Neutral Rate Research Articles

Effects of thermal histories on human thermal adaptation to district heating environments: A cross-sectional investigation in the severe cold zone, China

Understanding personalized thermal comfort is critical for creating comfortable indoor environments and achieving energy efficiency. Thermal history has a significant impact on human thermal adaptation, but it has received insufficient attention. Combining field investigation and statistical analysis, this study introduces the thermal neutral rate (TNR) and thermal comfort and acceptability rate (TCAR) to analyze the differences in thermal and humidity responses and adaptability among groups with different thermal histories in northern China. Results show that as subjects acclimatize to indoor environments, their thermal neutral temperature rises, and humid sensation votes approach 'neutral' conditions. Participants with no prior northern thermal history require up to 1 year to adapt to district heating environments, while adaptation to humid environments may take 2–3 years. The thermal neutral temperature of the un-adapted subjects was 18.0 °C, and post-adaptation, it varied within the range of 20.2–21.4 °C. For engineers designing indoor environments, maintaining temperatures within the range of 19.1–22.3 °C meets the comfort and acceptability requirements of participants with different thermal histories in the office. These findings provide evidence for understanding human thermal adaptation mechanisms and give recommended heating temperature ranges for comfortable indoor environments in office buildings in the severe cold zone.

Neutral real interest rate in an open and small economy: The case of Costa Rica

This study estimates Costa Rica’s neutral real interest rate (denoted by r∗) for the period spanning from 2010 to 2023. Two different methodologies are employed for this estimation: the semi-structural model introduced by Holston, Laubach, and Williams (2023), and a structural VAR proposed by Brzoza-Brzezina (2002). The methodological contribution of this study lies in estimating an extension of the Holston–Laubach–Williams framework to incorporate conditions inherent in an open and small economy. The main finding is that the neutral real interest rate has oscillated between 1.27% and 1.40% during the period under analysis, with a range of 1.35% to 1.40% observed after 2022. Furthermore, it is shown that the real interest rate gap correlation with other economic variables, such as the output gap, inflation, and real exchange gap, presents an expected pattern. Further, the estimation allows to conclude that the Central Bank’s monetary policy has remained consistent with its objective of maintaining inflation low.

A fast-rotator post-starburst galaxy quenched by supermassive black-hole feedback at z = 3

The most massive galaxies in the Universe stopped forming stars due to the time-integrated feedback from central supermassive black holes (SMBHs). However, the exact quenching mechanism is not yet understood, because local massive galaxies were quenched billions of years ago. Here we present JWST/NIRSpec integral-field spectroscopy observations of GS-10578, a massive, quiescent galaxy at redshift z = 3.064 ± 0.002. From its spectrum, we measure a stellar mass M⋆ = 1.6 ± 0.2 × 1011 M⊙ and a dynamical mass Mdyn = 2.0 ± 0.5 × 1011 M⊙. Half of its stellar mass formed at z = 3.7–4.6, and the system is now quiescent, with a current star-formation rate of less than 19 M⊙ yr−1. We detect ionized- and neutral-gas outflows traced by [O iii] emission and Na i absorption, with mass outflow rates 0.14–2.9 and 30–100 M⊙ yr−1, respectively. Outflow velocities reach vout ≈ 1,000 km s−1, comparable to the galaxy escape velocity. GS-10578 hosts an active galactic nucleus, evidence that these outflows are due to SMBH feedback. The neutral outflow rate is higher than the star-formation rate. Hence, this is direct evidence for ejective SMBH feedback, with a mass loading capable of interrupting star formation by rapidly removing its fuel. Stellar kinematics show ordered rotation, with spin parameter λRe=0.62±0.07\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\lambda }_{{{{R}}}_{{\\rm{e}}}}=0.62\\pm 0.07$$\\end{document}, meaning GS-10578 is rotation-supported. This study presents direct evidence for ejective active galactic nucleus feedback in a massive, recently quenched galaxy, thus helping to clarify how SMBHs quench their hosts. The high value of λRe\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${\\lambda }_{{{{R}}}_{{\\rm{e}}}}$$\\end{document} implies that quenching can occur without destroying the stellar disk.

Recurrent selection shapes the genomic landscape of differentiation between a pair of host-specialized haplodiploids that diverged with gene flow.

