Neutral Red Solution Research Articles

Functional Baculovirus Particle Quantification via Plaque Assay.

Plaque assay method enables the quantification of infectious baculovirus when defined as plaque forming units (PFU). It allows to determine the amount of infectious virus needed to infect the cells at a specific multiplicity of infection (MOI). Serial dilutions of baculovirus stock are added to the Sf9 cells monolayer followed by addition of 5% Agarose overlay. Six days after infection clear infection halos are observed using a neutral red solution. Here we describe the quantification of recombinant baculovirus expression vector (rBEV) carrying a transgene in an rAAV expression cassette. Reproducible quantification of PFU is obtained with this method.

Osmophores and petal surface traits in Bignonieae species.

This study characterizes the osmophores and corolla traits in 18 species of Bignonieae Dumort., a Bignoniaceae tribe occurring in the Cerrado, a neotropical savanna in Brazil. To detect osmophore distribution, whole, newly opened flowers were immersed in Neutral Red Solution. Samples from the corolla tube and lobes were also fixed and analyzed micromorphologically, anatomically, and histochemically. The osmophores showed six markedly different distribution patterns that were not clearly associated with histological features. In most species, osmophores comprised papillose secretory epidermises and a few layers of subepidermal parenchyma. Starch grains, lipid droplets, and terpenes were detected in osmophores. An ornamented cuticle, cuticular folds, glandular and non-glandular trichomes, raised stomata and epicuticular wax granules are common traits in the species studied and may be useful in determining the taxonomy of the group. We found that 94% of the species visited by bees had papillose epidermises while the single hummingbird-pollinated species presented a flattened epidermis. Variations in osmophore pattern among species visited by bees, including variations within the same plant genus, are novel finding. Additionally, the Bignonieae species visited by bees presented a textured corolla surface, which has been reported as facilitating bee attachment and movement towards the floral resource. Future studies with a greater number of Bignonieae species and more detailed pollinator behavioral assays may help in the interpretation of the variations in corolla traits and functional relationships between flowers and pollinators.

Modification of ZIF-8 nanocomposite by a Gd atom doped TiO2 for high efficiency photocatalytic degradation of neutral red dye: An experimental and theoretical study

The sol–gel method was used to prepare the rare earth element Gd-doped TiO2, and the solvothermal synthesis method was used to prepare ZIF-8@TiO2 (0.3% Gd). A neutral red solution was used as the degradation object to evaluate the photocatalytic degradation ability of the material. The structure, element distribution, crystallite morphology, specific surface area, element valence, light response range, and electrochemical properties of the material were analyzed by XRD, EDX, SEM, TEM, BET, XPS, UV–Vis, and EIS. The neutral red solution was degraded by a photocatalytic test. The effects of the Gd doping amount, initial concentration of the neutral red solution, photocatalyst dose, and recycling times on the catalytic efficiency were tested. The results show that TiO2 (0.3% Gd) has an anatase structure, and Gd element doping inhibits crystal growth. The composite of ZIF-8 and TiO2 (0.3% Gd) dramatically improves the specific surface area of the material. When Gd is doped in TiO2, the UV diffuse reflectance curve is shifted by a redshift. After 0.3% Gd (molar ratio), doped TiO2 has the best photocatalytic degradation effect of neutral red. ZIF-8@TiO2 (0.3% Gd) UV irradiation for 1 h, the degradation rate of neutral red was 96.55%. The optimum concentration of the neutral red solution is 20 mg/L. After four times of recycling, the catalytic efficiency is 69.41%. The content of total organic carbon after photocatalysis was analyzed, and the degradation products of neutral red dye were analyzed. The main active substances in the process of photocatalysis are analyzed, and the principle of photocatalysis is expounded. This work provides a new strategy for the field of photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants.

The Preparation and Nonlinear Properties Study of a Mixture of Polyurethane and Neutral Red Dye Solution.

A mixture of polyurethane (PU) and neutral red (NR) dye solution is prepared. The nonlinear optical properties of the mixture of PU with NR dye solution are studied using a 473nm laser beam of continuous fashion. The nonlinear refraction index of prepared material is determined via diffraction patterns and Z-scan. The diffraction patterns are calculated based on the Fresnel-Kirchhoff integral. Optical limiting of the prepared material is tested. All-optical switching occur in the sample using two low power visible laser beams.

