Neutral Sulfur Research Articles

Polythiophene Grafted on Polyethylene Film

AbstractWe have successfully grafted polythiophene on polyethylene (PE) film with a three reactions step: gas phase bromination on PE, yielding PE-Br; substitution reaction of PE-Br with 2-thiophene thiolate anion, following by chemical oxidative polymerization. The polymerization was carried out in a suspension solution of anhydrous FeCl3 in CHCl3, yielding a reddish PE-PT film after dedoping with ethanol. ATR-FTIR shows that the polythiophene (PT) was grafted on PE in the 2,5-position; on the other hand, PT homopolymer shows a small amount of 2,4 coupling. XPS reveals higher intensity of the S2p, including neutral and positive sulfur. SEM image reveals the island of PT on the PE film. AFM analysis found the thickness of the island is in the range of 120–145 nm. The conductivity of these thin films is in the range of 10−6 S/cm.

HEALTH EFFECTS OF SULFUR-RELATED ENVIRONMENTAL AIR POLLUTION. III. Nonspecific Respiratory Defense Capacities

Recently concern has been raised about health effects related to environmental sulfur and/or acidic aerosols. To assess long-term effects on respiratory lung function, 8 beagle dogs were exposed over a period of 13 mo for 16.5 h/day to 1.0 mum neutral sulfite aerosol with a particle associated sulfur (IV) concentration of 0.32 mg m-3 and for 6 h/ day to 1.1 mum acidic sulfate aerosol providing an hydrogen ion concentration of 15.2 mumol m-3 for inhalation. Prior to exposure the dogs were kept under clean air conditions for 16 mo to establish physiological baseline values for each dog. A second group of eight dogs (control) was kept for the entire study under clean air conditions. Nonspecific defense mechanisms in the airways and in the peripheral lung were studied during chronic exposure of the combination of neutral sulfur(IV) and acidic sulfur(VI) aerosols. No functional changes of tracheal mucus velocity were found, in agreement with unchanged morphometry of the airways. However, the exposure resulted in changes of several alveolar macrophage (AM) mediated particle clearance mechanisms: (1) Based on in vivo clearance analysis and cultured AM studies using moderately soluble cobalt oxide particles, intracellular particle dissolution was significantly reduced since phagolysosomal proton concentration was decreased. We deduce exposure-related malfunction of proton pumps bound to the phagolysosomal membrane as a result of an increase of cytosolic proton concentration. (2) Based on in vivo clearance analysis using insoluble polystyrene particles, AM-mediated particle transport from the lung periphery toward ciliated terminal bronchioli and further to the larynx was significantly reduced. Activation of epithelial type II cells at the entrance of alveoli was inferred from observed type II cell proliferation at those alveolar ridges and enhanced secretion of alkaline phosphatase in the fluid of bronchoalveolar lavages. As a result, hypersecretion of chemotactic mediators by activated type II cells at these loci led to the observed decrease of particle transport toward ciliated bronchioli. (3) Based on in vivo clearance analysis using insoluble polystyrene particles, particle transport from the alveolar epithelium into interstitial tissues was increased and (4) particle transport to the tracheobronchial lymph nodes was significantly enhanced. Particle transport into interstitial tissues is the most prominant clearance pathway from the canine alveolar epithelium. We conclude that the deteriorated particle transport toward ciliated terminal bronchioli resulted in an enhanced particle transport across the epithelial membrane into interstitial tissues and the lymphatic drainage. The observed alterations in alveolar macrophage-mediated clearance mechanisms during chronic exposure of these air pollutants indicate an increased risk of health.

Vertical double ionization of the sulphur dioxide molecule

Vertical double-ionization energies, for transitions from the ground state of the neutral sulphur dioxide molecule to both singlet and triplet energetically low-lying electronic states of the SO 2 2+ dication, have been studied both experimentally with double-charge-transfer spectroscopy and theoretically with ab initio propagator calculations; consistently good agreement is found between the theoretical and experimental results. The experimental data for transitions to singlet states of SO 2 2+ are also found to be consistent with the results of earlier studies of SO 2 employing Auger spectroscopy, which also match closely the theoretical predictions in the higher-energy range not currently accessible with double-charge-transfer spectroscopy. The results of this paper, therefore, provide a comprehensive survey of the vertical double ionizations of SO 2 up to 50 eV in energy, allowing an analysis of some earlier PIPICO data for SO 2.