Understanding the genetics of adaptation and speciation is critical for a complete picture of how biodiversity is generated and maintained. Heterogeneous genomic differentiation between diverging taxa is commonly documented, with genomic regions of high differentiation interpreted as resulting from differential gene flow, linked selection and reduced recombination rates. Disentangling the roles of each of these non-exclusive processes in shaping genome-wide patterns of divergence is challenging but will enhance our knowledge of the repeatability of genomic landscapes across taxa. Here, we combine whole-genome resequencing and genome feature data to investigate the processes shaping the genomic landscape of differentiation for a sister-species pair of haplodiploid pine sawflies, Neodiprion lecontei and Neodiprion pinetum. We find genome-wide correlations between genome features and summary statistics are consistent with pervasive linked selection, with patterns of diversity and divergence more consistently predicted by exon density and recombination rate than the neutral mutation rate (approximated by dS). We also find that both global and local patterns of FST, dXY and π provide strong support for recurrent selection as the primary selective process shaping variation across pine sawfly genomes, with some contribution from balancing selection and lineage-specific linked selection. Because inheritance patterns for haplodiploid genomes are analogous to those of sex chromosomes, we hypothesize that haplodiploids may be especially prone to recurrent selection, even if gene flow occurred throughout divergence. Overall, our study helps fill an important taxonomic gap in the genomic landscape literature and contributes to our understanding of the processes that shape genome-wide patterns of genetic variation.

Upgrade of the Lyman-alpha diagnostic system on DIII-D for main chamber edge neutral studies.

The LLAMA (Lyman Alpha Measurement Apparatus) pinhole camera diagnostic had previously been deployed on DIII-D to measure radial profiles of the Lyman-α (Ly-α) deuterium neutral line brightness across the plasma boundary in the lower chamber to infer neutral deuterium density and ionization rate profiles. This system has recently been upgraded with a new diagnostic head, named ALPACA, that also encloses two pinhole cameras and duplicates the LLAMA views in the upper chamber. Similar to LLAMA, ALPACA provides two times 20 lines of sight, viewing the plasma edge on the inboard and outboard sides with a radial resolution of ∼2.5 cm (FWHM) and an effective time resolution of ∼1 ms that allows for the investigation of inter-ELM dynamics. The extended Ly-α system provides better coverage to study neutrals in experiments with various plasma shapes utilizing both the upper and lower divertors. Furthermore, post-campaign calibration of the LLAMA diagnostic has successfully been demonstrated for the first time. This was facilitated by various upgrades to the calibration set-up and detailed measurements of the emissivity distribution of the Ly-α calibration source using a pinhole collimator. It was found that the sensitivity of the inboard LLAMA pinhole camera was reduced by a factor of 2.0 ± 0.2 over the course of six months of plasma operation in 2021. The upgraded Ly-α system, equipped with improved absolute calibration, will provide key input for neutral fueling and pedestal particle transport studies and for 2D edge transport code validation on the DIII-D tokamak.

Enhanced adsorption and degradation kinetics of methylene blue by Ag–Ag2S–CdS hybrid nanowires

In this paper, silver nanowires (Ag NWs) were initially synthesized by the polyol synthesis method. A simple hybridization of silver sulfide (Ag2S) and silver was achieved by simply mixing as-prepared Ag NWs with different concentrations of Na2S aqueous solution (0.01 and 0.001 M). To study the properties of the nanomaterials, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and UV–Visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy were used. The ion exchange method was used to create Ag–Ag2S–CdS hybrid nanocatalysts. There has been no research further info on the degradation of methylene blue (MB) by an Ag– Ag2S–CdS nanocatalyst in the three environments (acid, neutral, alkaline). The MB dye was degraded for various minutes (min) in different pH degrees under the influence of sunlight using Ag–Ag2S–CdS. As a result of the experiments, the degradation efficiency of MB dye increased from 12.47 % to 57.02 % in the neutral, 40.58 %–80.08 % the in alkaline, and 91.87 %–97.92 % in the acid environment as time passed. The kinetics of the degradation process in each of the three settings was examined, and it was found that the neutral environment's photodegradation rate is a single value of 0.0029. This value varied depending on the time in a neutral and alkaline environment. As a result, the rate of degradation in the alkaline environment for the 60 min was 0.0071 (60–180 min), then 0.001 (120–300 min). The first degradation rate in an acidic environment was 0.0085 (60–120 min), then 0.0016 (120–300 min).

