Neurodynamic Properties Research Articles

A convolutional spiking neural network with adaptive coding for motor imagery classification

Motor imagery (MI) signal classification is crucial for brain-computer interfaces (BCI). The third-generation neural network, spiking neural network (SNN), has rich neurodynamic properties in the spatiotemporal domain, and therefore it is more suitable for processing EEG signals. However, the feature extraction capability of the SNN previously applied to MI signal classification is limited by its structure, and the model’s classification accuracy is not comparable to the state-of-the-art algorithms. In this paper, we propose a spiking neural network model called SCNet, which combines the feature extraction capability of CNN with the biological interpretability of SNN, making the model structurally closer to the biological neuronal dynamical system and improving the classification accuracy. SCNet reduces information loss by adaptive coding with learnability and solves the training difficulties of spiking neural networks by surrogate gradient learning. We evaluated the performance of the proposed SCNet on three typically representative motor imagery datasets. The validation shows that the model outperforms state-of-the-art SNN-based MI classification methods and various ANN and machine learning methods. The experimental results demonstrate the generality and effectiveness of the proposed motor imagery EEG signal classification model. Better classification results can be obtained by designing a well-structured spiking neural network.

Unification of free energy minimization, spatiotemporal energy, and dimension reduction models of V1 organization: Postnatal learning on an antenatal scaffold.

Developmental selection of neurons and synapses so as to maximize pulse synchrony has recently been used to explain antenatal cortical development. Consequences of the same selection process—an application of the Free Energy Principle—are here followed into the postnatal phase in V1, and the implications for cognitive function are considered. Structured inputs transformed via lag relay in superficial patch connections lead to the generation of circumferential synaptic connectivity superimposed upon the antenatal, radial, “like-to-like” connectivity surrounding each singularity. The spatiotemporal energy and dimension reduction models of cortical feature preferences are accounted for and unified within the expanded model, and relationships of orientation preference (OP), space frequency preference (SFP), and temporal frequency preference (TFP) are resolved. The emergent anatomy provides a basis for “active inference” that includes interpolative modification of synapses so as to anticipate future inputs, as well as learn directly from present stimuli. Neurodynamic properties are those of heteroclinic networks with coupled spatial eigenmodes.

Features of cognitive mental processes and neurodynamic properties of the central nervous system in firefighters depending on polymorphisms of the regulators’ genes of the brain monoamine system

BACKGROUND: Firefighters' performance of their occupational duties is associated with significant psycho-emotional stress, as well as the complex influence of harmful and dangerous factors that are a source of risk to their health and life. One of the most important modern tasks of vocational training of employees in the EMERCOM of Russia is the problem of assessing psychophysiological reserves. Currently, traditional methods of psychological and psychophysiological testing do not allow a full assessment of psychophysiological reserves because the degree of adaptation to extreme loads is determined by hereditary traits.
 AIM: To study the features of cognitive mental processes and neurodynamic properties of the central nervous system in firefighters that depend on the polymorphisms of the regulators genes of the monoamine system of the brain.
 MATERIAL AND METHODS: Methodologically, 453 people were examined, of which 234 were the main group (firefighters), and 219 were the control group. Assessment was conducted using the following methods: "Correction test with Landolt rings", "Mnsterberg test", "Schulte tables", "Reaction to a moving object", "Simple visual-motor reaction", and KR-3-85 test batteries. Genotyping was performed using five candidate genes of 5-HTTLPR or 5HTT, 5HT2A, COMT, DRD1, and DRD2/ANKK1.
 RESULTS: The results of indicators of attention, neurodynamic properties of the central nervous system, and cognitive mental processes, depending on the nature of the occupational tasks performed and employment duration, indicates the strain of the functional systems of the body during long-term work (more than five years) in the main study group (firefighters). Firefighters carrying 5HTT L/L, 5HT2A C/C, COMT Val/Val, and DRD2/ANKK1 Glu/Glu genotypes have significantly higher rates than those of 5HTT S/S, 5HT2A Т/Т genotypes, COMT Met/Met, and DRD2/ANKK1 Lis/Lis, and at the same time lower indicators compared to individuals with similar genotypes from the control group.
 CONCLUSION: The data obtained indicate the feasibility of practical application of studies of the 5HTT, 5HT2A, and DRD2/ANKK1 genes. Changes in the level of attention and neurodynamic properties of the central nervous system depending on the polymorphic variants of the DRD1 gene were not observed. The indicators of cognitive mental processes in the control and main groups differed depending on the polymorphic variants of the COMT gene.

