Neuropharmacological Activities Research Articles

In-Vitro Antioxidant, Anti-Arthritis, Anti-inflammatory, Thrombolysis, Anti-bacterial, and in-Vivo Neuropharmacological Activities of Bioactive Metabolites of Solanum americanum Mill.

Aims: The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of methanol-prepared leaf extracts from the Solanum americanum Mill. plant on a variety of in vitro activities, including antioxidant, anti-Arthritis, anti-inflammatory, thrombolysis, anti-bacterial, and in-vivo neuropharmacological activities.
 Study Design: Methanolic extract of Solanum americanum leaf (MESAL) was primarily evaluated via phytochemical screening. The potential for in vitro activities, including antioxidant, anti-arthritis, anti-inflammatory, thrombolysis, and anti-bacterial activity were determined to study due to the pharmacological interest in the plant's chemical constituent. Whether there is statistical significance to the changes seen in its in vivo neuropharmacological characteristics when tested in experimental animals.
 Place and Duration of Study: This research was carried out between November 2022 to January 2023 at the Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Pharmacology in the Department of Pharmacy and Laboratory of Microbiology, Stamford University Bangladesh and Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Dhaka.
 Methodology: The plant was subjected to phytochemical screening utilizing a variety of test reagents and potential antioxidant, anti-arthritis, anti-inflammatory, thrombolytic, anti-bacterial, and neuropharmacological activities of MESAL were investigated. Antioxidant, anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, thrombolytic, and antibacterial activities were tested at different doses utilizing the DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Assay, Protein Denaturation Assays, Clot Lysis, and the Disk Diffusion Method. Swiss albino mice were tested using open-field and hole-cross methods to measure their locomotion as part of the neuropharmacological study.
 Results: The MESAL phytochemical screening findings demonstrated that the plants' chemical compositions varied. Most antioxidant activities were found in MESA, with an IC50 of 11.73 µg/mL compared to Ascorbic acid's IC50 of 28.86 µg/mL. When compared to the standard, the percent inhibition value of MESAL's anti-arthritis activity was significantly higher. With a maximum protein denaturation value of 94.03% at a concentration of 1000µg/mL, MESAL possesses potent anti-inflammatory activity. The value of MESAL in terms of clot lysis is very significant which is 90.257%. While MESAL's antibacterial value is moderate, it is still worth considering. However, the extract was proven to be less effective than Diazepam in improving motor coordination in the Open Field and Hole Cross Tests.
 Conclusion: Several pathological conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, may benefit in the future from the use of plant-derived pharmacological agents due to their neuropharmacological, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-arthritic activity, which can replace the use of NSAIDs.

Molecular Docking and Dynamics Simulation Studies Predict Potential Anti-ADAR2 Inhibitors: Implications for the Treatment of Cancer, Neurological, Immunological and Infectious Diseases.

Altered RNA editing has been linked to several neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability, in addition to depression, schizophrenia, some cancers, viral infections and autoimmune disorders. The human ADAR2 is a potential therapeutic target for managing these various disorders due to its crucial role in adenosine to inosine editing. This study applied consensus scoring to rank potential ADAR2 inhibitors after performing molecular docking with AutoDock Vina and Glide (Maestro), using a library of 35,161 compounds obtained from traditional Chinese medicine. A total of 47 compounds were predicted to be good binders of the human ADAR2 and had insignificant toxicity concerns. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, including the molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM/PBSA) procedure, also emphasized the binding of the shortlisted compounds. The potential compounds had plausible binding free energies ranging from -81.304 to -1068.26 kJ/mol from the MM/PBSA calculations. ZINC000085511995, a naphthoquinone had more negative binding free energy (-1068.26 kJ/mol) than inositol hexakisphosphate (IHP) [-873.873 kJ/mol], an agonist and a strong binder of ADAR2. The potential displacement of IHP by ZINC000085511995 in the IHP binding site of ADAR2 could be explored for possible deactivation of ADAR2. Bayesian-based biological activity prediction corroborates the neuropharmacological, antineoplastic and antiviral activity of the potential lead compounds. All the potential lead compounds, except ZINC000014612330 and ZINC000013462928, were predicted to be inhibitors of various deaminases. The potential lead compounds also had probability of activity (Pa) > 0.442 and probability of inactivity (Pi) < 0.116 values for treating acute neurologic disorders, except for ZINC000085996580 and ZINC000013462928. Pursuing these compounds for their anti-ADAR2 activities holds a promising future, especially against neurological disorders, some cancers and viral infections caused by RNA viruses. Molecular interaction, hydrogen bond and per-residue decomposition analyses predicted Arg400, Arg401, Lys519, Trp687, Glu689, and Lys690 as hot-spot residues in the ADAR2 IHP binding site. Most of the top compounds were observed to have naphthoquinone, indole, furanocoumarin or benzofuran moieties. Serotonin and tryptophan, which are beneficial in digestive regulation, improving sleep cycle and mood, are indole derivatives. These chemical series may have the potential to treat neurological disorders, prion diseases, some cancers, specific viral infections, metabolic disorders and eating disorders through the disruption of ADAR2 pathways. A total of nine potential lead compounds were shortlisted as plausible modulators of ADAR2.

