangular shape of the central incisors of the upper jaw is combined with a neutral type of growth, and the square shape — with a horizontal one. An unambiguous relationship between the shape of the central incisors of the upper jaw and the shape of the head was not revealed. Patients with a square shape of the central incisors of the upper jaw more often corresponded to the asthenic type of build. 6. Patients with oval, rectangular and triangular shapes of the central incisors of the upper jaw more often corresponded to the normosthenic type of constitution. For patients with the vertical type of growth of the jaw bones, the hypersthenic type of constitution was more common.

Almost Automorphic Solutions to Cellular Neural Networks With Neutral Type Delays and Leakage Delays on Time Scales

In this paper, cellular neural networks (CNNs) with neutral type delays and time-varying leakage delays are investigated. By applying the existence of the exponential dichotomy of linear dynamic equations on time scales, a fixed point theorem and the theory of calculus on time scales, a set of sufficient conditions which ensure the existence and exponential stability of almost automorphic solutions of the model are obtained. An example with its numerical simulations is given to support the theoretical findings.

Damping Problem for a Neutral Control System with Delay

A linear control system described by a system of differential-difference equations of neutral type with several delays and variable matrix coefficients is considered. The relationship between the variational problem for a nonlocal functional describing the multidimensional control system with delays and the corresponding boundary value problem for the system of differential-difference equations is established. The existence and uniqueness of a generalized solution to this boundary value problem are proved.

Исследование уравнения нейтрального типа в пространствах со степенным весом

Исследование уравнения нейтрального типа в пространствах со степенным весом

Oscillation criteria for third order neutral type advanced difference equation

Oscillation criteria for third order neutral type advanced difference equation

Nonlinear pricing under inequity aversion

We consider a monopoly which practices nonlinear pricing, where buyers may have inequity-averse preferences. Each buyer has a valuation for the good, drawn from a distribution. The monopoly knows the distribution but not the realizations. We introduce the possibility that any buyer can be inequity-averse (fair types) or not (neutral types), in addition to different demand types. Fair types get a disutility from inequity captured through a utility function in the spirit of the one introduced by Fehr and Schmidt (1999). We characterize the optimal nonlinear pricing and show that the degree of suboptimality increases, and the monopoly profit decreases, as the degree of the inequity aversion increases. We also show that some or all of the neutral types with low demand are strictly better off, when there are inequity-averse types in the environment.

On One Damping Problem for a Nonstationary Control System with Aftereffect

We consider a control system described by the system of differential-difference equations of neutral type with variable matrix coefficients and several delays. We establish the relation between the variational problem for the nonlocal functional describing the multidimensional control system with delays and the corresponding boundary-value problem for the system of differential-difference equations. We prove the existence and uniqueness of the generalized solution of this boundary-value problem.

Duplex equilibria of Ural circulation anomalies

Atmospheric circulation anomalies over the Ural Mountains are crucial indicators of the anomalous downstream weather and climate over East Asia. Here, we provide a new perspective on the mechanism of Ural circulation anomalies. We use a simple theoretical model to determine that the relationship between the solar forcing and three Ural circulation patterns, namely, neutral type, trough anomaly and ridge anomaly, is a nonlinear relationship following the supercritical pitchfork bifurcation theory. The theory predicts that when the total solar irradiance (TSI) is below a critical value, trough and ridge anomalies represent duplex equilibria and are equally likely to occur at the same TSI. Based on 180 winter months record, we have estimated the bidimensional probability density of TSI and the monthly mean geopotential height at 500 hPa or zonal wind at 850 hPa over the Ural Mountains. Results show that Sc = 1360.9 W m−2 is a critical value of TSI, the neutral type pattern is the single circulation regime when TSI > Sc, whereas trough and ridge anomaly patterns are duplex circulation regimes when TSI < Sc. Besides, when TSI < Sc, during the same TSI range, trough and ridge anomaly events occur at nearly the same frequencies. These results generally agree with the theoretical model. We demonstrate that trough and ridge anomalies, as duplex equilibria, result from the large-scale zonal flow interacting with the Ural Mountains. Low TSI tends to strengthen the large-scale zonal flow over the Ural Mountains, hence inducing either a trough anomaly or ridge anomaly.

Evaluation of Factors Affecting Sludge Volume in Mine Drainage Neutralization

In this study, the effect of neutralizer type and concentration, target pH, and elapsed time on sludge volume were evaluated using Ilkwang mine drainage. A higher neutralizer concentration produced more sludge when the pH 7 was neutralized with 5%, 10%, and 20% lime slurry. Neutralization with the same pH with 20% lime and NaOH resulted in less sludge when using lime. The type of neutralizer affected the amount of sludge produced. However, regardless of the type of neutralizer, the volume of the sludge rapidly shrank within one hour and slowly declined thereafter. The control of pH 7 and 10 with 20% lime resulted in considerable sludge at a high pH. A comparison of sludge with 1 L and 1 m3 neutralized mine drainage showed 9% and 10% sludge volume, respectively, as compared to raw mine water. A beaker neutralization experiment was also able to estimate reliable sludge generation.

Finite Observer Design for Linear Systems of Neutral Type

For the linear autonomous differential-difference systems of neutral type, a finite observer that estimates in finite time the solution to an original system with zero error is suggested. A criterion for the existence of such an observer and a corresponding design method are developed.