Розробка алгоритму оцінки нейродинамічних властивостей спортсменів-кікбоксерів

Анотація. Мета: розробити алгоритм оцінки нейродинамічних властивостей спортсменів-кікбоксерів. Матеріал і методи . У дослідженні використовувалися наступні методи: аналіз науково-методичної інформації та джерел Інтернету; психофізіологічні методи дослідження; методи математичної статистики. Результати: аналіз сучасних наукових праць щодо організації тренувального процесу, його планування та підвищення ефективності виступів у змагальної діяльності свідчить про те, що індивідуально-типологічні властивості вищої нервової діяльності спортсменів-кікбоксерів є одним із базисних показників психології спорту, який може здійснювати прямий вплив на результативність тренувальних навантажень та змагальну діяльність. У статті наведені матеріали та результати дослідження показників індивідуальних нейродинамічних властивостей спортсменів кікбоксерів Федерації Кікбоксингу України ISKA. За допомогою комп’ютерної технології психофізіологічної діагностики «Діагност-1» було визначено сенсорний компонент психофізіологічного стану спортсменів, що входили у фокус-групу. Для оцінки було проведено визначення простої зорово-моторної реакції та реакції вибору одного сигналу з трьох, а також визначення реакції вибору двох сигналу з трьох з реєстрацією часу латентного періоду та кількості помилок. В результаті досліджень були отримані дані, що характеризують індивідуально-типологічні властивості вищої нервової діяльності, а саме сенсомоторних функцій спортсменів. Висновки. Аналіз результатів свідчить про те, що в групі обстежених спортсменів були продемонстровані низькі психофізіологічні показники. Встановлено, що кількість помилок, допущених спортсменами під час виконання психофізіологічного тестування, збільшувалася в залежності від складності випробувань. Загальний підсумок проведених досліджень дає можливість стверджувати, що психофізіологічний стан спортсменів, що входили до складу фокус-групи, відповідає низькому та нижче середнього рівню. Результати проведеного дослідження доцільні для розробки методичного забезпечення моделювання навчально-тренувальної діяльності кікбоксерів на етапі базової підготовки та в період змагальної діяльності, а також зі здійснення спортивного відбору та індивідуалізації тренувальної діяльності кікбоксерів. Ключові слова: психофізіологічна діагностика, індивідуально-типологічні властивості вищої нервової діяльності, акмеологічний підхід.

Особливості нейродинамічних властивостей у школярів з різною інтенсивністю інформаційної та рухової активності

Особливості нейродинамічних властивостей у школярів з різною інтенсивністю інформаційної та рухової активності

FEATURES OF NEURODYNAMIC PROPERTIES, AGGRESSION AND ANXIETY IN TUVAN STUDENTS DEPENDING ON THE BEHAVIORAL AND GENERAL STRATEGY