Feature Article: Why the neutral interest rate will stay structurally low

Feature Article: Why the neutral interest rate will stay structurally low

Why Have Long-term Treasury Yields Fallen Since the 1980s? Expected Short Rates and Term Premiums in (Quasi-) Real Time

Treasury yields have fallen since the 1980s. Standard decompositions of Treasury yields into expected short-term interest rates and term premiums suggest term premiums account for much of the decline. In an alternative real-time decomposition, term premiums have fluctuated in a stable range, while long-run expected short-term interest rates have fallen. For example, a real-time decomposition of the 10-yr. Treasury yield shows term premiums essentially equal in late 2013 and 2023, while the long-run value of expected short-term interest rates is estimated to have fallen in a manner similar to the FOMC’s Summary of Economic Projections and estimates from research on long-run neutral interest rates. These results suggest standard decompositions may overstate the role of term premiums in fluctuations of the yield curve.

Explainable localization of premature ventricular contraction using deep learning-based semantic segmentation of 12-lead electrocardiogram.

Predicting the origin of premature ventricular contraction (PVC) from the preoperative electrocardiogram (ECG) is important for catheter ablation therapies. We propose an explainable method that localizes PVC origin based on the semantic segmentation result of a 12-lead ECG using a deep neural network, considering suitable diagnosis support for clinical application. The deep learning-based semantic segmentation model was trained using 265 12-lead ECG recordings from 84 patients with frequent PVCs. The model classified each ECG sampling time into four categories: background (BG), sinus rhythm (SR), PVC originating from the left ventricular outflow tract (PVC-L), and PVC originating from the right ventricular outflow tract (PVC-R). Based on the ECG segmentation results, a rule-based algorithm classified ECG recordings into three categories: PVC-L, PVC-R, as well as Neutral, which is a group for the recordings requiring the physician's careful assessment before separating them into PVC-L and PVC-R. The proposed method was evaluated with a public dataset which was used in previous research. The evaluation of the proposed method achieved neutral rate, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, F1-score, and area under the curve of 0.098, 0.932, 0.963, 0.882, 0.945, and 0.852 on a private dataset, and 0.284, 0.916, 0.912, 0.930, 0.943, and 0.848 on a public dataset, respectively. These quantitative results indicated that the proposed method outperformed almost all previous studies, although a significant number of recordings resulted in requiring the physician's assessment. The feasibility of explainable localization of premature ventricular contraction was demonstrated using deep learning-based semantic segmentation of 12-lead ECG.Clinical trial registration: M26-148-8.

The Effect of Different Irrigation Frequency and Level on Yield and Quality Characteristics of Silage Sorghum

This study was carried out to determine the effect of different irrigation frequency and levels on silage sorghum plant for yield and quality at the Bingöl University Agricultural Research and Application Field in 2022 using the Master BMR variety as plant material. Randomized complete blocks applying the split-plots experimental design with three replications was used; four irrigation levels (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) and four irrigation frequencies (5, 10, 15 and 20 days) were considered as treatments. Percentage of moisture replacement was determined using total moisture loss from evapotranspiration (ET). Amount of water discharged by emitters were predetermined, hence, time was used to determine the exact amount. Properties related to green forage yield, dry matter yield, crude protein ratio, crude protein yield, acid detergent insoluble fibre, neutral detergent insoluble fibre, digestible dry matter, dry matter consumption and relative feed value were investigated. Statistically significant differences between all the examined features were observed. The highest green forage yield, dry matter yield and crude protein yield were obtained from 5-day frequency and 100% level. Highest crude protein ratio from 5-day frequency and 25% level, lowest acid detergent insoluble fibre rate and highest digestible dry matter rate from 20-day frequency and 25% level, highest dry matter intake and relative feed value with the lowest neutral detergent insoluble fibre rate were observed from 25% level with 10 and 20-day frequencies. In conclusion; it can be stated that, to obtain high yield from silage sorghum, it is necessary to irrigate at 5 days frequencies and 100% level. However, high-quality product can be obtained with a 10-day frequency and a 25% level with low yield.