Protective role of Portuguese natural mineral waters on skin aging: in vitro evaluation of anti-senescence and anti-oxidant properties.

Natural mineral waters (NMWs) emerge from the earth as springs and their beneficial therapeutic effecthas been empirically recognized in different countries. Portugal has diverse NMW resources that are sought for the relief of different afflictions including dermatological complications. However, there is a lack of scientific validation supporting this empiric knowledge. In this study, we aimed to screen the in vitro bioactivity of Portuguese NMWs with different chemical profiles, namely sulfurous/bicarbonate/sodic (SBS), bicarbonate/magnesium, sulfated/calcic, sulfurous/chlorinated/sodic, sulfurous/bicarbonate/fluoridated/sodic, and chlorinated/sodic, focusing on aging-related skin alterations. Mouse skin fibroblasts and macrophages were exposed to culture medium prepared in different NMWs. Cellular viability was evaluated by MTT assay and etoposide-induced senescence was analyzed through the beta-galactosidase staining kit. Wound healing was investigated by the scratch assay, and phototoxicity/photoprotection after UVA irradiation was evaluated using a neutral red solution. ROS production was quantified using the 2'7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate dye, and the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was analyzed by a commercial kit after lipopolysaccharide exposure. NMWs within the SBS profile demonstrated anti-senescence activity in skin fibroblasts, along with a variable effect on cellular viability. Among the tested NMWs, two decreased cellular senescence and preserved cell viability and were therefore selected for subsequent studies, together with a SBS NMW with therapeutic indications for dermatologic diseases. Overall, the selected NMW promoted wound healing in skin fibroblasts and activated SOD in macrophages, thus suggesting an anti-oxidant effect. None of the NMWs prevented phototoxicity after UV irradiation. Our results shed a light on the anti-aging potential of Portuguese NMW, supporting their putative application in cosmetic or medical products.

Flexible fabrication of lipophilic-hydrophilic micromotors by off-chip photopolymerization of three-phase immiscible flow induced Janus droplet templates

Self-propelled microparticles are promising for lots of applications ranging from analytical detection to water treatment. Herein, we present an effective approach to fabricate lipophilic-hydrophilic micromotors via the photocuring of three-phase immiscible flow induced droplet templates. In the microfluidic system, two immiscible inner fluids, the lipophilic 1, 6-Hexanediol diacrylate (HDDA), and the hydrophilic poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), are simultaneously injected into a theta-shaped cylindrical capillary from two separate inlets, and they are emulsified into Janus drops when encountering the outer immiscible silicone oil. Because of the immiscible feature of droplet templates, off-chip photopolymerization strategy has been used, which can significantly decrease the blocking chance of microdevice. And also, the lipophilic-hydrophilic structure of droplets is convenient for the loading of cargos with different characteristics. More importantly, the size and configuration of droplet templates can be flexibly regulated by changing the flow rates of three different phases. Accordingly, multifunctional micromotors can be fabricated by adding different nanoparticles and materials into the HDDA or PEGDA phase first and then photocuring the droplets. Taking the bubble-propelled micromotors for example, we prepare microswimmers by loading Ag, TiO2 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles into the PEGDA phase. The swimming behaviors of micromotors in H2O2 solution are systematically investigated, finding that the proportion of PEGDA phase and the concentration of H2O2 both positively affect the moving speed. Furthermore, the applicability of motor particles on water treatment is successfully demonstrated by using neutral red solution as the model pollutant. And the micromotors can be recycled using magnets after the catalytic degradation process. Therefore, this micromotor generation technique and this kind of micromotor can be attractive for many applications.

