Neuropsychiatric lupus, also known as neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE), is a subset of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) that affects the central nervous system, leading to a range of neurological and psychiatric symptoms. It occurs in approximately 25-75% of SLE patients, varying prevalence across populations. NPSLE primarily affects women of childbearing age but can occur in individuals of any age or gender, with a higher prevalence among non-Caucasian populations and those with severe SLE symptoms. The exact cause of NPSLE is complex, involving immune dysregulation, autoantibody production, and central nervous system inflammation. Autoantibodies, such as anti-phospholipid and anti-NMDA receptor antibodies, may significantly affect neurological symptoms. Immune-complex deposition and proinflammatory cytokines within the brain contribute to the disease’s pathophysiology. NPSLE encompasses many symptoms, including cognitive impairment, mood disorders, psychosis, seizures, and headaches. Diagnosis relies on clinical evaluation, neuroimaging, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and autoantibody testing. A multidisciplinary approach involving rheumatologists, neurologists, and psychiatrists is often necessary. Treatment for NPSLE is tailored to the specific symptoms and their severity. It typically involves immunosuppressive therapies like corticosteroids, diseasemodifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and sometimes biological agents. Adjunctive therapies, including antiepileptic drugs, antipsychotics, and antidepressants, may be necessary for symptom management. Regular monitoring and follow-up are crucial to assess treatment response.