Abstract. The success of students' adaptation to the educational process depends on individual psychophysiological features, which are manifested in the behavioral strategy. Materials and methods. The study involved 76 young males and 132 females, the average age was 21.6 ± 0.2 years. Evaluation of the behavioral strategy in conflict interaction was carried out using the method of K. Thomas; the structure of aggression was studied with the help of the A. Buss and A. Durkee hostility inventory; the level of reactive and personal anxiety was measured with Spielberger state trait anxiety inventory (Spilberger-Khanin test). The neurodynamic properties were evaluated using the results obtained in the “Simple visual-motor reaction” and “Choice reaction” test. Mathematical processing of the results was carried out using Statistiсa 6.0. The compliance of the data with the normal distribution was checked by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov criterion. Differences were considered significant at p ≤ 0.05. Results. Tuvan students revealed gender differences in behavior in conflict situations: female students mostly demonstrated an effective behavioral strategy, while male students were characterized by an ineffective behavioral strategy. Female students with a neutral behavioral strategy (16.7%) were characterized by high indices of aggressiveness and hostility and low values of reactive anxiety. A high level of personal anxiety was found in all female students regardless of their behavioral strategy. Male students with high values of aggressiveness, reactive and personal anxiety were identified in isolated cases in a group with an effective behavioral strategy. In female students, the latent period of a simple visual-motor reaction was associated with a behavioral strategy. In male students, differences in the latent period of a simple visual-motor reaction were not detected regardless of the strategies of behavior. The functional level of the central nervous system of all the students studied, regardless of the strategy of behavior, was characterized as "slightly reduced." According to the data obtained for the “stability of the nervous reaction” and “level of functionality”, gender differences were revealed. Conclusion. Neurodynamic features, the prevailing effective strategy of behavior in a conflict situation, and the structure of aggression of Tuvan female students indicate an adequate reactivity of the body, which is confirmed by a “slightly reduced” level of performance. This, probably, provides a more successful adaptation to the educational process compared to male students.

ВІКОВІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФОРМУВАННЯ НЕЙРОДИНАМІЧНИХ ВЛАСТИВОСТЕЙ У ОСІБ З РІЗНИМ ХАРАКТЕРОМ ІГРОВОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ

Introduction. It is known that neurodynamic properties are genetically determined and may be a criterion in the selection process for various sports. as well as neurodynamic functions significantly affect the process of becoming a sportsmanship. Purpos е . To reveal the peculiarities to formation of the individual-typological, neurodynamic properties of the central nervous system of teenagers, young people, and mature people with different nature of play activities. Methods. С omputer testing of neurodynamic functions in persons with different nature of play activities. Results. It was found that sportsmen's neurodynamic functions were significantly different from those who do not have constant physical activity. However, there were no significant differences in the studied indicators between different age groups of football players and volleyball players. Originality. The features of the distribution of neurodynamic functions for athletes and non-athletes according to their age are revealed. Conclusion. According to the results of the study, it is established that individuals who regularly engage in physical exercise, prevail in the level of development of the studied neurodynamic properties of people who do not do sports. It was found that both footballers and volleyball players aged 18 and older had higher scores compared to younger players, but did not have significant differences in the studied figures. The study of neurodynamic properties in people with different levels of physical activity demonstrates the levels of indicators of neurodynamic functions for athletes of different ages, which can be used in the selection process for football and volleyball. It is proved that the process of formation and improvement of sensorimotor and neurodynamic properties in athletes of game sports is more intense and is characterized by an advanced nature in comparison with non-athletes.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ РОБОТИ ЦНС У ОСІБ РІЗНОГО ВІКУ ПІД ЧАС АКТИВНОЇ РУХОВОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ

Introduction. Individual-typological properties of CNS are an important area of research in sports physiology. In particular, it is important to study the age characteristics of the manifestation of the properties of CNS to space-time perception, as well as the control of dynamic parameters of body movements. Goal. The purpose was to identify the peculiarities of the manifestation of CNS properties to space-time perception and control of dynamic parameters of body movements of people of different ages, engaged in and not engaged in volleyball. Methods. Computer testing of neurodynamic functions and properties to the perception of time and space in persons with different ages. Results. We established that volleyball athletes of all age groups had better results in test tasks, which reflects the properties of CNS to space-time perception and control of dynamic parameters of body movements. Originality. We revealed the age peculiarities of CNS properties of athletes and non-athletes to space-time perception, as well as to the control of dynamic parameters of body movements. Conclusion. As a result of the research of CNS properties to space-time perception and control of dynamic parameters of body movements of people of different ages, we found out that with the age the formation of CNS properties to space-time orientation and control took place and the dynamic parameters of body movements improved. It is confirmed that the process of formation and improvement of CNS properties to space-time orientation and control of dynamic parameters of body movements in volleyball athletes is more intense and has a developed character compared to those who do not regularly play sports. More dynamic, improved nature and higher level of development of CNS properties to space-time orientation and control of dynamic parameters of body movements in volleyball athletes, in comparison with non-athletes, demonstrates their plasticity and ability to improve CNS capabilities with age through physical culture and sports.