Lifetimes and Oscillator Strengths for Ultraviolet Transitions in Neutral Sulfur

A consistent set of f-values for vacuum ultraviolet lines of S I is deduced from a combination of laser lifetime measurements and theoretical branching ratios. The new results are compared with results deduced from absorption by interstellar gas toward zeta Ophiuchi, and good agreement is observed for most transitions.

Synthesis and Characterization of Neutral Hexanuclear Iron Sulfur Clusters Containing Stair-like [Fe(6)(&mgr;(3)-S)(4)(&mgr;(2)-SR)(4)] and Nest-like [Fe(6)(&mgr;(3)-S)(2)(&mgr;(2)-S)(2)(&mgr;(4)-S)(&mgr;(2)-SR)(4)] Core Structures.

The binuclear iron complex [{Fe("EtN(2)S(2)")}(2)] (1b, "EtN(2)S(2)" = N,N'-diethyl-3,7-diazanonane-1,9-dithiolate) was prepared from the free ligand and ferrous bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)amide] in toluene. In dichloromethane 1b reacts with the [Fe(4)S(4)I(4)](2-) cubane cluster to displace two iodo ligands and to form the neutral hexanuclear cluster [{Fe("EtN(2)S(2)")}(2)Fe(4)S(4)I(2)] (2), which is isolated as black crystals in 87% yield. As elucidated by an X-ray structure analysis, 2 contains the novel hexanuclear stair-like [Fe(6)(&mgr;(3)-S)(4)(&mgr;(2)-SR)(4)] core, which exhibits crystallographic inversion symmetry. The compound crystallizes as a solvate with two molecules of CH(2)Cl(2) per formula unit in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/n with a = 1570.5(2) pm, b = 1060.2(1) pm, c = 1604.0(2) pm, beta = 114.93(1) degrees, and Z = 2. In the aprotic polar solvents DMF, 1,2-propylenecarbonate, and DMSO, 2 dissolves with decomposition and formation of the cluster [{Fe("EtN(2)S(2)")}(2)Fe(4)S(5)] (3), which is isolated as black needles from DMF. 3.2DMF crystallizes in the triclinic space group P&onemacr; with a = 950.9(1) pm, b = 1086.0(1) pm, c = 2381.5(2) pm, alpha = 101.81(1) degrees, beta = 91.94(1) degrees, gamma = 97.01(1) degrees, and Z = 2. The neutral compound contains a nest-like [Fe(6)(&mgr;(4)-S)(&mgr;(3)-S)(2)(&mgr;(2)-S)(2)(&mgr;(2)-SR)(4)] core of idealized C(2)(v)() symmetry that is closely related to that of other well-known clusters, e.g., the cluster anion [Fe(6)S(9)(SR)(2)](4-). The zero-field (57)Fe Mössbauer spectrum of 3 is in accordance with four Fe(2.5+)S(4) centers (delta = 0.46 mm/s; DeltaE(Q) = 1.14 mm/s) and two N(2)S(3)-bound high-spin Fe(2+) sites (delta = 0.83 mm/s; DeltaE(Q) = 3.64 mm/s). A total cluster spin of 0 is deduced from the Mössbauer spectrum at 4.2 K and 5.3 T, which yields magnetic splitting from the applied field only. For 2, three subspectra are observed in the Mössbauer spectrum (a, delta = 0.45 mm/s, DeltaE(Q) = 1.05 mm/s; b, delta = 0.55 mm/s, DeltaE(Q) = 1.61 mm/s, c, delta = 0.80 mm/s; DeltaE(Q) = 3.83 mm/s) reflecting different coordination environments of the iron atoms rather than different oxidation states. The electrochemical properties of 1b, 2, and 3 were determined by cyclic voltammetry. 1b can be quasi-reversibly oxidized in dichloromethane solution at -75 mV (vs SCE). Whereas 2 shows only an irreversible redox behavior in N,N'-dimethylimidazolidin-2-one solution, 3 in the same solvent can be quasi-reversibly reduced in two consecutive steps at -830 and -1630 mV (vs SCE) to the dianion, which consists entirely of Fe(II).

