Neurological Systems Research Articles

Covid-19 and Its Impact in Dental Health and Profession: A Review

The COVID-19 pandemic, driven by SARS-CoV-2, has profoundly affected global healthcare, chal¬lenging both medical and dental practices. Emerging in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, COVID-19 quick¬ly escalated into a pandemic, leading the World Health Organization to declare a global health emergency. This review explores the pathogenesis, transmission, systemic health effects, and oral health implications of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2, a beta coronavirus, spreads mainly through respiratory droplets, with aerosols and fomites also playing roles in its transmission. The virus binds strongly to the ACE2 receptor, present in res¬piratory, myocardial, and oral and nasal mucosa cells, facilitating infection and replication. The ensuing im¬mune response, critical for viral clearance, can lead to a hyperinflammatory ‚cytokine storm‘, causing severe complications like ARDS and multi-organ failure. Clinically, COVID-19 ranges from asymptomatic cases to severe systemic involvement, affecting cardiovascular, neurological, renal, and hematological systems. Oral health issues such as dysgeusia and xerostomia are increasingly noted, indicating the virus‘s broader impact. This review emphasizes the need for stringent infection control in dental practices, including enhanced pro¬tective measures and procedural adaptations. A multidisciplinary approach integrating oral health into broad¬er COVID-19 strategies is crucial. Continued research is essential to understand the long-term implications of COVID-19 and to refine preventive and therapeutic strategies, shaping future healthcare policies.

Beneficial Effects of Nutraceuticals, Especially Polyphenols on Canine Health

The use of nutraceuticals, mainly phytogenics, is increasingly widespread in animal nutrition, especially in dogs. The materials typically used to provide these very diverse natural compounds come from plants, but lately algae and fungi have also been used. In animal nutrition, these compounds are applied to obtain better results in the production and stability of feed and also as biofunctional substances with benefits for animal health. Polyphenols are natural compounds from the secondary metabolism of plant matter present in animal food (e.g., seeds and nuts, fruits, vegetables, herbs/aromatic plants, spices, cereals, and vegetable oils, among others). Most of the biological effects of these compounds associated with health benefits have been attributed to their antioxidant potential because they can protect cellular elements against oxidative injury, reducing the risk of dysfunctions and diseases associated with oxidative processes. Polyphenols are constituted by multiple families of substances with wide applications in pet therapy and nutrition. In this work, we review the most relevant phytogenic polyphenols, exploring their characteristics, sources, and implications for canine health. Our focus includes the effects on gastrointestinal functions and its microbiota, as well as aspects such as obesity, diabetes, and fat metabolism. Additionally, we examine their impact on cardiovascular, neurological, and immunological systems, along with their potential anti-oncogenic role. Finally, we discuss the overall role of polyphenols in dog diets and their future implications.

Functional analysis of a novel nonsense PPP1R12A variant in a Chinese family with infantile epilepsy

BackgroundDefects in PPP1R12A can lead to genitourinary and/or brain malformation syndrome (GUBS). GUBS is primarily characterized by neurological or genitourinary system abnormalities, but a few reported cases are associated with neonatal seizures. Here, we report a case of a female newborn with neonatal seizures caused by a novel variant in PPP1R12A, aiming to enhance the clinical and variant data of genetic factors related to epilepsy in early life.MethodsWhole-exome and Sanger sequencing were used for familial variant assessment, and bioinformatics was employed to annotate the variant. A structural model of the mutant protein was simulated using molecular dynamics (MD), and the free binding energy between PPP1R12A and PPP1CB was analyzed. A mutant plasmid was constructed, and mutant protein expression was analyzed using western blotting (WB), and the interaction between the mutant and PPP1CB proteins using co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) experiments.ResultsThe patient experienced tonic-clonic seizures on the second day after birth. Genetic testing revealed a heterozygous variant in PPP1R12A, NM_002480.3:c.2533 C > T (p.Arg845Ter). Both parents had the wild-type gene. MD suggested that loss of the C-terminal structure in the mutant protein altered its structural stability and increased the binding energy with PPP1CB, indicating unstable protein–protein interactions. On WB, a low-molecular-weight band was observed, indicating that the protein was truncated. Co-IP indicated that the mutant protein no longer interacted with PPP1CB, indicating an effect on the structural stability of the myosin phase complex.ConclusionThe PPP1R12A c.2533 C > T variant may explain the neonatal seizures in the present case. The findings of this study expand the spectrum of PPP1R12A variants and highlight the potential significance of truncated proteins in the pathogenesis of GUBS.