Distribution of Microbial Plaque on Intaglio Surfaces of Maxillary Removable Complete Denture: A Cross Sectional Study

Aim: To assess the dispersion of prosthetic microbial plaque on intaglio planes of removable completely edentulous denture.
 Study Design: Descriptive Cross Sectional
 Place and Duration of Study: Department of Prosthodontics, Liaquat Medical University Hospital from December 2107 to November 2018.
 Methodology: The maxillary removable complete dentures were collected from the 62 patients. The inner sides of the maxillary prosthesis remained revealed with 1% neutral red solution. These internal sides stayed at that point captured with an advanced camera. Natural plaque scattering on the inner layer of the denture was inspected by calculating plaque layering the subsequent definite zones of the denture inner layers: The fitting layer of the maxillary prosthesis was divided into 14 zones. Biofilm was enumerated in all of the 14 assessed zones by a visual analogue scale. The data was analyzed by SPSS version-16. Independent t test and Anova test were applied for statistical difference of plaque score.
 Results: Males and females were 48% and 52% respectively. The mean age was 56.48 ± 7.176. The mean plaque score on intaglio surface was 1.912 ± 0.468. The Vestibular inclination of the right labial flange (areas 4) had the highest biofilm growth 19% tailed by palatal inclination, frontal portion of the right buccal flange (area 8) 18%, vestibular inclination of the left labial flange (area 3) 14% and palatal inclination, front portion of the left buccal flange (area 11) 11%. There was no statistical difference between gender and plaque score.
 Conclusion: The Vestibular slope area of the right labial flange had the greater growth of plaque shadowed by Palatal slope space, frontal zone of the right buccal extension area, Vestibular slope area of the left labial extension and slope of palate area, front zone of the left buccal extension.

Anatomy and ultrastructure floral osmophores of Catasetum fimbriatum (Orchidaceae).

Catasetum fimbriatum is a dioecious species whose flowers fully adapted to an euglossinophilic mode of pollination. Euglossini male bees collect the volatile fragrances which are produced in osmophores on the flowers. In order to understand the mechanism of scent secretion and floral interaction with the pollinator, we describe the location, histochemistry, anatomy, and ultrastructure of osmophores in pistillate and staminate flowers of this species. Fresh flowers were submerged in neutral red solution to locate the position of the osmophores. Other histochemical test performed includes the NADI reaction to detect terpenoids, Sudan IV for lipids, and Lugol's iodine solution to detect starch. Anatomical and ultrastructural traits were studied with bright field and transmission electron microscopes, respectively. The location of osmophores differs between pistillate and staminate flowers. In pistillate flowers, secretory tissues were observed on the ribbed adaxial surface of the labellum, but not on its margins, whereas in staminate flowers, they were found throughout the adaxial surface of the labellum and especially in the fimbriae. Anatomy and ultrastructure of the osmophores in the labellum of both types of flowers were similar. They present characteristics of metabolically active cells, such as abundant mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles, plastids with starch grains, and lipid globules. Granulocrine secretion and cycles of cytoplasmic contraction and expansion appear to allow the release of products without involving the rupture of the cuticle. Individuals of Eufriesea auriceps and Euglossa sp. were captured in staminate and pistillate flowers but, it seems likely, that only the former pollinates this orchid species.

Reproductive biology of Physalis angulata L. (Solanaceae)

Physalis angulata L., a member of the family Solanaceae, known popularly in Brazil as “camapu”, is widely used in folk medicine. Its leaves have various pharmacological activities and fruits can also be used as human food. Considering the species’ potential economic importance, further knowledge is necessary of its reproductive biology for germplasm conservation and to obtain new hybrid combinations in breeding programs. Therefore, the objective of this study was to elucidate aspects of the reproductive biology of P. angulata. We investigated the floral morphology, anthesis, nectaries and pollinator-attraction structures, identified floral visitors, and estimated pollen viability by the colorimetric method with acetocarmine and 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) at different collection times. In addition, we evaluated the reproductive systems by measuring the pollen/ovule ratio (P/O), as well as by observing pollen-pistil interaction and seed germination after pollination. The P. angulata plants presented hermaphrodite flowers, and the floral opening occurred between 06:00 h and 08:00 h. Anthers and pollen were the main attractive structures to pollinating insects, especially Apis mellifera, the floral visitor found in greatest abundance, followed by nectar, which was analyzed by neutral red solution. Regarding pollen viability, in the first three collection hours it was greater than 90 % according to both staining methods evaluated, and no in vitro pollen germination was observed. According to the P/O ratio, P. angulata was classified as facultative autogamous. Controlled pollination under field conditions indicated the species is self-compatible with a mixed reproductive system. With respect to fruit production and seed formation, the plants originating from natural self-pollination had the best results, with a fruiting rate of 86 % and production of 156 seeds per fruit. The results obtained from studies of the reproductive biology can aid in planning of crosses and establishment of Physalis breeding programs, and also increase the efficiency of controlled pollinations for agronomic purposes.

