Neurolaryngology is perhaps the most complex and poorly understood area of laryngology. Laryngologists largely treat neurological disorders of the larynx at the end organ level through static and symptom based manipulations. Interest in laryngology as a subspecialty of otolaryngology is rising with growth in formal clinical training programs, collaboration with neurology, neurosciences, and speech language pathology. This growth is creating a critical mass of individuals committed to narrowing the knowledge gap in neurolaryngology that presently limits optimum intervention for neurolaryngological disorders. An immediate and tangible frontier is the expansion and role of laryngeal electromyography in the field. Understanding laryngeal motor and sensory function peripherally and centrally over time will allow for dynamic and motion specific reanimation of vocal fold paralysis. The role of neural dysfunction in age-related voice change will help clarify the spectrum of disease in older patients and lead to functional therapies. Hyperfunctional disorders of the larynx, such as spasmodic dysphonia, vocal tremor, primary muscle tension dysphonia and paradoxical vocal fold dysfunction will be more precisely diagnosed with targeted intervention at the source. Understanding, diagnosing, and treating sensory dysfunction of the larynx remains a final frontier with implications not only for disorders such as laryngeal sensory neuropathic cough, but also disorders that have been traditionally thought of as primary motor problems, such as spasmodic dysphonia. Finally, improved understanding of the afferent neural supply to the larynx will aid in the site-specific treatment of neurogenic cough and irritable larynx syndrome.