A rare disease with many faces: A multicenter registry of IgG4-related disease in children

Abstract Objectives We aimed to report the characteristics of pediatric IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) through a multicentre registry, to assess disease clusters, and to evaluate the performances of the 2019 American College of Rheumatology and European League Against Rheumatism (ACR/EULAR) classification criteria and the 2020 revised comprehensive diagnostic (RCD) criteria in this cohort. Methods Data of IgG4-RD patients in 13 pediatric rheumatology centers were recorded to a web-based registration system. The diagnosis of IgG4-RD was made according to the 2011 comprehensive diagnostic criteria. Results Thirty-five children (19 females and 16 males) with IgG4-RD were enrolled. The median age at diagnosis was 13.3 (25p-75p; 9.9–15.2) years. The most common organ involvement was the eye (n = 21, 60%), followed by lymph nodes (n = 12, 34.3%), musculoskeletal system (n = 12, 34.3%), and neurological system (n = 9, 25.7%). We identified three clusters in our study cohort: those with eye involvement (n = 11, 31.4%), those with eye involvement and neurological findings (n = 15, 42.9%), and those with pancreato-hepatobiliary disease and lymph node involvement (n = 9, 25.7%). Serum IgG4 levels were high in 19 out of 28 patients (67.8%). All patients except one received corticosteroid treatment, and azathioprine was the most preferred drug as a steroid-sparing agent. The sensitivities of the 2019 ACR/EULAR classification criteria and the 2020 RCD criteria were 5.7% and 88.5%, respectively. Conclusion IgG4-RD has a wide variety of clinical manifestations, however in children the most common presentation was orbital involvement. The 2020 RCD criteria had a better performance whereas the 2019 ACR/EULAR classification criteria performed poorly in pediatric patients.

Neurological and cardiopulmonary manifestations of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations.

Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) are direct pulmonary artery-to-vein connections without pulmonary capillaries that result in intrapulmonary right-to-left blood shunts. Although most patients with PAVMs may be entirely asymptomatic, PAVMs can induce a series of complications involving the neurological, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems that can lead to catastrophic and often fatal clinical sequelae. In this study we review the available literature and summarize the reported PAVM-related complications among patients with PAVMs. The reviewed studies included observational studies, case studies, prospective studies, and cohort studies, and we provide an overview of PAVM-related neurological and cardiopulmonary manifestations, including stroke, cerebral abscess, transient ischemic attack, cerebral hemorrhage, migraine, seizure, dizziness, cardiac failure, arrhythmia, myocardial infarction, cough, hypoxemia, dyspnea, respiratory failure, hemoptysis, and hemothorax. Identifying and treating PAVMs before the presentation of major complication is important because this can prevent the occurrence of complications and can result in better outcomes. PAVM patients should thus be better evaluated and managed by a multidisciplinary team because they may be in a treatable phase prior to their condition becoming life-threatening.

A rare cause of immune dysregulation, prolidase deficiency: a case report and review of the literature.

We report a pediatric patient with prolidase deficiency, caused by a mutation in the PEPD gene, which encodes the enzyme prolidase D, with a lupus-like clinic and marked dysmorphic features along with pulmonary, neurological, skeletal, and immune system involvement. In addition to being the first known case in the literature where Friedrich's ataxia and prolidase deficiency were observed together, we aimed to highlight that this diagnosis should be considered in patients with autoimmunity and additional systemic findings such as treatment-resistant skin lesions, intellectual disability, and pulmonary manifestations. Furthermore, we sought to compare this case with others documented in the literature.