Особливості формування нейродинамічних та психофізіологічних властивостей у спортсменів різного віку

Особливості формування нейродинамічних та психофізіологічних властивостей у спортсменів різного віку

The evaluation of the functional system of "brain-heart" during the processing of information in students by the method of differential scales

The aim of the research is to develop differential scales for assessing the functioning of the brain-heart system of student youth, which are based on individual neurodynamic and neurovegetative characteristics of information processing.Methods A comprehensive research was performed on the EEG activity of the brain, the spectral characteristics of the regulation of cardiac rhythm (CR), electrical resistance of the skin (ERS), the assessment of the success of the studying (SS) and the level of anxiety in students with different individual neurodynamic properties of higher nervous activity (HNA) in a resting state and during the processing of information on a computer.Results of the research In the resting state the interdependencies between the studied indicators were not established. During the task of processing and differentiating of information, a connection was established between the individual neurodynamic properties of HNA, the EEG activity of the brain, the power of the spectrum of autonomic regulation of HR, ERS, SS and reactive anxiety (RA).Conclusions On the basis of the application of scaling technology to the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of neurodynamic and neurovegetative properties of psychophysiological functions, five levels of functioning of the “brain-heart” system have been identified and recommendations have been developed for the corresponding studying regimes. We believe that the use of differential scales opens up new possibilities of individualization of education, typology of the evaluation of the functioning of the “brain-heart” system during mental activity, and also broadens the prognostic criteria for its resistance to stress-induced studying factors in students

Психологический статус курсантов полиции в связи с психомоторными и индивидными признаками темперамента

The paper analyzed the main theoretical and experimental studies on the properties of the nervous system and temperament. The research examined the psychological status of police cadets through psychomotor manifestations of the properties of the nervous system according to the criteria of flicker-fusion frequencies, response to a moving object with feedback and without it (anticipating type), as well as the tapping test. The author tested a total of 363 physically and mentally healthy male students aged 18–20 studying at Krasnodar University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. Psychomotor indicators of the properties of the nervous system were compared with the properties of the personality according to the 16PF Questionnaire by R. Cattell, the indicators of modalities of perception, intuition, psychic abilities according to Eysenck, circadian rhythm, activation of the nervous system, functional status according to Genchy’s test, general and specific physical preparedness. These indicators were correlated with the population (psychogenetic) test indicators in a part of a sample as well. The indices of temperament types according to Verbal Portrait Individual Test were compared with the personality types according to Oldham-Morris, the indicators of post-traumatic states, resilience and MMPI scales. The ranges of psychomotor manifestations of eight statistically different combinations of neuro-dynamic properties with respect to the orthogonal system of temperament types were determined according to the criteria of flicker-fusion frequencies, response to a moving object and tapping test. The research revealed previously unknown interrelations of the properties of the nervous system with the indices of circadian rhythm, sleep duration, anatomical features and weather dependence. The study determined the coherence of types of temperament according to Verbal Portrait Individual Test with the appropriate qualities and states of the personality.

Influence of neurodynamic properties on the choice of coping strategies in qualified athletes

Influence of neurodynamic properties on the choice of coping strategies in qualified athletes

Влияние нейродинамических свойств на выбор копинг-стратегий у квалифицированных спортсменов

Влияние нейродинамических свойств на выбор копинг-стратегий у квалифицированных спортсменов

НЕЙРОДИНАМІЧНІ ТА ПСИХОЛОГІЧНІ ВЛАСТИВОСТІ СПОРТСМЕНІВ-ВЕЛОСИПЕДИСТІВ З РІЗНИМ РІВНЕМ МОБІЛІЗАЦІЇ В РЕАКЦІЇ НА РУХОМИЙ ОБ'ЄКТ