In-vitro and In-vivo Pharmacological Evaluation of Persicaria lapathifolia Available in Bangladesh

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of Persicaria lapathifolia (Pale smartweed) leaf and bark extracts prepared with methanol on in vitro activities like antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-arthritis, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic, as well as on some in vivo activities like analgesic and neuropharmacological properties in animal model.&#x0D; Methodology: The primary method for the methanolic extract of Persicaria lapathifolia leaf (MEPLL) and methanolic extract of Persicaria lapathifolia bark (MEPLB) were investigated for phytochemical screening. It was determined to look into the plant's potential for in vitro activities, such as phytochemical screening, antioxidant, anti-arthritis, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and cytotoxic, due to the pharmaceutical interest in its component parts. Its described effects on its in vivo analgesic and neuropharmacological activities in animal models are significant compared to the standard. This research was conducted between July 2022 and November 2022 in the Stamford University Bangladesh, Dhaka, Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacy, and Laboratory of Microbiology. Antioxidant, anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, cytotoxic, analgesic, and neuropharmacological activities of MEPLL and MEPLB were investigated. Phytochemical screening was performed utilizing a variety of test reagents. Antioxidant, total phenolic content, anti-arthritic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities were measured at various doses using the DPPH Free Radical Scavenging Assay, the Folin-Ciocalteu technique, the Inhibition of Protein Denaturation Assay, Egg Albumin Protein Denaturation Assay, the Disk Diffusion Method, and the Brine Shrimp Lethality Bioassay. The analgesic effectiveness was evaluated by using acetic acid to elicit writhing in Swiss albino mice and then testing the animals on a hot plate. Locomotor activity was measured by open field and hole cross tests as part of the neuropharmacological investigation.&#x0D; Results: Research performed on MEPLL and MEPLB's phytochemical screening yielded results that revealed the presence of a variety of different phytochemical components. In comparison to MEPLL's IC50 value of 1.49 µg/mL, MEPLB's value of 30.45 µg/mL indicates its superior antioxidant activity. Both extracts demonstrated significant anti-arthritic and anti-inflammatory effectiveness in comparison to the standard drug. When compared to MEPLB, MEPLL exhibited much more antibacterial activity. In a lethality test using brine shrimp, MEPLL and MEPLB both had much higher LC50 values than the standard vincristine sulfate. Their respective values were 1.42 and 0.66 µg/mL. In contrast, MEPLL inhibited peripheral nociception in the acetic acid-induced writhing nociceptive paradigm with percent inhibitions of 60.72 and 67.56, respectively, while MEPLB inhibited 48.22 and 67.28, respectively, at the aforementioned doses. In addition, the hot plate test revealed a significant analgesic effect. The extract was also shown to have a more negative impact on motor coordination in the Open Field and Hole Cross Tests than the standard Diazepam.&#x0D; Conclusion: This research demonstrates a relationship between the existence of anti-oxidative, anti-arthritis, and anti-bacterial activities, as well as a strong cytotoxic, analgesic, and neuropharmacological activity, which substantiates all previously made claims against Persicaria lapathifolia.