SPIONs as proton pump and electrostatic contributor for the simultaneous precipitation of protonated neutral red, Ag+ and chloride ion from aqueous solution

Abstract The development of a cheaper technique capable of simultaneous removal of organic and inorganic pollutants from water is important to alleviate cost of waste water treatment. Herein, we report the concurrent precipitation of protonated neutral red (RNH3+), silver (I) (Ag+) and chloride (Cl−) ions from aqueous solution using greenly-synthesized biocompatible gluconic acid capped superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs@gluconic acid). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the simultaneous removal of organic and inorganic pollutants from aqueous saline solution using carboxylic acid functionalized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). The SPIONs@gluconic acid were synthesized via a coprecipitation approach and characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selective area electron diffraction (SAED), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The precipitation process was effected by mixing SPIONs@gluconic acid with Ag (I) complex of neutral red hydrochloride solution, followed by settling under gravity with time. A grayish black-brown precipitate was obtained which separated from a clear supernatant. The mechanism for the removal process was proposed and experimentally verified. It was found that precipitation only occurred in the presence of sufficient amount of hydrogen ion (pumped into the system by Ag+ and SPIONs@gluconic acid, at low pH and Ag+ concentration) and subsequent formation of insoluble AgCl which served as Le Chatelier’s principle driven agent for the continuous precipitation of the neutral red’s electrostatic–induced system. This finding indicates that SPIONs@gluconic acid may be employed successfully for a low-cost simultaneous removal of lone-pair bearing organic chloride salts and inorganic silver ions from aqueous solution at low Ag+ concentration. This approach may find usefulness for large scale industrial purification of combined effluents from textile and photographic industries.

Preparation of leaflike copper phosphate films by anodic oxidation and their catalytic oxidation performance

In this paper, leaflike copper phosphate films were fabricated by anodization of copper foils in mixed phosphate electrolytes. The optimal leaflike morphology was obtained when copper foil was anodized at 10V for 60min. Leaflike copper phosphate films had very good catalytic effect on the dyes degradation through Fenton oxidation. The reaction temperature exerted a significant influence on the decolorization ratio. When the temperature was 75°C, methyl orange, rhodamine B, alizarin red and neutral red solution could be decolorized completely within 5min (10g dye solution/4cm2 film).

Fiddler crabs (Uca spp.) as model hosts for laboratory infections of Hematodinium perezi

The parasitic dinoflagellate, Hematodinium perezi, negatively impacts the commercially important blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. The parasite is a host generalist, but it has not been reported from littoral fiddler crabs living within a few meters of habitat known to harbor infected blue crabs. In the first study, populations of three species of fiddler crab were screened for natural infections. The infection status of field-collected and lab-inoculated crabs was determined by screening fresh hemolymph with a 0.3% neutral red solution. Fiddler crabs were collected by hand in an area adjacent to where infected blue crabs were commonly collected. None of the 431 fiddlers had natural infections. In two separate studies, three species of fiddler crabs, Uca minax, U. pugnax, and U. pugilator, were evaluated for their susceptibility to H. perezi via inoculation of trophic stages. Uca minax inoculated with 10,000 cells of H. perezi were monitored for progression of the parasite. During hemolymph screenings of disease progression, filamentous trophonts, ameboid trophonts, and clump colonies were observed, indicative of active infections. In the second study, the minimum infective dose in U. minax was investigated. Fiddler crabs were inoculated with 0, 100, 1000, or 10,000 cells per crab. The minimum dose was determined to be approximately 1000 ameboid trophonts per crab. All three species of fiddler crab were susceptible to H. perezi via inoculation. The parasite was serially transferred from fiddler crabs to blue crabs without loss of infectivity. Survival studies indicated similar progression patterns to those observed in blue crabs. Based on our results fiddler crabs can serve as a laboratory model for investigating H. perezi infections and may be useful for comparative studies with blue crabs.