On oscillatory second-order nonlinear delay differential equations of neutral type

On oscillatory second-order nonlinear delay differential equations of neutral type

Oscillation of Second Order Neutral Type Emden–Fowler Delay Difference Equations

In this paper, the authors using summation averaging method and an inequality present some new oscillation criteria for the second order neutral type Emden–Fowler delay difference equation 1$$\begin{aligned} \varDelta (f_i |\varDelta \chi _i|^{\alpha -1} \varDelta \chi _i) + g_i |\psi _{i-l}|^{\beta -1} \psi _{i-l} = 0, \quad i \ge i_0 >0, \end{aligned}$$where $$\chi _i = \psi _i + h_i \psi _{i-k}, \; \alpha > 0$$ and $$\beta > 0$$. The obtained results improve and extend some known results recorded in the literature. Examples illustrating the significance of our results are provided.

Minimax Solution of Functional Hamilton-Jacobi Equations for Neutral Type Systems

We consider the Cauchy problem for a functional Hamilton-Jacobi equation with coinvariant derivatives corresponding to dynamical systems of the neutral type. A definition of minimax (generalized) solution of this problem is given and its existence, uniqueness, and also continuous dependence on the parameters are proved. The dependence of the minimax solution on information images is established, which, in particular, permits showing the consistency of the introduced definition with the definition of minimax solution for Hamilton-Jacobi partial differential equations.

A Method of Constructing Almost Periodic Solutions to a System of Neutral Type with Linear Delay

Under consideration is the possibility of constructing an almost periodic solution for one inhomogeneous system of linear differential equations with delay that is a linear function of the argument (time) under some assumptions about the right-hand side of the system. This solution is proved to be asymptotically stable. Also, we study the existence of an almost periodic solution to another system without neutral terms; in this event the solution is stable.

On criteria for stability of uncertain Lur’e systems of neutral type

Robust stability of uncertain Lur’e systems of neutral type is investigated in this brief. By constructing an augmented Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional, employing a new integral inequality, and Finsler lemma, less conservatism delay-dependent stability conditions for the system are established. The main contribution of the current work is to get the larger delay bounds than the existing ones in the literature in forms of linear matrix inequalities. Lastly, two typical models in this field are given and used for comparison with other remarkable results to test the efficiency of the proposed stability conditions.

Numerical solution of singularly perturbed delay differential equations using gaussion quadrature method

In this paper, a quadrature technique is employed for the solution of singularly perturbed delay differential equation. A first-order neutral type delay differential equation is achieved, which is asymptotically equivalent to the given singularly perturbed delay differential equation. Then Gaussian quadrature two-point formula is implemented on the first order equation to get a tridiagonal. Thomas algorithm is used to solve the resulting tri-diagonal system. The proposed method is implemented on model example, for different value of delay parameter and perturbation parameter. Maximum absolute errors are tabulated with a comparison to authorize the method. Theoretical convergence of the method is discussed. The layer behaviour is discussed using the graphical histrionics.

Memory feedback finite-time control for memristive neutral-type neural networks with quantization

The drive-response of memory feedback control design for memristor neural networks of neutral type over finite-time domain is scrutinized in this paper. Notably, the main purpose of this work is to synthesize memory feedback controller in the presence of logarithmic quantizer and actuator saturation to guarantee the finite-time boundedness of the resulting memristive neural networks. On basis of proper Lyapunov–Krasovskii-functional and linear matrix inequalities, new sufficient criterian is established to assure the delay-dependent finite-time stabilization criteria for the addressed network model. Also, by solving the developed linear matrix inequalities, the finite-time memory feedback control law gain matrices could be attained. Eventually, the validations of the proposed mechanism are ultimately explored through two numerical examples.

Estimates of the exponential decay of solutions to linear systems of neutral type with periodic coefficients

Estimates of the exponential decay of solutions to linear systems of neutral type with periodic coefficients

Optimization of aqueous two-phase partitioning for purification of recombinant Eupenicillium terrenum fructosyl peptide oxidase

Abstract Fructosyl peptide oxidase (FPOX), a flavoenzyme belonging to the class of oxidoreductases, has been used as a diagnostic enzyme for HbA1c measurement test. Design of experiments methodology was applied to evaluate the partition behavior of recombinant Eupenicillium terrenum FPOX in aqueous two-phase systems (ATPS). Different ATPS parameters including polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecular weight, PEG concentration, salt type, salt concentration, pH, system buffer type, system buffer concentration, temperature, neutral salt type, neutral salt concentration, and crude enzyme loading were investigated using a Plackett–Burman design (PBD). Taking into consideration an increase in partition coefficient (KE), PEG concentration, pH, system buffer concentration, and NaCl concentration, which played significant roles in enzyme partition, were chosen for further optimization by Box–Behnken design (BBD) in response surface methodology (RSM). The optimized condition led to maximum recovery (106.8%), yield (95.1%) and purification factor (42.4) values which were predicted to be achieved in ATPS formed by 14.0% (w/w) PEG-4000, 15.0% (w/w) Na2CO3, 5.0% (w/w) NaCl and 55.0 mM potassium phosphate buffer with pH 8.0. The partitioned recombinant FPOX was obtained as a single band into the upper PEG-rich phase and its specific activity was calculated to be 201.23 ± 2.1 U/mg. In summary, our data showed that the ATPS optimization using design of experiments can be an appropriate method for recovery of recombinant FPOX.

Estimates for Solutions to Neutral Differential Equations with Periodic Coefficients of Linear Terms

Under study are the systems of nonlinear delay differential equations of neutral type with periodic coefficients of linear terms. We establish sufficient conditions of exponential stability of the zero solution, point out the attraction domains of the zero solution, and provide estimates for solutions characterizing the stabilization rate at infinity.