Celastrus paniculatus oil ameliorates NF-KB mediated neuroinflammation and synaptic plasticity in the scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment rat model.

Traditionally, Celastrus paniculatus Willd. (CP) oil has been utilized as a tranquilizer and memory enhancer. The present study investigated the neuropharmacological activity and efficacy of CP oil in ameliorating scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in rats. Cognitive deficiency was induced in rats by administration of scopolamine (2mg/kg intraperitoneal injection) for a period of 15 days. Donepezil served as a reference drug and CP oil was tested as both preventive and curative treatments. Animals' behaviour was assessed through the Morris water maze (MWM), novel object preference (NOR), and conditioned avoidance (CA) tests. Oxidative stress parameters, bioamine concentration (dopamine, noradrenaline, and 5-hydroxytryptamine), nerve growth factor (NGF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-кB), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) were estimated. Synaptophysin immunohistochemistry was performed. Our results showed that CP oil ameliorated behavioural deficits. It reduced latency to find a hidden platform in MWM. Reduced novel object exploration time and discrimination index (p < 0.05) in the NOR. Reduced step-down latency and normalized conditioned avoidance response (p < 0.001) in the CA test. CP oil increased dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine, superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione, and catalase levels. It decreased malondialdehyde (MDA), acetylcholinesterase activity, IL-6, NF-кB (P < 0.001), TNFα, and NGF levels. Treatment showed approximate typical reactivity to synaptophysin. Our data is suggestive that CP oil treatment improves behavioural test outcomes, increases biogenic amine concentration, and decreases acetylcholinesterase activity, and neuroinflammatory biomarkers. It also restores synaptic plasticity. It thus improves cognitive functions against scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats by improving cholinergic function.

An insight into the neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory effects and mechanisms of Moringa oleifera.

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are sporadic maladies that affect patients' lives with progressive neurological disabilities and reduced quality of life. Neuroinflammation and oxidative reaction are among the pivotal factors for neurodegenerative conditions, contributing to the progression of NDs, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS) and Huntington's disease (HD). Management of NDs is still less than optimum due to its wide range of causative factors and influences, such as lifestyle, genetic variants, and environmental aspects. The neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory activities of Moringa oleifera have been documented in numerous studies due to its richness of phytochemicals with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This review highlights up-to-date research findings on the anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effects of M. oleifera, including mechanisms against NDs. The information was gathered from databases, which include Scopus, Science Direct, Ovid-MEDLINE, Springer, and Elsevier. Neuroprotective effects of M. oleifera were mainly assessed by using the crude extracts in vitro and in vivo experiments. Isolated compounds from M. oleifera such as moringin, astragalin, and isoquercitrin, and identified compounds of M. oleifera such as phenolic acids and flavonoids (chlorogenic acid, gallic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin, (-)-epicatechin, and isoquercitrin) have been reported to have neuropharmacological activities. Therefore, these compounds may potentially contribute to the neuroprotective and anti-neuroinflammatory effects. More in-depth studies using in vivo animal models of neurological-related disorders and extensive preclinical investigations, such as pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and bioavailability studies are necessary before clinical trials can be carried out to develop M. oleifera constituents into neuroprotective agents.

Nanocurcumin Restores Arsenic-Induced Disturbances in Neuropharmacological Activities in Wistar Rats

The present study was carried out to examine the ameliorative potential of nanocurcumin against arsenic induced (sub-chronic) alterations in central nervous system in male Wistar rats. Nanocurcumin was synthesised and the hydrodynamic diameter, zeta potential and particle size were~76.60 nm, (-) 30 mV and 95nm, respectively. Experimental rats sub-chronically exposed to sodium (meta) arsenite (As; 10 mg.kg-1; 70 days; p.o) induced significant (p&lt;0.05) reduction in superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione and favoured free radical generation and induced lipid peroxidation in brain tissue. The exposure resulted in significant (p&lt;0.05) decrease in voluntary- and involuntary motor activities and enhanced anxiety levels. However, experimental rats receiving nanocurcumin (15 mg.kg-1; p.o) showed significant (p&lt;0.05) recovery in enzymatic - and non-enzymatic antioxidant defence system and restoration of redox balance and overcome arsenic induced depression in motor activities and elevated anxiety levels. Further, Arsenic induced elevation in pro-inflammatory cytokines, cyclooxygenase-2 activity and prostaglandin-E2 in brain and angiotensin-II levels (plasma) was significantly (p&lt;0.05) ameliorated by nanocurcumin. Additionally, quantitative real -time polymerase chain reaction revealed a fivefold decrease in Nox2 expression in brain following nanocurcumin administration. Thus, the study concludes that nanocurcumin can serve as a potential therapeutic candidate to counter arsenic induced redox imbalance and neuropharmacological disturbances and there exists a vast scope to exploit its utility after appropriate clinical modelling.