The Effects of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons on the Chemistry of Photodissociation Regions

We have investigated the effects of including polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on the abundance of neutral atoms and molecules for two typical photodissociation regions (PDRs): a high-density case (the Orion complex) and a low-density case. PAHs provide a large surface area for chemistry between themselves and the gas phase and influence this chemistry directly through their charge state. The PAH charge is dominated by the balance of the photoelectric ejection of electrons and direct PAH-electron recombination. This means that the incident UV flux and gas density determine the PAH charge balance. We have investigated a wide parameter space for the incident far-ultraviolet flux (measured in units of G0 = 1.6 × 10-3 ergs s-1 cm-2) varying as 10 < G0 < 105 and gas density, nH, where 102 cm-3 < nH < 105 cm-3. Because PAHs are highly efficient charge exchange intermediaries, our results show that their presence in the PDR strongly influences the gas phase abundance of neutral atomic carbon, sulfur, silicon, and metals throughout the PDR by mutual neutralization. We have determined the effects of PAHs on the column density and line intensity of the chemical species in the PDR, and we present these results as functions of depth into the PDR, G0, and nH. We discuss the PDR model in detail for the Orion PDR. Typically, the presence of PAHs in a PDR increases the peak C I line intensities by a factor of 2. Our model for the Orion PDR produces a [C I] 610 μm line intensity of 1.3 × 10-5 ergs cm-2 s-1, which compares well with the observed peak intensity toward this source (10-5 ergs cm-2 s-1). We conclude that PAHs play a central role in the gas phase chemistry and that they are crucial to our understanding of the structure and evolution of star-forming regions.

Determination of radiative lifetimes of neutral sulphur by time-resolved three-photon VUV laser spectroscopy

Radiative lifetimes of the highly exited states s and d of neutral sulphur have been measured using time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence. The sulphur atoms were generated in a laser-produced plasma. The investigated states were populated through a two-step process involving a two-photon excitation to the lowest excited triplet state of even parity , followed by a one-photon excitation to the investigated state. We obtained ns and ns. These values are much longer than theoretically predicted ones and much shorter than those indirectely inferred from astronomical data.

Oscillator Strengths of Allowed and Intercombination Transitions in Neutral Sulfur

We have calculated oscillator strengths and transition probabilities of electric-dipole allowed and intercombination transitions from fine-structure levels of the ground 3s(sup 2)3p(sup 4) configuration to the levels belonging to configurations 3s(sup 2)3p(sup 3)4s, 3s(sup 2) 3p(sup 3)5s, 3(sup 2)3p(sup 3)3d, 3s(sup 2)3p(sup 3)4d of neutral sulfur. Extensive configuration-interaction wave functions are used to represent these levels. The relativistic corrections have been included through the Breit-Pauli Hamiltonian. The results are compared with previous theoretical calculations and with measurements.

Sulfite induces release of lipid mediators by alveolar macrophages.

Air pollutants are supposed to modulate physiological responses of alveolar macrophages (AM). This study was addressed to the question whether at neutral pH sulfur(IV) species in comparison to sulfur(VI) species cause AM to release proinflammatory mediators and which pathways are involved in their generation. Supernatants obtained from canine AM treated with sulfite (0.1 mM to 2 mM) enhanced the respiratory burst of canine neutrophils, measured by lucigenin-dependent chemiluminescence, whereas supernatants derived from AM treated with sulfite (1 mM) did not. The neutrophil-stimulating activity released by sulfite-treated AM consisted of platelet-activating factor (PAF) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4) as shown by desensitization of the corresponding receptors. Inhibitors of phospholipase A2 substantially suppressed release of neutrophil-stimulating activity by sulfite-treated AM. Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase in sulfite-treated AM also reduced neutrophil-stimulating activity, while inhibition of cyclooxygenase had no effect. In conclusion, sulfite induces AM to release lipid mediators via phospholipase A2- and 5-lipoxygenase-dependent pathways. These mediators activate neutrophils via the receptors for PAF and LTB4.