Carbon footprint research and mitigation strategies for rice-cropping systems in China: a review

Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and quantifying the carbon footprint (CF) of rice-cropping systems in the context of food security is an important step toward the sustainability of rice production. Exploring the key factors affecting emission reduction in rice production is important to properly evaluate the impact of China’s rice-cropping systems on global climate change. This review provides an overview of the direct and indirect CF in rice-cropping systems; analyzes the influencing factors in terms of rice-based cropping systems, varieties and agronomic practices; and proposes mitigation strategies. Different studies have shown that direct and indirect GHG emissions in rice-based cropping systems accounted for 38.3 to 95.5% and 4.5 to 61.7% of total emissions, respectively. And the CFs of ratoon rice, rice–wheat, rice–maize, rice–rapeseed, and rice–fish systems ranged from 316,9 kg CO2-eq kg−1 to 258,47 kg CO2-eq kg−1, which are lower than that in a double-rice planting system. High-yielding rice, drought-resistant rice, and other hybrids can mitigate GHG emissions from paddy fields by 3.7 ~ 21.5%. Furthermore, organic matter, water, tillage, straw incorporation, conservation tillage, reduced nitrogen fertilizer use, and added biochar and methane inhibitors could reduce emissions. Therefore, through reasonable agronomic measures, variety selection and optimal layout of rice-based rotation systems, the carbon neutral rate of rice production can be improved to help the national carbon sequestration and emission reduction target.

Plasma propagation velocity dependence on driving and restricting forces

According to the time-averaged expression for an alternating electric field, the normalized electromagnetic pressure is proportional to the square of the voltage intensity and inversely proportional to the square of the voltage repetition frequency. Moreover, the plasma propagation velocity is either directly proportional, inversely proportional, or nonproportional to the normalized electromagnetic pressure at all neutral gas flow rates. Because the plasma current is only directly proportional to the normalized electromagnetic pressure at all neutral gas flow rates, the dependence of the plasma density on the electromagnetic pressure changes to obtain a balance of dependence. In the momentum transfer equation, plasma density does not originally depend on electromagnetic pressure, but the dynamic pressure associated with the neutral gas flow also exerts a force on the plasma through collisions. Therefore, when the ionization generation of plasma by collisions between the plasma and neutral particles is dominant over recombination by collisions, the plasma density is square proportional or directly proportional to the electromagnetic pressure.

Prediction of occupant thermal state via infrared thermography and explainable AI

Accurate and real-time assessment of occupant thermal comfort can provide a solid foundation for efficient air conditioning operations. Existing studies already show the feasibility of using contactless technologies for thermal comfort prediction assisted by machine learning algorithms. However, the lack of transparency in machine learning often weakens user trust. This study performs explainable AI analysis to explore the potential of infrared imaging in thermal comfort evaluation. Specifically, an investigation was carried out in a climatic chamber, and infrared cameras were used to collect facial temperature data. Five popular ensemble tree models were employed to construct prediction models, and explainable AI analysis was performed using SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) theory. Results show that combining additional facial information can significantly improve the overall model performance, and certain facial attributes present high contributions based on SHAP values. Combining facial features with explainable AI provides a convincing basis for thermal comfort assessment. The high SHAP values of facial features can also contribute to finding selective occupants with low neutral voting rates, providing evidence for customized cooling or heating from building systems.

Abstract 1627: Persistence and dynamics of mutation, selection, and epistasis during the somatic evolution of low-risk, high-risk, and metastatic prostate cancer