Phytochemical and pharmacological studies of Lycium schweinfurthii methanolic leaves extract (Solanaceae) in mice

Lycium schweinfurthii is found in stony and sandy places belonging to the Solanaceae family which is widely distributed in North Africa and Mediterranean area. The leaves and fruits of this plant have traditionally been used for gastrointestinal diseases. This study was aimed to evaluate the neuropharmacological activity of the methanolic extract of Lycium schweinfurthii in experimental animals. The methanolic extract of the leaves was prepared by the fractionation technique. Male Albino mice of 22.2 ± 2.1 gm were used to evaluate the activity of the extract by Irwin primary screening test, diazepam and thiopental -induced sleep and open field apparatus for general locomotor activity as well as analgesic activity was evaluated by acetic acid-induced writhing and hot-plate. The phytochemical screening was performed by qualitative and quantitative analysis. Diazepam at 2 and 20 mg/kg, flumazenil at 2 mg/kg, thiopental at 40 mg/kg, diclofenac at 25 and 50 mg/kg and indomethacin at 20 mg/kg were all used as references. The selected dose of 400 mg/kg of the methanolic extract was selected after the Irwin screening test. Lycium schweinfurthii extract significantly prolonged the duration of diazepam-induced sleep without significant difference in the onset of sleep. Pretreatment with flumazenil completely blocked the hypnotic effects of the plant extract and diazepam. The plant extract with thiopental did not produce any significant change in the onset and duration time of sleep. In an open-field test, a combination of the plant extract with diazepam produced a significant reduction in both exploratory and general locomotor activity which was observed in four min and 30 min, respectively. The plant extract significantly induced a profound central and peripheral analgesic action. While, the phytochemical screening showed presences of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, phenols, cardiac glycoside, alkaloids and carbohydrates in the extract. The total flavonoids were the most content compounds in the extract. Thus, these findings indicate that Lycium schweinfurthii has depression, sedative and analgesic like activities.

Sources, Transformations, Syntheses, and Bioactivities of Monoterpene Pyridine Alkaloids and Cyclopenta[c]pyridine Derivatives.

Monoterpene pyridine alkaloids (MTPAs) are alkaloids derived from iridoid glycosides (IGs). The common molecular structure of MTPAs is the pyridine ring, while some of them have a cyclopenta[c]pyridine skeleton. Some compounds containing this structure are potentially bioactive medicinal agents. In this paper, seven drug candidates (A-G), ninety natural source products (1-90), thirty-seven synthesized compounds (91-127), as well as twenty-six key intermediates (S1-S26) were summarized. We categorized five types of MTPAs and one type of cyclopenta[c]pyridine alkaloids in all. Additionally, their possible genetic pathways were proposed. Then, the chemical transformation, biotransformation, chemical synthesis, as well as the bioactivity of MTPAs and cyclopenta[c]pyridine derivatives were analyzed and summarized. Cyclopenta[c]pyridine derivatives can be concisely and chirally synthesized, and they have shown potentials with antibacterial, insecticidal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and neuropharmacological activities.