Oscillator strengths of sulphur 3s23p34s 3So-3s23p34p 3P transitions measured by time resolved two-photon laser spectroscopy

Oscillator strengths for the three 3s23p34s 3S1o-3s23p34p 3P0,1,2 transitions in neutral sulphur have been determined directly from lifetime measurements. Two-photon UV laser excitation and subsequent fluorescence detection have been used on atoms produced in a thermal sulphur beam or in a laser-driven plasma. A good agreement was found between data obtained in both schemes. The lifetime data obtained, τ(3P0) = 46.1(1.0) ns, τ(3P1) = 46.1(1.0) ns and τ(3P2) = 46.1(1.0) ns are compared with results of theoretical and experimental data from literature. The absorption oscillator strengths derived are f(3S1o-3P0) = 0.120(0.003), f(3S1o-3P1) = 0.360(0.008) and f(3S1o-3P2) = 0.600(0.013), respectively. For the next higher member of the series, 3s23p35p 3P1,2, a substantially longer lifetime, 188(13) ns, was obtained.

The First Observation of Sulfur in Anomalous Cosmic Rays by the [ITAL]Geotail[/ITAL] and the [ITAL]Wind[/ITAL] Spacecrafts

The Geotail high-energy particle instruments have observed cosmic-ray particles in the energy range from 3 MeV n-1 to 150 MeV n-1 at 1 AU during the period 1992 September-1995 August. A remarkable enhancement of anomalous cosmic-ray (ACR) N, O, Ne, and C is observed during the period. A measurable enhancement of the sulfur flux below about 20 MeV n-1 was observed. This is the first evidence showing the existence of sulfur in the anomalous component. The flux increase of anomalous sulfur, with a first ionization potential (FIP) of 10.4 eV, is smaller than that of ACR carbon with an FIP of 11.3 eV and much smaller than those of high-FIP elements, which suggests that the fractions of neutral carbon and sulfur atoms are significantly low in the very local interstellar medium.

Determination of radiative lifetimes of neutral sulfur by time-resolved vacuum-ultraviolet laser spectroscopy

Time-resolved laser spectroscopy was used to measure radiative lifetimes of eight excited states of neutral sulfur in a laser-produced plasma. Excitation from the atomic ground state was performed with pulsed vacuum-ultraviolet (126--140 nm) radiation generated by resonant sum-difference four-wave mixing in krypton gas. The lifetimes of the ${3\mathrm{p}}^{3}$ ns${\mathrm{}}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{S}}^{\mathrm{o}}$ (n=5--7) and ${3\mathrm{p}}^{3}$ nd${\mathrm{}}^{3}$ ${\mathrm{D}}^{\mathrm{o}}$ (n=4,5) states were measured and are presented together with data available from literature. Relativistic Hartree-Fock calculations of radiative lifetimes were also performed for states where experimental data were available.

Composition and energy spectra of anomalous cosmic rays observed by the GEOTAIL satellite

The composition and energy spectra of anomalous cosmic-rays (ACRs) in the energies 6 – 200 MeV/n have been measured during the period from September 1992 to August 1995 using the High Energy Particle instrument onboard the GEOTAIL satellite orbiting at 1 AU. A remarkable enhancement of ACR N, O, Ne and Ar is observed during the period. A flux enhancement of anomalous argon at 1 AU is confirmed by the GEOTAIL satellite. The first possible evidence for the emergence of a measurable sulfur component in ACR below about 20 MeV/n is found. The flux increase of anomalous sulfur with 10.4 eV FIP is smaller than that of ACR carbon with 11.3 eV FIP, and much smaller than those of high FIP elements, which suggests that the fraction of neutral carbon and sulfur atoms is significantly lower in the very local interstellar medium.

New procedures for the preparation of [Mo3S4(H2O)9]4+, [Mo4S4(H2O)12]5+ and [Mo7S8(H2O)18]8+ and their Se analogues: redox and substitution studies on the double cube [Mo7S8(H2O)18]8+