Abstract Driver genes and mutations responsible for prostate cancer tumorigenesis have been identified, but research has not previously quantified the effects of prostate cancer driver mutations, or how the magnitude of those effects vary with cancer stage and epistatic interactions among genes. Using 2699 prostate cancer tumor exomes, genomes, and panel sequences (1648 primary tumors and 1051 metastatic samples), we calculated the cancer effect size (CES)—the each mutation confers to lower-risk (Grade Group 1/2) and higher-risk (Grade Group 3/4/5) tumorigenesis and metastasis. The lower-risk, higher-risk, and metastatic tumors exhibited similar neutral rates at which mutations were introduced into DNA, with these underlying gene mutation rates generally increasing from lower-risk to higher risk to metastatic tumors. However, lower risk, higher risk, and metastatic tumors noticeably differed in the genes and specific somatic variants that were most highly selected for within each group. Therefore, to assess whether differences in natural selection that we observed among low-risk, high-risk, and metastatic tumor types were at least partly due to epistatic interactions, we applied a model of pairwise epistasis that quantified the effect of the presence or absence of a mutation in one gene on the selection for mutations in another gene. We found significant evidence of epistatic effects among driver genes. Our results indicate a very early role for SPOP in the development of prostate cancer: strength of selection for SPOP mutations is tightly associated with the degree to which the mutation ablates contact with the BRD3, and these disruptive mutations in turn increase the selection for mutations in several other tumor suppressors and oncogenes such as RHOA. Previously identified gene-gene interactions such as that between SPOP and PIK3CA were supported by this analysis, and we also identified novel gene-gene interactions such as those between AR and MUC16 occurring during metastasis. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that rates of mutation and strengths of selection on these driver mutations vary dynamically along the trajectories to lower-risk, higher-risk, and metastatic prostate cancer, and that powerful selective epistasis among driver genes provides an explanation for these differences. Because precision therapeutic targeting of somatic variant genes is fundamentally targeting the selective benefit obtained from that variant at the time of treatment, understanding these changes in stage-specific and somatic genotype-specific selective strengths will enable better therapeutic targeting in translational and clinical science. Citation Format: Moein Rajaei, Alexander Yang, Christopher N. Cross, J Nick Fisk, Elizabeth B. Perry, Jeffrey D. Mandell, Stephen G. Gaffney, Takafumi N. Yamaguchi, Julie Livingstone, Vincent L. Cannataro, Peter Humphrey, Jose Costa, Paul C. Boutros, Jeffrey P. Townsend. Persistence and dynamics of mutation, selection, and epistasis during the somatic evolution of low-risk, high-risk, and metastatic prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 1627.

Korea’s neutral interest rate: Estimates, determinants, and monetary policy stance

A neutral interest rate is a key indicator of the monetary policy stance. This study estimates South Korea’s neutral interest rates and their determinants. Based on the results, we investigate the prior monetary policy patterns of the Bank of Korea (BOK) and evaluate its stance. We adopted a time-series model approach, with a Bayesian econometric strategy. We can summarize the empirical findings as follows. First, the neutral interest rate has continued to fall, and it tends to fall sharply during downturns, such as the global financial crisis and COVID-19 pandemic. Second, the fall over the past two decades is largely attributable to population aging and the neutral US interest rate. Meanwhile, the recent rebound in the neutral interest rate seems to be due to the increase in the net issuance of government bonds. Finally, the BOK responded substantially to aggregate demand shocks over recent decades. In particular, the BOK’s current monetary policy stance is contractionary because of its active response to inflation rather than real activity.

Assessment of Intuitive Eating and Mindful Eating among Higher Education Students: A Systematic Review.

The role of mindful eating (ME) and intuitive eating (IE) in improving eating behavior, diet quality, and health is an area of increasing interest. The objective of this review was to identify the instruments used to assess ME and IE among higher education students and outcomes related to these dimensions. This review was carried out according to the PRISMA statement, through systematic searches in PubMed, Web of Science, PsycInfo, and Scopus. The inclusion criteria selected for higher education students, levels of ME and/or IE reported, and observational and clinical studies. The exclusion criteria selected against reviews, qualitative studies, and case studies. Quality was assessed using the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Quality Criteria Checklist. A total of 516 initial records were identified, from which 75 were included. Cross-sectional studies were the most common research design (86.7%). Most studies were conducted with samples that were predominantly female (90.7%), White (76.0%), aged 18 to 22 years (88.4%), with BMI < 25 kg/m2 (83.0%), and in the United States (61.3%). The Intuitive Eating Scale (IES), the Mindful Eating Questionnaire (MEQ), and their different versions were the most used instruments. The outcomes most studies included were eating behavior and disorders (77.3%), anthropometric assessments (47.8%), mental health (42.0%), and body image (40.6%). Regarding the quality of studies, 34.7% of studies were assigned a positive, 1.3% a negative, and 64.0% a neutral rate. IES and MEQ were the most used instruments. RCT and cohort studies are scarce, and future research with a higher level of quality is needed, especially on the topics of food consumption, diet quality, and biochemical markers.