Morin attenuates neurobehavioural deficits, hippocampal oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in rats co-exposed to bisphenol S and diethyl phthalate

Endocrine-disrupting pollutants (EDPs) remain pervasive in the environment. Bisphenol S (BPS) and diethyl phthalates (DEP) are commonly used to replace the more toxic EDPs. However, it is unclear if they induce neurotoxicity, like their predecessors. Morin possesses relevant neuro-pharmacological activities. Hence, we sought to evaluate the protective effects of morin against the neurotoxic effects previously reported for EDPs. Male Wistar rats were exposed to a mixture of BPS and DEP (MBD) and treated with morin for 21 days. Behavioural assessments were conducted, and the hippocampal tissues were processed for analysis. Rats exposed to MBD presented anxiety-like behaviours, impaired cognitive and motor functions compared to the control group. MBD exposure induced hyperactivity of neurosignalling enzymes (AChE, ADA, MAO-A) and depleted hippocampal antioxidants (SOD, CAT, GPx, and GSH). MBD exposure increased calcium levels and inhibited total Ca2+-ATPase activity. Levels of reactive species (NO and H2O2) and oxidative damage markers (MDA and AOPP) were significantly (P < 0.05) elevated compared to control. The hippocampal expressions of IL-1β, TNFα, BAX, and APAF-1 in the MBD-exposed rats were significantly higher compared to control. Correspondingly, NF-κB and caspase-3 pathways were activated in the hippocampus of MBD-exposed rats, while the expressions of IL-10 and BDNF were repressed. However, co-treatment with morin improved the neurobehavioral outcomes, alleviated the hyperactivity of neurosignalling enzymes, while suppressing hippocampal oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Histological and stereological evaluations supported these findings. In conclusion, co-exposure to BPS and DEP elicit similar neurotoxic outcomes as their predecessors, while morin confers marked protection against these outcomes.

Phytochemical screening and effect of Viscum album L. on monoamine oxidase A and B activity and serotonin, dopamine and serotonin receptor 5-HTR1A levels in Galleria mellonealla (Lepidoptera)

Ethnopharmacological relevanceViscum album L. (European mistletoe), a member of the Santalaceae, is a hemiparasitic, evergreen shrub growing on deciduous and coniferous trees. In traditional and folk medicine, mistletoe was used for the treatment of central nervous system disorders such as epilepsy, hysteria, insomnia, nervous excitability, neuralgia, headache, dizziness and fatigue. However, relatively little is known of its neuropharmacological activity. Aim of the studyThe aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of treatment with aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts from Viscum album L. parasitizing birch, linden and pine, on MAO-A and MAO-B activity as well as serotonin, dopamine and serotonin receptor 5-HTR1A levels in Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera) larvae. Materials and methodsThe phytochemical composition of the extracts was characterised using UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS. To investigate the neuropharmacological activity of Viscum album L. extracts, Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera) larvae were used as a model organism. The inhibitory potential of the extracts against MAO-A and MAO-B was determined by fluorometry. The serotonin, dopamine and serotonin receptor 5-HTR1A levels in larvae hemolymph after treatment were quantified by ELISA. ResultsUPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS analysis allowed the identification of 88 compounds, either full or in part. Most of the characterised phytochemicals were flavonoids, hydroxycinnamic acids and lignans. Screening found that aqueous and hydroethanolic mistletoe extracts inhibited the enzymatic activity of either MAO-A or MAO-B or both. Additionally, mistletoe extract administration increased the levels of serotonin and serotonin receptor 5-HTR1A. None of the tested extracts had any significant effect on dopamine level. ConclusionsA key novel finding was that the aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts from Viscum album L. inhibited monoamine oxidase activity and increased the levels of serotonin and serotonin receptor 5-HTR1A in Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera) larvae. These properties may be due to the presence of phenolic constituents, particularly flavonoids. Further research based on bioassay-guided fractionation of mistletoe is needed to identify CNS-active molecules.

Magnoflorine from Tinospora crispa upregulates innate and adaptive immune responses in Balb/c mice