Alternative improved methods for the preparation of [Mo 3 S 4 (H 2 O) 9 ] 4+ , [Mo 4 S 4 (H 2 O) 12 ] 5+ and [Mo 7 S 8 (H 2 O) 18 ] 8+ are described from polymeric {Mo 3 S 7 Br 4 } x (obtained by heating together the elements), via water soluble [Mo 3 S 7 Br 6 ] 2- . Abstraction of neutral sulfur with phosphines and aquation of terminal ligands in dilute acids gives [Mo 3 S 4 (H 2 O) 9 ] 4+ in yields of up to 85%. The single cube [Mo 4 S 4 (H 2 O) 12 ] 5+ , and corner-shared double cube [Mo 7 S 8 (H 2 O) 18 ] 8+ , are obtained by treating [Mo 3 S 4 (H 2 O) 9 ] 4+ with different reductants. The best procedure for [Mo 7 S 8 (H 2 O) 18 ] 8+ is with hypophosphorous acid (H 3 PO 2 ), when yields of up to 20% are obtained. Yields of [Mo 4 S 4 (H 2 O) 12 ] 5+ are variable and in the range 10–65% depending on the reductant and procedure employed. The reactions provide examples of Mo III and Mo IV –sulfido reassembly from [Mo 3 S 4 (H 2 O) 9 ] 4+ following reduction. Surprisingly, the more direct approach for the preparation of [Mo 7 S 8 (H 2 O) 18 ] 8+ , involving addition of [Mo 3 S 4 (H 2 O) 9 ] 4+ to [Mo 4 S 4 (H 2 O) 12 ] 4+ , gives only ≈3% yield, most likely due to the inertness of [Mo 4 S 4 (H 2 O) 12 ] 4+ . The procedures described are effective also for [Mo 3 Se 7 Br 6 ] 2- , and in exploratory studies the double cube [Mo 7 Se 8 (H 2 O) 18 ] 8+ has been prepared for the first time. The kinetics of substitution of H 2 O on [Mo 7 S 8 (H 2 O) 18 ] 8+ by NCS - have been investigated, and two stages identified. One of these is a [NCS - ]-dependent equilibration, with rate constants (25 °C) for formation k f = 0.173 M -1 s -1 and aquation k aq = 0.20 × 10 -3 s -1 at [H + ] = 1.96 M, I = 2.00 M (Lipts), pts - = p-toluenesulfonate. The other is a [NCS - ]-independent step assigned as isomerisation of the S-bonded thiocyanato product (k ≈1.5 × 10 -3 s -1 ). With [Co(dipic) 2 ] - (dipic = pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate) as oxidant, second-order kinetics are observed with the rate constant 0.31 M -1 s -1 at 25 °C independent of [H + ] in the range 0.87–2.00 M, I = 2.00 M (Lipts). The stoichiometry indicates higher than expected consumption (≈7 equivalents) of [Co(dipic) 2 ] - . A mechanism involving transient formation of [Mo 7 S 8 (H 2 O) 18 ] 9+ , which fragments to [Mo 3 S 4 (H 2 O) 9 ] 4+ and [Mo 4 S 4 (H 2 O) 12 ] 5+ , is proposed. In separate experiments the latter was found to be oxidised by [Co(dipic) 2 ] - yielding first [Mo 4 S 4 (H 2 O) 12 ] 6+ , which itself fragments with formation of [Mo 3 S 4 (H 2 O) 9 ] 4+ , the Mo V 2 dimer [Mo 2 O 2 S 2 (H 2 O) 6 ] 2+ , and other products.

Preparation, structural characterization and vibrational spectroscopic studies of transition metal complexes of singly- and doubly-deprotonated N-methyl-2-thiooxamic acid

Synthetic procedures are described that allow access to the new monomeric complexes [M(HA)2(H2O)2]·2H2O (M = Mn or Co), [M(HA)2(H2O)2] (M = Fe, Ni or Zn) and [Cu(HA)2], and to the polymeric compounds [MA(H2O)] n (M = Mn, Co, Ni or Zn) and [CuA] n , where H2A = N-methyl-2-thiooxamic acid. The X-ray crystal structure of [Mn(HA)2(H2O)2]·2H2O reveals a trans, cis, cis octahedral geometry around the metal ion. The singlydeprotonated ligand behaves as a bidentate chelate with ligated atoms being the neutral thioamide sulfur and one of the carboxylate oxygens. The complexes were characterized by elemental analyses, conductivity measurements, X-ray powder patterns, magnetic susceptibilities and spectroscopic (e.s.r., ligand field, i.r., far-i.r., Raman) studies. The vibrational analysis of the complexes is presented using OH/OD, NH/ND, CH3/CD3 and metal isotopic substitutions. All data are discussed in terms of the nature of bonding in conjunction with known or assigned structures. The dianion A2− acts as a bis-bidentate O,N/O,S bridging ligand yielding highly symmetrical squares planar (CuII) and octahedral (MnII, CoII, NiII and ZnII) polymeric compounds.