The purpose of the study was to determine the neurodynamic and psychological properties of elite cyclists concerning the level of mobilizationin the reaction to the moving object. In order to determine the neurodynamic properties of athletes we used the diagnostic complex "Diagnost-1". The reaction to the moving object was used to monitor and predict the functional state of the central nervous system of athletes, to assess thespeed and accuracy of the response, the excitation/inhibition ratio, and the balance of nervous processes. Moreover, we have analyzed the forceand functional mobility of nervous processes, the sensorimotor activity, namely the dynamics of nervous processes, the efficiency and speed ofboth the simple sensorimotor reaction, and the simple and complex sensorimotor choosing reaction, the sensorimotor asymmetry index, and otherparameters. Hans Eysenck's Personality Inventory (EPI), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory by C. Spielberger (adapted by Y. Hanin) and the Luscher color test allowed determining individual typological characteristics and the psycho-emotional state of athletes. The results of the reaction to the moving objects revealed differences between cycling athletes with high, medium and low mobilization rates. The most optimal functional state of the central nervous system in terms of the reaction to the moving object was specific to the cyclists with the low level of mobilization. Athletes with a high level of mobilization did not demonstrate significant differences in the reactions to the moving objects, but differed the higher stability in the complex sensory-motor choice reaction. Athletes with the medium level of mobilization in the reaction to the moving objects were characterized by the lowest level of State Anxiety in combination with a reduced functional state of the central nervous system. Thus, the higher efficiency of sensorimotor response was detected in the athletes with the high and low mobilization level in the reaction to moving objects.

Are Neurodynamic Organizations A Fundamental Property of Teamwork?

When performing a task it is important for teams to optimize their strategies and actions to maximize value and avoid the cost of surprise. The decisions teams make sometimes have unintended consequences and they must then reorganize their thinking, roles and/or configuration into corrective structures more appropriate for the situation. In this study we ask: What are the neurodynamic properties of these reorganizations and how do they relate to the moment-by-moment, and longer, performance-outcomes of teams?. We describe an information-organization approach for detecting and quantitating the fluctuating neurodynamic organizations in teams. Neurodynamic organization is the propensity of team members to enter into prolonged (minutes) metastable neurodynamic relationships as they encounter and resolve disturbances to their normal rhythms. Team neurodynamic organizations were detected and modeled by transforming the physical units of each team member's EEG power levels into Shannon entropy-derived information units about the team's organization and synchronization. Entropy is a measure of the variability or uncertainty of information in a data stream. This physical unit to information unit transformation bridges micro level social coordination events with macro level expert observations of team behavior allowing multimodal comparisons across the neural, cognitive and behavioral time scales of teamwork. The measures included the entropy of each team member's data stream, the overall team entropy and the mutual information between dyad pairs of the team. Mutual information can be thought of as periods related to team member synchrony. Comparisons between individual entropy and mutual information levels for the dyad combinations of three-person teams provided quantitative estimates of the proportion of a person's neurodynamic organizations that represented periods of synchrony with other team members, which in aggregate provided measures of the overall degree of neurodynamic interactions of the team. We propose that increased neurodynamic organization occurs when a team's operating rhythm can no longer support the complexity of the task and the team needs to expend energy to re-organize into structures that better minimize the “surprise” in the environment. Consistent with this hypothesis, the frequency and magnitude of neurodynamic organizations were less in experienced military and healthcare teams than they were in more junior teams. Similar dynamical properties of neurodynamic organization were observed in models of the EEG data streams of military, healthcare and high school science teams suggesting that neurodynamic organization may be a common property of teamwork. The innovation of this study is the potential it raises for developing globally applicable quantitative models of team dynamics that will allow comparisons to be made across teams, tasks and training protocols.