Magnoflorine shows a diverse range of pharmacological actions, including immunomodulatory, antioxidant and neuropharmacological activities. However, its effects on the immune responses in animal studies have not been reported. In this study, magnoflorine isolated from Tinospora crispa, at doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg was administered to male Balb/c mice daily for 14 days to evaluate its effect on innate immune responses, while for evaluation of adaptive immune responses, on day 0 the mice were injected intraperitoneally with sheep red blood cells (sRBC) and treated orally with the various doses of magnoflorine for the same duration. The effects of magnoflorine on phagocytosis, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, lysozyme serum level, nitric oxide (NO) production, CD4+ and CD8+ cells population, T and B lymphocytes proliferation, activated T cells cytokines production, antibodies levels and delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) were determined. Magnoflorine dose-dependently stimulated NO production, E. coli engulfment by neutrophils and peritoneal macrophages, MPO activity and lysozyme serum level in treated mice. Magnoflorine at 100 mg/kg exhibited comparable stimulation of B cell production compared to levamisole at 2.5 mg/kg. It also significantly increased CD4+ and CD8+ cells population, upregulated the Th1 (IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α) and Th2 (IL-4 and IL-6) cytokines in a dose-dependent manner. At similar concentrations, magnoflorine also exhibited a strong dose-dependent stimulation on DTH reaction and upregulation of immunoglobulins (IgG and IgM) production in mice immunized with sRBC. The strong upregulation of innate and adaptive immune responses indicates that magnoflorine has potential to be developed into an effective immunostimulant.

Neuropharmacological Activity of the New Piperazine Derivative 2-(4-((1- Phenyl-1H-Pyrazol-4-yl)Methyl)Piperazin-1-yl)Ethyl Acetate is Modulated by Serotonergic and GABAergic Pathways.

Pharmacological treatments for mental disorders, such as anxiety and depression, present several limitations and adverse effects. Therefore, new pharmacotherapy with anxiolytic and antidepressant potential is necessary, and the study of compounds capable of interacting with more than one pharmacological target may provide new therapeutic options. In this study, we proposed the design, synthesis of a new compound, 2-(4-((1- phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)ethyl acetate (LQFM192), pharmacological evaluation of its anxiolytic-like and antidepressant-like activities, as well as the possible mechanisms of action involved. Administration of LQFM192 was carried out prior to the exposure of male Swiss mice to behavioral tests, such as the elevated plus-maze and forced swimming test. The involvement of the serotonergic system was studied by pretreatment with WAY-100635 or p-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) and the involvement of the benzodiazepine site of the GABAA receptor by pretreatment with flumazenil. The treatment with LQFM192 at doses of 54 and 162 μmol/kg demonstrated anxiolyticlike activity that was blocked by WAY-100635, PCPA, and flumazenil pretreatments. The potential antidepressant-like activity was visualized at the same doses and blocked by WAY-100635 and PCPA. In summary, the anxiolytic-like activity of LQFM192 is mediated by the serotonergic system and the benzodiazepine site of the GABAA receptor, and the antidepressant-like activity through the serotonergic system.

Evaluation of toxicological, anti-allergic and neuropharmacological activities of &lt;em&gt;Bridelia stipularis&lt;/em&gt;: &lt;em&gt;In-vivo&lt;/em&gt; and in-silico studies

Bridelia stipularis locally known as ‘Harinhara’ native in hill tract area. The plant is traditionally used in cough, asthma and catarrh by the Chakma ethnic people of Bangladesh. In this study, we investigated the toxicological, anti-allergic, neuropharmacological potential of leaves extract and profiling of its bioactive polyphenols by HPLC for in-silico molecular docking. Phytochemical test confirmed the existence of phytochemicals including tannin, flavonoid, saponin, alkaloid, glycoside etc. In toxicity study, the extract was safe up to 3 g/kg oral dose in mice. The studied showed no organ specific toxicity at 500 mg/kg oral dose. Anti-allergic activity performed by using TDI-induced allergic mice model. The extract significantly reduced the TDI-induced allergy like symptoms such as scratching, sneezing, swelling (P < 0.05). Additionally, the extract also ameliorated the leukocytes count in blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. The neuropharmacological activity test was conducted by following the open field method in mice model, at both doses of extract at 300 and 500 mg/kg showed mild CNS depressant effect. HPLC profiling identified the presence of seven phenolic compounds, among these rutin hydrate demonstrated the best docking score of -7.4 kcal/mol same as anti-allergic drug against (H1R). On the other hand exhibited rosmarinic acid and myricetin -7.9 and -7.8 kcal/mol against GABAA whereas standard CNS drug showed -7.7 kcal/mol. In conclusion, B. stipularis is safe and rich in different polyphenolic compounds which were found effective against diseases.

Pharmacological, Neurochemical, and Behavioral Mechanisms Underlying the Anxiolytic- and Antidepressant-like Effects of Flavonoid Chrysin.

Chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone) is a flavonoid isolated from plants, such as Passiflora coerulea, Passiflora incarnata, and Matricaria chamomilla. This natural molecule exerts diverse pharmacological effects, which includes antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, and anti-apoptotic effects. Additionally, in brain structures, such as the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, raphe nucleus, and striatum, involved in the physiopathology of anxiety and depression disorders, several neuropharmacological activities, including the activation of neurotransmitter systems (GABAergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic, and noradrenergic), neurotrophic factors, such as brain-derived neurotrophic factor and the nerve growth factor, and some signaling pathways are affected. The results showed that the anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects of chrysin occurs through its interaction with specific neurotransmitter systems, principally the GABAergic and the serotonergic, and activation of other neurotrophic factors. However, it is not possible to discard the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of chrysin while producing its anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects. Although these results have been obtained principally from pre-clinical research, they consistently demonstrate the potential therapeutic use of flavonoid chrysin as an anxiolytic and antidepressant agent. Therefore, this flavonoid could be considered as a promising novel therapy for anxiety and depression disorders.

A Review on Cyperus rotundus: Ancient Weed to Modern Elixir of Life Phytochemistry and Therapeutic Uses of Cyperus rotundus (Mustaka)

Background: Since time immemorial, humans have identified several herbs to treat various ailments. With the advancement of science and state-of-the-art technologies, different herbal extracts and chemical constituents of herbs were identified as therapeutic targets. Cyperus rotundus, also called mustaka, is one of the most ancient herbs widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions across the globe. The tuberous and aerial parts of the herb were identified to possess various pharmacological properties.&#x0D; Objectives: This review focuses on the various phytocompounds of mustaka and how these compounds exert pharmacological effects and their mode of action. The molecular and cellular effects of mustaka were also discussed based on the preclinical and clinical reports available using an array of in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo methodologies.&#x0D; Methods: The information from Google Scholar, Science direct, PUBMED, were reviewed with a special focus on the mode of action of C. rotundus from the data on animal and preclinical experiments to treat various diseases.&#x0D; Conclusion: Based on the literature available on C. rotundus in Google Scholar, Science Direct, and PubMed, the pharmacological properties of mustaka were reviewed with a particular focus on its neuropharmacological activities. The mode of action of C. rotundus and its bioactive metabolites at the molecular biology level were demonstrated based on animal and preclinical experiments to cure various ailments. These diverse effects prove C. rotundus as a valuable traditional medicine for treating various disorders.

Deciphering the Pharmacological Potentials of Methanol Extract of Sterculia foetida Seeds Using Experimental and Computational Approaches.

The edible herb Sterculia foetida L. has potential nutraceutical and medicinal effects. The present study is performed to assess the possible antidiabetic, neuropharmacological, and antidiarrheal activity of the methanolic extract of S. foetida seeds (MESF) through in vitro, in vivo, and in silico approaches. When compared to standard acarbose, the results of the antidiabetic study provided strong proof that the glucose level in the MESF was gradually decreased by inhibiting the function of α-amylase enzymes. The sedative potential of MESF (200 and 400 mg/kg) was determined by employing open field, hole cross, and thiopental sodium-induced sleeping time tests, which revealed significant reductions in locomotor performance and increased sleep duration following MESF treatment. In addition, mice treated with MESF exhibited superior exploration during elevated plus maze and hole board tests. MESF also showed good antidiarrheal activity in castor oil-induced diarrhea and intestinal motility tests. Previously isolated compounds (captan, 1-azuleneethanol, acetate, and tetraconazole) exhibited good binding affinity in docking studies and drug-likeliness properties in absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion/toxicity (ADME/T), and toxicological studies. Collectively, these results indicate the bioactivity of S. foetida, which represents a potential candidate in the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Pharmacoepidemiology of yellow trumpet flower