Rapid degradation of brominated haloacetaldehydes at elevated temperature: Kinetics and newly discovered mechanisms

As an important class of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) of emerging concern, haloacetaldehydes (HALs) undergo degradation and transformation under environmentally relevant conditions. In this study, the stability of chlorinated and brominated HALs was investigated at different pHs and water temperatures. Results indicated that the degradation of HALs followed second-order kinetics. Surprisingly, rapid degradation of Br-HALs at elevated temperature was newly discovered in this study. At 50 °C and pH 7.5, over 90 % of TBAL degraded in 8 min, while the degradation of TCAL was ∼1 %. Moreover, increasing pH also facilitated the degradation of HALs and the alkaline degradation rate constants (KOH−) were found to be 7–9 orders of magnitude higher than their neutral degradation rate constants (KH2O). Under conditions relevant to environment and DBP measurement, HALs mainly degraded to form corresponding trihalomethanes and formate via decarburization pathway, which accounted for 70–93 % of HALs loss. The remaining 7–30 % of HAL loss was attributed to the dehalogenation pathway newly proposed in this study, successfully closing halogen balance during HAL degradation. In addition, a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model was established for HAL degradation and the degradation rate constants for three mono-HALs were predicted at different temperature. The kinetic models and reaction rate constants obtained in this study can be used for quantitative predictions of HAL concentrations in drinking water, which is beneficial for monitoring and control of these emerging DBPs. Furthermore, considering the rapid degradation of Br-HALs into corresponding products, the temperature during sample pre-treatment can have a significant impact on DBP analysis.

Temperature, humidity, and ionisation effect of iodine oxoacid nucleation.

Iodine oxoacids are recognised for their significant contribution to the formation of new particles in marine and polar atmospheres. Nevertheless, to incorporate the iodine oxoacid nucleation mechanism into global simulations, it is essential to comprehend how this mechanism varies under various atmospheric conditions. In this study, we combined measurements from the CLOUD (Cosmic Leaving OUtdoor Droplets) chamber at CERN and simulations with a kinetic model to investigate the impact of temperature, ionisation, and humidity on iodine oxoacid nucleation. Our findings reveal that ion-induced particle formation rates remain largely unaffected by changes in temperature. However, neutral particle formation rates experience a significant increase when the temperature drops from +10 °C to -10 °C. Running the kinetic model with varying ionisation rates demonstrates that the particle formation rate only increases with a higher ionisation rate when the iodic acid concentration exceeds 1.5 × 107 cm-3, a concentration rarely reached in pristine marine atmospheres. Consequently, our simulations suggest that, despite higher ionisation rates, the charged cluster nucleation pathway of iodic acid is unlikely to be enhanced in the upper troposphere by higher ionisation rates. Instead, the neutral nucleation channel is likely to be the dominant channel in that region. Notably, the iodine oxoacid nucleation mechanism remains unaffected by changes in relative humidity from 2% to 80%. However, under unrealistically dry conditions (below 0.008% RH at +10 °C), iodine oxides (I2O4 and I2O5) significantly enhance formation rates. Therefore, we conclude that iodine oxoacid nucleation is the dominant nucleation mechanism for iodine nucleation in the marine and polar boundary layer atmosphere.

&lt;span&gt;A New Monetary Policy Tool: The Real Neutral Rate Yield Curve for Canada&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span&gt;A New Monetary Policy Tool: The Real Neutral Rate Yield Curve for Canada&lt;/span&gt;

Autonomic nervous system function before and after trauma-focused psychotherapy in youth with (partial) posttraumatic stress disorder

While trauma-focused psychotherapies have been shown effective in youth with PTSD, the relationship between treatment response and alterations in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) associated with PTSD, remains incompletely understood. During neutral and personalized trauma script imagery heart rate (HR), pre-ejection period (PEP) and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) were recorded in youth aged 8–18 with PTSD or partial PTSD (n = 76) and trauma-exposed controls (TEC) (n = 27) to determine ANS activity and stress reactivity. Within the patient group, 77.6% met the full DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for PTSD, the remaining 22.4% met the criteria for partial PTSD. Youth with (partial) PTSD were subsequently treated with eight sessions of either trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy or eye movement desensitization and reprocessing. PTSD severity was assessed using the Clinician-Administered PTSD scale for Children and Adolescents to divide patients into responders and non-responders. Youth with (partial) PTSD relative to TEC had higher overall HR during both neutral and trauma imagery (p = .05). Youth with (partial) PTSD showed RSA decrease during trauma imagery relative to neutral imagery, the reverse of TEC (p = .01). Relative to non-responders, responders demonstrated a significant baseline to posttreatment increase of RSA response to stress only when employing a ≥ 50% response criterion (p = .05) and not with the primary ≥ 30% criterion (p = .12). Our results suggest overall higher HR and sympathetic nervous system activity as well as vagal withdrawal in response to stress in youth with (partial) PTSD and only provide partial support for normalization of the latter with successful trauma-focused psychotherapy.