From Science Fiction to Reality: Exploring Brain-Computer Interfaces and their Human Applications

Direct control of mechanical or electrical equipment through mental activity is made possible by brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), often referred to as brain-machine interfaces (BMIs). Using only brain signals, users of BCIs can operate external systems without using neurostimulators, which trigger neural tissues. This allows users to avoid using peripheral neurological and muscle systems. The brain's ability to incorporate and regulate mechanical devices as extensions of its own physiological processes is demonstrated by this capability.When it comes to helping those with severe impairments, BCI systems have a lot of potential uses. For people who suffer from neurological conditions like amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, brainstem stroke, or spinal cord injury who are completely paralyzed or "locked in," they provide a substantial benefit in terms of communication. By directly converting brain intent into executable commands, BCI technology aims to enable communication. This is especially helpful for those who are unable to speak.Neuroprosthetics, which attempt to restore lost motor and sensory functions, have been the main focus of BCI research and development. These systems make use of artificial devices to treat brain-related illnesses, take over for faulty nervous system functions, and compensate for compromised sensory organs. As this science develops, brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have the potential to improve cognitive capacities and the quality of life for people with severe disabilities.

Navigating the Neuroimmunomodulation Frontier: Pioneering Approaches and Promising Horizons-A Comprehensive Review.

The research in neuroimmunomodulation aims to shed light on the complex relationships that exist between the immune and neurological systems and how they affect the human body. This multidisciplinary field focuses on the way immune responses are influenced by brain activity and how neural function is impacted by immunological signaling. This provides important insights into a range of medical disorders. Targeting both brain and immunological pathways, neuroimmunomodulatory approaches are used in clinical pain management to address chronic pain. Pharmacological therapies aim to modulate neuroimmune interactions and reduce inflammation. Furthermore, bioelectronic techniques like vagus nerve stimulation offer non-invasive control of these systems, while neuromodulation techniques like transcranial magnetic stimulation modify immunological and neuronal responses to reduce pain. Within the context of aging, neuroimmunomodulation analyzes the ways in which immunological and neurological alterations brought on by aging contribute to cognitive decline and neurodegenerative illnesses. Restoring neuroimmune homeostasis through strategies shows promise in reducing age-related cognitive decline. Research into mood disorders focuses on how immunological dysregulation relates to illnesses including anxiety and depression. Immune system fluctuations are increasingly recognized for their impact on brain function, leading to novel treatments that target these interactions. This review emphasizes how interdisciplinary cooperation and continuous research are necessary to better understand the complex relationship between the neurological and immune systems.

Health benefits and risks of fermented foods-the PIMENTO initiative.

Worldwide, fermented foods (FF) are recognized as healthy and safe. Despite the rapid increase of research papers, there is a lack of systematic evaluation of the health benefits and risks of FF. The COST Action CA20128 "Promoting innovation of fermented foods" (PIMENTO) aims to provide a comprehensive assessment on the available evidence by compiling a set of 16 reviews. Seven reviews will cover clinical and biological endpoints associated with major health indicators across several organ systems, including the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, neurological, immune, and skeletal systems. Nine reviews will address broader biological questions associated with FF including bioactive compounds and vitamin production, nutrient bioavailability and bioaccessibility, the role of FF in healthy diets and personalized nutrition, food safety, regulatory practices, and finally, the health properties of novel and ethnic FF. For each outcome assessed in the reviews, an innovative approach will be adopted based on EFSA's published guidance for health claim submissions. In particular, each review will be composed of three parts: (1) a systematic review of available human studies; (2) a non-systematic review of the mechanism of action related to the clinical endpoints measured by the human studies identified in part 1; and (3) a non-systematic review of the characterization of the FF investigated in the human studies identified in part 1. The evidence and research gaps derived from the reviews will be summarized and published in the form of a strategic road map that will pave the way for future research on FF.