Because synthetic pharmaceuticals may produce various side effects and unfavorable consequences, the use of natural plants in therapy is currently more common than synthetic goods. Tecoma stans is a plant found in most tropical countries. This plant belongs to the Bignoniaceae family and is already used in ancient medicine in various countries such as India and Pakistan. This plant has a large number of active chemical ingredients and has pharmacological effects. Many researchers have explored pharmacological screening, and ongoing research is being conducted in that plant. The goal of this study was to update the plant's research collections for pharmacological screening. The review focuses on several researches, such as pharmacognostical studies and in-vitro and in-vivo screening of numorous Tecoma stans components. The various parts of the plants were concluded to have various pharmacological actions such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anticancer cardioprotective effect, genotoxic, cytotoxicity, wound healing, antihyperglycemic, protect CNS, gastric ulcer healing, antiproliferative, antioxidant, anti-microbial, haemolytic activity, anti-lipoxygenase, and acetyl-cholinesterase inhibitory activities. This review was then used to guide future study on this plant. A member of the trumpet vine family, Tecoma stans, has been documented for a variety of pharmacological properties. The current research focuses on the neuropharmacological activities of several Tecoma stans extracts. The CNS depressive action was addressed first, followed by the analgesic activity, and then the impact of various extracts on Albino mice was examined.

A review on the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Polygonum hydropiper Linn.

Polygonum hydropiper is a herb with worldwide distribution, having tremendous value as traditional medicine among different communities. It is used to cure many kinds of ailments such as gynaecological disorders, ulcer, anxiety, pain, cancer, etc. The present review gives emphasis on a thorough and updated study of the botanical description and taxonomy, distribution, habitat, ethnopharmacology, phytochemical constituents, pharmacological activities and toxicological aspects of P. hydropiper. The information included in this review was collected from different scientific databases like PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, etc. In addition to the botanical description and taxonomy, lots of ethnomedicinal use of the water-pepper plant could be found. A good number of compounds belonging to the categories like alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, etc. were confirmed to be present in the plant. Moreover, in different studies, this plant was found to possess activities like anti-Alzheimer, antibacterial, antidementia, antifertility, neuropharmacological, sedative, anxiolytic, thrombolytic and membrane-stabilizing activity, etc. with minimal toxicity. These properties may be directly related to its possession of a large number of bioactive molecules of different categories. Based on these properties, isolation of responsible compound(s), evaluation of molecular mechanisms of their action and clinical trials are recommended.

Ethnopharmacological-Based Validation of Polyalthia suberosa Leaf Extract in Neurological, Hyperalgesic, and Hyperactive Gut Disorders Using Animal Models.

Polyalthia suberosa (Roxb.) is a plant used to cure coughs, dysentery, fevers, joint aches, rheumatic pain, inflammation, and a variety of skin diseases. The aim of the study was to evaluate the ethyl acetate extract of Polyalthia suberosa (P. suberosa) leaves and their effects on mice for neuropharmacological, analgesic, and antidiarrheal activities. For neurological studies, the hole cross, hole board, open field, and thiopental sodium-induced sleep duration measurement methodologies were used. The castor oil-induced diarrhea inhibition test was used to assess antidiarrheal action, and the acetic acid-induced writhing inhibition test was used to determine analgesic effectiveness. The extract was given in doses of 250 and 500 mg kg−1 body weight. As a standard drug, diazepam at a dosage of 3 mg kg−1 was used. The extract was also given to groups, and sleep time was measured and recorded. The onset of the anxiolytic effect of the extract at both doses was found to be significant (p < 0.001), and sleep time increased to 273 minutes. For assessing analgesic activity, the extract along with standard diclofenac was administered and found to be 55.02 percent and 64.33 percent, respectively, for the extracts, and diclofenac was found to be 67.44 percent (p < 0.001). For antidiarrheal activity, it was compared with the standard drug, loperamide. The decrease for plant extracts was 50.07 percent and 70.06 percent at 250 mg kg−1 and 500 mg kg−1, respectively, whereas it was 85.01 percent for loperamide (3 mg kg−1) (p < 0.00). In this study, it was found that ethyl acetate extract of Polyalthia suberosa leaves had strong CNS depressant, analgesic, and antidiarrheal activities, which indicates that it may be used in contemporary medicine.

Neuropharmacological activities of methanolic extract of leaves of Viscum capitellatum Smith.

Neuropharmacological activities of methanolic extract of leaves of Viscum capitellatum Smith.