Quantum molecular study of S-methylated forms of sulfur mustard

An ab initio quantum molecular modeling of sulfur mustard and various S-methylated forms is presented in this work. The geometries, conformations and Mulliken charge distributions were obtained at the level HF/6-31G∗ computations for: neutral sulfur mustard (HD); the HD+ episulfonium; the 2-chloroethyl ethyl methyl sulfonium; the bis(2-chloroethyl)methyl (MeHD+) sulfonium and the bicationic form MeHD++ obtained by loosing a chloride in the chloroethyl branch of MeHD+. The conformational and the electrostatic situations are discussed with the aim to explain a possible rationale for detoxification of sulfur mustard proposed by Mozier and Hoffman. A theoretical reaction pathway of MeHD++ involving a closure way and a fragmentation way is proposed.

Point defects produced by grinding of CaS phosphors: An electron spin resonance study

Abstract Pure and europium-doped CaS powders prepared by the alkaline polysulfides flux method were submitted to grinding and the effect was studied by ESR. The fine structure evolution of Mn2+ present as natural impurity has shown that the local order in CaS particles is strongly disturbed by grinding. The ESR signals of F+ centers induced by grinding can be easily separated from other signals using a 90° out-of-phase detection. A scheme is proposed involving the formation of neutral sulfur vacancies (F centers) and their consecutive reaction with Cr3+, Eu3+ or hole centers initially present in CaS to form F+ centers. Evolution of F+ centers and formation of new paramagnetic species after thermal treatment in air are studied. The possible cause of the strong decrease of Eu2+ fluorescence intensity after grinding is discussed.

Atomic Physics with the Goddard High-Resolution Spectrograph on the Hubble Space Telescope. I. Oscillator Strengths for Neutral Sulfur

view Abstract Citations (27) References (31) Co-Reads Similar Papers Volume Content Graphics Metrics Export Citation NASA/ADS Atomic Physics with the Goddard High-Resolution Spectrograph on the Hubble Space Telescope. I. Oscillator Strengths for Neutral Sulfur Federman, S. R. ; Cardelli, Jason A. Abstract Interstellar spectra toward ζ Oph acquired with the Goddard High-Resolution Spectrograph were used to obtain oscillator strengths for approximately two dozen S I lines. This analysis was possible because precisely determined experimental oscillator strengths are available for several multiplets, including one with a weak interstellar line. The self-consistent set of oscillator strengths then was obtained from a curve of growth based on line strengths spanning a range of a factor of 100. The derived f-values for a number of multiplets differ from values quoted by Morton (1991) but are generally consistent with the suite of available experimental and theoretical results. Publication: The Astrophysical Journal Pub Date: October 1995 DOI: 10.1086/176298 Bibcode: 1995ApJ...452..269F Keywords: ATOMIC DATA; ISM: ABUNDANCES; STARS: INDIVIDUAL CONSTELLATION NAME: ZETA OPHIUCHI full text sources ADS | data products SIMBAD (1) MAST (1) ESA (1) Related Materials (4) Part 2: 1995ApJ...452..275C Part 3: 1997ApJ...484..820Z Part 4: 1998ApJ...498..256Z Part 5: 2001ApJ...555.1020F

Neutral Sulfur Emission from the Io Torus Measured with the Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope

Neutral Sulfur Emission from the Io Torus Measured with the Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope

The Electrical Conductivity of Sodium Polysulfide Melts

The electrical conductivities of sodium polysulfide melts, and , were measured as a function of temperature between 300 and 360°C. Due to the viscous nature of the sodium polysulfide melts, the conductance cells are axisymmetric cylindrical cells with a microelectrode, instead of capillary cells. The values of the Arrhenius activation energy derived from the experimental conductivity data are about 33 kJ/mol. The macroscopic model of sodium polysulfide melts has described the melts as composed of sodium cations, monosulfide anions, and neutral sulfur solvent.¹ For this model, the binary interaction coefficients quantifying the interaction between sodium cations and monosulfide anions were calculated from the experimental conductivity data and literature data for the transference number, diffusion coefficient, activity coefficient, and density.