Morphographic Changes in the Electrocardiogram of Colossoma macropomum Caused by Exposure to Manganese.

Manganese (Mn2+) is an abundant chemical element in the earth's crust and is present in soil, water, and industrial environments, including mining, welding, and battery manufacturing. Manganese (Mn) is an essential metal needed as a cofactor for many enzymes to maintain proper biological functions. Excessive exposure to Mn in high doses can result in a condition known as manganism, which results in disorders of the neurological, cardiac, and pulmonary systems. The aim of this study was to assess cardiac susceptibility to manganese intoxication in Colossoma macropomum subjected to a fixed concentration of 4 mg/mL for a period of up to 96 h. This study used 45 Tambaquis (30.38 ± 3.5 g) divided into five groups of 9 animals/treatment. The treated groups were exposed to the manganese concentration for a period of 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, after which the animals' ECGs were recorded, showing heart rate, R-R interval, P-Q interval, QRS complex duration and S-T interval. The results showed that cardiac activity decreased as the contact time increased, with an increase in the P-Q and S-T intervals. This indicates that the breakdown of circulatory homeostasis in these animals was caused by contact time with manganese.

Exploring the Pharmacological Effects of Bioactive Peptides on Human Nervous Disorders: A Comprehensive Review.

A family of peptides known as bioactive peptides has unique physiological properties and may be used to improve human health and prevent illness. Because bioactive peptides impact the immunological, endocrine, neurological, and cardiovascular systems, they have drawn a lot of interest from researchers. According to recent studies, bioactive peptides have a lot to offer in the treatment of inflammation, neuronal regeneration, localized ischemia, and the blood-brain barrier. It investigates various peptide moieties, including antioxidative properties, immune response modulation, and increased blood-brain barrier permeability. It also looks at how well they work as therapeutic candidates and finds promising peptide-based strategies for better outcomes. Furthermore, it underscores the need for further studies to support their clinical utility and suggests that results from such investigations will enhance our understanding of the pathophysiology of these conditions. In order to understand recent advances in BPs and to plan future research, academic researchers and industrial partners will find this review article to be a helpful resource.

Optimizing Transcutaneous Spinal Stimulation: Excitability of Evoked Spinal Reflexes is Dependent on Electrode Montage.

There is growing interest in use of transcutaneous spinal stimulation (TSS) for people with neurologic conditions both to augment volitional control (by facilitating motoneuron excitability), and to decrease spasticity (by activating inhibitory networks). Various electrode montages are used during TSS, with little understanding of how electrode position influences spinal circuit activation. We sought to identify the thoracolumbar electrode montage associated with the most robust activation of spinal circuits by comparing posterior root-muscle reflexes (PRM reflexes) elicited by 6 montages. Additionally, we assessed tolerability of the stimulation during PRM reflex testing. Fifteen adults with intact neurological systems participated in this randomized crossover study. PRM reflexes were evoked transcutaneously using electrode montages with dorsal-ventral (DV) or dorsal-midline (DM) current flow. DV montages included: [1] cathode over T11/T12, anodes over iliac crests (DV-I), [2] cathode over T11/T12, anodes over umbilicus (DV-U), [3] dual paraspinal cathodes at T11/12, anodes over iliac crests (DV-PI), and [4] dual paraspinal cathodes at T11/12, anodes over umbilicus (DV-PU). DM montages included: [5] cathode over T11/12, anode 5cm caudal (DM-C), and [6] cathode over T11/12, anode 5cm rostral (DM-R). PRM reflex recruitment curves were obtained in the soleus muscle of both lower extremities. DV-U and DV-I montages elicited bilateral reflexes with lower reflex thresholds and larger recruitment curve area than other montages. There were no differences in response amplitude at 120% of RT(1.2xRT) or tolerability among montages. Differences in spinal circuit recruitment are reflected in the response amplitude of the PRM reflexes. DV-I and DV-U montages were associated with lower reflex thresholds, indicating that motor responses can be evoked with lower stimulation intensity. DV-I and DV-U montages therefore have the potential for lower and more tolerable interventional stimulation intensities. Our findings optimize electrode placement for interventional TSS and PRM reflex assessments.