Optimising a clearance index based on neutral red as an indicator of physiological stress for bivalves

Neutral red is a weakly cationic dye that is soluble in water, has a low toxicity for almost all classes of organisms, and has been used as a histological and vital stain since the early twentieth century. Estimating the volume of water cleared of indicator material by suspension feeding bivalves (clearance or filtration rate) was one of the earliest applications of neutral red; however, less than thirty studies have applied this methodology since it was first described in 1954. The feeding/clearance rate is used as a sensitive indicator of physiological stress and is therefore an early-warning tool that is suitable for monitoring the ecological status of water bodies. The aim of our study was to optimise a clearance index based on neutral red solution by addressing the effect of i) the acidifying pH; ii) the holding temperature before spectrophotometric reading; and the time iii) before and iv) after the acidification of solutions of neutral red used to carry out clearance assays. Furthermore, as a case study we fine-tuned the clearance assay for the edible estuarine bivalve, Cerastoderma edule. The results showed that there were no statistical differences as regards the absorbance of neutral red solutions holding at 4 or 20°C or a solution acidified between the ranges of pH 4–5. However, the absorbance significantly decreased as the pH increased to pH 6. The time before acidification had no significant effect on absorbance. Once the neutral red solution is acidified, the absorbance decreases over time, signifying that the absorbance should be read in the first 24h. The concentration of neutral red used in the experiences should be sufficient to allow final concentrations of over 0.5mg/L after the clearance period, since we observed that the sensitivity of this protocol decreased at low concentrations. In the case of C. edule, the optimum clearance conditions per individual were found to be 100ml of 4mg/L of neutral red dye during a 30min period in dark conditions. A bioassay using a clearance index of C. edule based on this simple colorimetric technique would appear to be a potential tool for implementation in environmental monitoring programmes for water quality assessment in accordance with European directives. We trust that the new harmonised protocol will become a widely used and cost-effective means to monitor the clearance index as an indicator of physiological stress for bivalves.

Macrophage activation induced by the polysaccharides isolated from the roots of Sanguisorba officinalis

Context: Macrophage, involved at all stages of immune response, is an important component of the host defense system. Polysaccharides exist almost ubiquitously in medical plants and most of them possess immunomodulation and macrophage activation properties.Objective: This study elucidates the effects on macrophage activation and molecular mechanism induced by the polysaccharides (SOPs) from the roots of Sanguisorba officinalis Linne (Rosaceae).Materials and methods: Polysaccharides (SOPs) from the roots of S. officinalis were obtained by water extraction and ethanol precipitation. Physicochemical characterization of SOPs was analyzed by phenol–sulfuric acid, m-hydroxydiphenyl, Bradford method, and gas chromatography. Phagocytic capacity of RAW 264.7 macrophages incubated with SOPs (25 and 100 μg/ml) was determined by the aseptic neutral red method. Macrophages were incubated with SOPs (25 and 100 μg/ml), and the TNF-α and NO the secretion were measured using ELISA kit and Griess reagent, respectively. In addition, TNF-α and iNOS transcripts were evaluated by semi-quantitative RT-PCR, and NF-κB signaling activation was detected by Western blot assay.Results: SOPs enhanced the phagocytosis capacity of macrophages to aseptic neutral red solution and increased TNF-α and NO secretion. The amounts of TNF-α and iNOS transcript were increased significantly at the mRNA level when macrophages were exposed to SOPs. Meanwhile, the stimulation of macrophages by SOPs induced phosphorylation of p65 at serine 536 and a marked decrease of IκB expression.Discussion and conclusion: These results suggested that SOPs exhibited significant macrophage activation properties through NF-κB signaling pathway and could be considered as a new immunopotentiator.

Visible-Light Active and Magnetically Recyclable Nanocomposites for the Degradation of Organic Dye.

Recyclable visible-light photocatalyst Fe3O4@TiO2 with core-shell structure was prepared by a simple synthetic strategy using solvothermal crystallization of titanium precursor on preformed Fe3O4 nanopartiles. The photo-degradation reaction of neutral red aqueous solution was tested to evaluate the visible-light photocatalytic activity of the as prepared Fe3O4@TiO2 nanoparticles, which show excellent photocatalytic activity compared with commercial P25 catalyst. Moreover, the Fe3O4@TiO2 nanocomposites can be easily separated from the reaction mixture, and maintain favorable photocatalytic activity after five cycles. The high visible light absorption of the Fe3O4@TiO2 nanocomposites may originate from the absence of electronic heterojunction, excellently dispersity and the high specific surface area of the as-synthesized Fe3O4@TiO2 samples.