Energy drinks: is there anything to be concerned about? A review of the literature with attention to the value of drinks among athletes

Introduction: Popular energy drinks containing caffeine, taurine or guarana are currently generating a lot of interest. Their supply is an increasingly popular method of boosting the body. Therefore, it is important to know the effects of such drinks on health. Objective: A review of the literature on the health effects of energy drinks with a focus on the value of their consumption in athletes. Current Knowledge: Many studies have been made and numerous medical cases have been analyzed to assess the health effects of energy drinks. The most commonly described complications are those involving the cardiovascular and neurological systems, but there are also cases of gastrointestinal, kidney, gynecological or skin diseases. The severity of these complications depends on the amount of energy drinks consumed and the time interval in which they were drunk. Nowadays, athletes are increasingly turning to energy drinks to boost their performance. It is also noticeable that children and adolescents who should not consume caffeine or sugar in excess consume this type of drink. Conclusions: The growing popularity of energy drinks, including among professional athletes as well as children and adolescents, is leading to an increasing number of complications due to their excessive consumption. Therefore, further research on their health effects and harmfulness is needed to determine their safe use.

The Effect of Motor Dual -Task Balance Training on Balance and Gait of Elderly Women

BACKGROUND: Aging in its broadest sense is the continuous and irreversible decline in the efficiency of various physiological processes. India has second largest number of elderly (60+) in the world. One of the most common problems of elderly is fall. They are the cause of accidental death among people over 65 years of age and account for significant mortality and morbidity, including fractures, impaired mobility and decreased quality of life due to fear of falling and death. Balance is dynamic phenomenon that requires stability and mobility to be a good harmony and in order to properly maintain body balance, the ability to integrate the neurological and musculoskeletal system is important. Balance control is a necessary component of stable walking. Dual-task training is defined as the ability to perform two or more cognitive and motor activities simultaneously while maintaining postural control. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To study the effect of motor dual-task balance training on balance and gait of elderly women. METHODOLOGY: Thirty females were randomly selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria and was divided into two groups – Group 1: Experimental group and Group 2: Control group. Both the groups were assessed for the berg balance scale and dynamic gait index. These parameters were assessed before the start of the program as pre-test values and at the end of 6 week as post-test values. Group 1 received motor dual task balance training and Group 2 conventional balance and gait training. RESULT: The mean age of group 1 was 67.4 years and group 2 was 67.07 years. The statistical analysis correlates the study by proposing that groups taken for study either group1 treated motor dual task balance training and Group 2 conventional balance and gait training.and also showed that group 1 treated with motor dual task balance training had higher significance when compared to group 2 treated with conventional balance and gait training. The mean improvement in BBS was 13.74 in group 1 and 10.66 in group 2. The mean improvement in DGI scores was 6.47 in group 1 and 3.73 in group 2. It was resulted that group 1 received motor dual task balance training had a superior effect over group 2 received conventional balance and gait training. CONCLUSION: This study concluded that motor dual task balance training had effective tool in improving balance and gait control and decreases tendency of falls in elderly women. KEY WORDS: Fall, Elderly, Balance, gait, BBS, DGI, motor dual task balance training, conventional balance and gait training.

Mechanisms of Abnormal Lipid Metabolism in the Pathogenesis of Disease.

Lipid metabolism is a critical component in preserving homeostasis and health, and lipids are significant chemicals involved in energy metabolism in living things. With the growing interest in lipid metabolism in recent years, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated the close relationship between abnormalities in lipid metabolism and the development of numerous human diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular, neurological, and endocrine system diseases. Thus, understanding how aberrant lipid metabolism contributes to the development of related diseases and how it works offers a theoretical foundation for treating and preventing related human diseases as well as new avenues for the targeted treatment of related diseases. Therefore, we discuss the processes of aberrant lipid metabolism in various human diseases in this review, including diseases of the cardiovascular system, neurodegenerative diseases, endocrine system diseases (such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus), and other diseases including cancer.