Retinoic Acid-inducible Gene I-inducible miR-23b Inhibits Infections by Minor Group Rhinoviruses through Down-regulation of the Very Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor

In mammals, viral infections are detected by innate immune receptors, including Toll-like receptor and retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptor (RLR), which activate the type I interferon (IFN) system. IFN essentially activates genes encoding antiviral proteins that inhibit various steps of viral replication as well as facilitate the subsequent activation of acquired immune responses. In this study, we investigated the expression of non-coding RNA upon viral infection or RLR activation. Using a microarray, we identified several microRNAs (miRNA) specifically induced to express by RLR signaling. As suggested by Bioinformatics (miRBase Target Data base), one of the RLR-inducible miRNAs, miR-23b, actually knocked down the expression of very low density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR) and LDLR-related protein 5 (LRP5). Transfection of miR-23b specifically inhibited infection of rhinovirus 1B (RV1B), which utilizes the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) family for viral entry. Conversely, introduction of anti-miRNA-23b enhanced the viral yield. Knockdown experiments using small interfering RNA (siRNA) revealed that VLDLR, but not LRP5, is critical for an efficient infection by RV1B. Furthermore, experiments with the transfection of infectious viral RNA revealed that miR-23b did not affect post-entry viral replication. Our results strongly suggest that RIG-I signaling results in the inhibitions of infections of RV1B through the miR-23b-mediated down-regulation of its receptor VLDLR.

Clinical and antimicrobial efficacy of NitrAdineTM-based disinfecting cleaning tablets in complete denture wearers

ObjectiveThis study evaluated the efficacy of NitrAdineTM-based disinfecting cleaning tablets for complete denture, in terms of denture biofilm removal and antimicrobial action. Material and methodsForty complete denture wearers (14 men and 26 women) with a mean age of 62.3±9.0 years were randomly assigned to two groups and were instructed to clean their dentures according to two methods: brushing (control) - 3 times a day with denture brush and tap water following meals; brushing and immersion (experimental) - brushing the denture 3 times a day with denture brush and tap water following meals and immersion of the denture in NitrAdineTM-based denture tablets (Medical InterporousTM). Each method was used for 21 days. Denture biofilm was disclosed by a 1% neutral red solution and quantified by means of digital photos taken from the internal surface before and after the use of the product. Microbiological assessment was conducted to quantify Candida sp. ResultsAn independent t-test revealed a significant lower biofilm percentage for the experimental group (4.7, 95% CI 2.4 to 7.9) in comparison with the control group (mean 37.5, 95% CI 28.2 to 48.1) (t38=7.996, p<0.001). A significant reduction of yeast colony forming units could be found after treatment with Medical InterporousTM denture tablets as compared to the control group (Mann-Whitney test, Z=1.90; p<0.05). ConclusionThe present findings suggest that NitrAdineTM-based disinfecting cleaning tablets are efficient in removal of denture biofilm. In addition, a clear antimicrobial action was demonstrated. Therefore, they should be recommended as a routine denture maintenance method for the prevention of the development of microbial biofilm-induced denture stomatitis.

Neutral red staining solution

Neutral red staining solution

Photodegradation of Neutral Red Using Heteropoly Acid Supported {(NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;)&lt;sub&gt;6&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;[Mo&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;V&lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;40&lt;/sub&gt;]•23H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O /TiO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;} as the Photocatalyst

Under visible light, the catalytic properties of heteropoly acid supported {(NH4)6 H5[Mo4V9O40]•23H2O/TiO2} by sol-gel method are studied and characterized. By exploring different amount of catalyst and oxidant for degrading dye wastewater analog, photocatalytic decolorization rate of the neutral red solution is investigated, and those main effects on the efficiency of catalytic degradation are discussed. The results show that photo-degradation efficiency relies on the amount of catalysts and oxidants, the catalyst is recoverable and readily to recycle.

Neutral red solution

Neutral red solution