Penerapan Nesting terhadap Kualitas Tidur Bayi Berat Lahir Rendah (BBLR) di RSUD Ir. Soekarno Sukoharjo

Babies born with LBW conditions are more susceptible to disease and have a smaller chance of survival. Low birth weight (LBW) babies can cause developmental disorders both cognitively and motorically. Sleep is an important stage in repairing the neurological system in newborn babies. Poor quality sleep can cause illness and also cause psychological problems in LBW babies. Various developmental care efforts are made to minimize the negative impacts that arise during the treatment period, namely by optimizing the sleep quality of LBW babies, one way is by implementing nesting. Find out the results of the implementation of Nesting on the Sleep Quality of Low Birth Weight (LBW) Babies at the Ir. Soekarno Sukoharjo Regional Hospital. This type of research is a case study that uses descriptive pretest posttest design research methods and uses measurements of baby sleep quality. The results of the application to 2 respondents which were carried out for 2 days showed that there was an effect of nesting on improving the sleep quality of LBW babies. There were differences in the results before and after the nesting intervention on the sleep quality of LBW babies.

A qualitative approach on long-term indwelling catheter use in an outpatient setting.

A long-term indwelling catheter may be indicated in clinical situations, such as chronic diseases of the genitourinary or neurological systems. In addition to the risks of infection, trauma, and bleeding, a catheter's permanence can affect psycho-emotional and socioeconomic dimensions. We aimed to understand how the need to use a long-term indwelling catheter affects this patient's self-perception, interrelationships, and self-care. We carried out a qualitative, descriptive study based on interviews with 17 patients, and applied thematic analysis and complex thinking. The different prognoses and expectations regarding the catheter influenced self-perception, adaptation, acceptance, or denial. The presence of a catheter, whether as a curative measure or for comfort, can affect self-image and sexuality, and generate insecurities and uncertainties, which require understanding the multidimensionality of situations that suffer interference from the personal, family, and social environment, as well as health systems' capacity to deal with it. Despite the challenges, the majority of participants reported a favorable disposition towards self-care, whether to enable catheter removal or to prevent injuries in lifelong indications.

Neurologic Symptoms After 177Lu-Prostate-Specific-Membrane Antigen-617 Therapy: A Single-Center Experience.

Treatment with 177Lu-prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-617 (177Lu-vipivotide tetraxetan [Pluvicto]) prolongs both progression-free and overall survival in advanced PSMA-positive metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Data examining specifically neurologic symptoms after 177Lu-PSMA-617 treatment are scarce. In this study, we aimed to review the neurologic findings in a large cohort of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer patients undergoing 177Lu-PSMA-617 therapy. Methods: The clinical records and imaging data of patients who received their initial dose of 177Lu-PSMA-617 between March 2022 and November 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. All patients presenting for medical evaluation, regardless of specific specialty appointments, with new or worsening neurologic symptoms were included in the study. Results: A total of 185 patients underwent 177Lu-PSMA-617 therapy. The median age was 70 y (range, 58-90 y). The mean follow-up time was 12.04 ± 2.87 mo. Fifty-five new or worsening neurologic symptoms were observed in 50 patients (27%, 50/185). Of these, 27 (11.9%, 27/185) reported altered taste. Eleven patients (6%, 11/185) experienced dizziness with no other clear etiology; 2 of these patients were admitted to the emergency department (ED). Paresthesia symptoms were reported in 6 patients (3.2%, 6/185). Five patients (2.7%, 5/185) reported headaches, 3 of these patients were admitted to the ED because of the severity of the symptoms. Two patients (1.08%, 2/185) presented with extremity weakness. Two patients (1.08%, 2/185) had an ischemic stroke and were admitted to the ED. One patient (0.05%, 1/185) exhibited gait disturbances. In total, 7 patients (3.78%, 7/185) were admitted to the ED because of neurologic symptoms. None of the patients discontinued or failed to complete the 177Lu-PSMA-617 therapy because of neurologic symptoms. Conclusion: After 177Lu-PSMA-617 treatment, the most common neurologic symptoms were dysgeusia and dizziness. In this study, our follow-up period and population size might not have been sufficient to detect delayed or uncommon neurologic symptoms. In patients without neurologic symptoms or central nervous system metastases before treatment, we found the development of severe neurologic problems to be rare and unlikely to require discontinuation of treatment.

Computational Investigations to Identify Potent Natural Flavonoid Inhibitors of the Nonstructural Protein (NSP) 16/10 Complex Against Coronavirus.

Globally, the viral pandemic has spread rapidly, resulting in widespread infections. The coronavirus family (CoVs) is one of the various viral families capable of infecting mammals, causing diseases related to the gastrointestinal, neurological, and respiratory systems. Flavonoid compounds have been identified as potentially effective antiviral agents, specifically targeting the virus's nonstructural protein (NSP) 16/10. Flavonoids have also been shown to inhibit virus replication and viral attachment to host cells, making them a promising candidate for antiviral treatment. Further research is needed to understand the full potential of flavonoids as antiviral agents. This study investigated natural compounds derived from medicinal plants using in silico screening. In addition to assessing drug-likeness, pharmacokinetics, docking, molecular dynamics simulation, bioavailability assessment, and exploration of molecular targets, the screening process entailed analyses of molecular targets and bioavailability. The molecular properties and potential antiviral efficacy of these phytochemical candidates were determined by analyzing them as drug candidates. The results of the study showed that these compounds had potential antiviral activity and could be developed as therapeutic agents. Furthermore, the study showed that the compounds had good bioavailability, suggesting that they are suitable for use as therapeutic agents. An in silico method was used to identify flavonoid compounds for potent antiviral drug molecules against the coronavirus protein complex NSP16/10 protein. The NSP16/10 complex protein binding energy values were -6.14 for isoquercetin, -6.902 for narirutin, -6.052 for myricetin, -7.10 for hesperidin, -4.392 for silibinin, -3.997 for baicalein, -3.712 for taxifolin, and -3.321 for petunidin. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that isoquercetin, hesperidin, and narirutin flavonoids interacted with the COVID-19 virus protein complex NSP16/10 protease up to 100 nanoseconds.

Memory Reflections of the Microbiota-Gut and Oligodendrocyte Axis.

Memory is the persisting consequence of cognitive activities instigated by and engrossed on exterior information from the environment and commenced by an intensive on internal mental representations. Establishing a gut-brain axis (GBA) in health and disease has recently brought the gut, the main portal of communication with the external environment, to the forefront of this interaction. Dietary stimuli have long been linked to brain development, behavioral responses, and memory reflections. Vagus nerve, immune system, bacterial metabolites and products are just a few of the linkages that make up the GBA, a bidirectional arrangement of signaling pathways that connects the neurological system with the gastrointestinal tract. GBA involves two-way communication between central and enteric neural systems, connecting the brain's affective and cognitive regions to peripheral activities of the intestine. Recent scientific progress has highlighted the significance of gut microbiota in affecting these relationships. By controlling myelination at the prefrontal cortex, a crucial area for multifaceted cognitive behavior forecast and decision-making, this axis influences social behavior, including memory reflections. Humans may experience late myelination of the prefrontal cortex's axonal projections into the third decade of life, making it vulnerable to outside factors like microbial metabolites. It has been demonstrated that changes in the gut microbiome can change the microbial metabolome's composition, impacting highly permeable bioactive chemicals like p-cresol that may hinder oligodendrocyte differentiation. This review will discuss the memory reflections of the microbiota-gut and oligodendrocyte axis. Adopting this concept should encourage a new arena of thinking that recognizes the intricate central and periphery dynamics influencing behavior and uses that knowledge to develop novel therapies and interventions for maladjusted memory and learning systems.