Сучасні підходи до реалізації відбору футболістів високої кваліфікації за показниками нейродинамічних властивостей вищих відділів центральної нервової системи

Volodymyr Lyzogub, Vitaliy Pustovalov, Victoriya Suprunovich & Sergiy HrechuhaPurpose: based of the characteristics of neurodynamic and sensorimotor properties, to develop a technology for the selection of football players of high qualification. Material & Methods: neurodynamic properties of the higher sections of the central nervous system of football players-professionals were studied using a computer device called "Diagnost-1M". The functional mobility, strength and balance of nerve processes (FRNP, SNP, and UNP), as well as latent periods of simple and complex sensorimotor reactions (PSMR, PB2-3). Results: according to the indices of neurodynamic properties and sensorimotor reactions of football players of high skill level, differences. Football players who had the best indicators of neural neurodynamic properties, characterized by high efficiency expert assessments game activity. Conclusion: developed and substantiated estimates of the scale of neural properties and defined criteria for assessing the suitability of highly skilled players for selection in the club and national teams.

Global Mittag-Leffler Stabilization of Fractional-Order Memristive Neural Networks.

According to conventional memristive neural network theories, neurodynamic properties are powerful tools for solving many problems in the areas of brain-like associative learning, dynamic information storage or retrieval, etc. However, as have often been noted in most fractional-order systems, system analysis approaches for integral-order systems could not be directly extended and applied to deal with fractional-order systems, and consequently, it raises difficult issues in analyzing and controlling the fractional-order memristive neural networks. By using the set-valued maps and fractional-order differential inclusions, then aided by a newly proposed fractional derivative inequality, this paper investigates the global Mittag-Leffler stabilization for a class of fractional-order memristive neural networks. Two types of control rules (i.e., state feedback stabilizing control and output feedback stabilizing control) are designed for the stabilization of fractional-order memristive neural networks, while a list of stabilization criteria is established. Finally, two numerical examples are given to show the effectiveness and characteristics of the obtained theoretical results.

Nonlinear analysis of EEGs of patients with major depression during different emotional states

BackgroundAlthough patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) have dysfunctions in cognitive behaviors and the regulation of emotions, the underlying brain dynamics of the pathophysiology are unclear. Therefore, nonlinear techniques can be used to understand the dynamic behavior of the EEG signals of MDD patients. MethodsTo investigate and clarify the dynamics of MDD patients׳ brains during different emotional states, EEG recordings were analyzed using nonlinear techniques. The purpose of the present study was to assess whether there are different EEG complexities that discriminate between MDD patients and healthy controls during emotional processing. Therefore, nonlinear parameters, such as Katz fractal dimension (KFD), Higuchi fractal dimension (HFD), Shannon entropy (ShEn), Lempel-Ziv complexity (LZC) and Kolmogorov complexity (KC), were computed from the EEG signals of two groups under different experimental states: noise (negative emotional content) and music (positive emotional content) periods. ResultsFirst, higher complexity values were generated by MDD patients relative to controls. Significant differences were obtained in the frontal and parietal scalp locations using KFD (p<0.001), HFD (p<0.05), and LZC (p=0.05). Second, lower complexities were observed only in the controls when they were subjected to music compared to the resting baseline state in the frontal (p<0.05) and parietal (p=0.005) regions. In contrast, the LZC and KFD values of patients increased in the music period compared to the resting state in the frontal region (p<0.05). Third, the patients׳ brains had higher complexities when they were exposed to noise stimulus than did the controls׳ brains. Moreover, MDD patients׳ negative emotional bias was demonstrated by their higher brain complexities during the noise period than the music stimulus. Additionally, we found that the KFD, HFD and LZC values were more sensitive in discriminating between patients and controls than the ShEn and KC measures, according to the results of ANOVA and ROC calculations. ConclusionIt can be concluded that the nonlinear analysis may be a useful and discriminative tool in investigating the neuro-dynamic properties of the brain in patients with MDD during emotional stimulation.

The olfactory system as the gateway to the neural correlates of consciousness.

How consciousness is generated by the nervous system remains one of the greatest mysteries in science. Investigators from diverse fields have begun to unravel this puzzle by contrasting conscious and unconscious processes. In this way, it has been revealed that the two kinds of processes differ in terms of the underlying neural events and associated cognitive mechanisms. We propose that, for several reasons, the olfactory system provides a unique portal through which to examine this contrast. For this purpose, the olfactory system is beneficial in terms of its (a) neuroanatomical aspects, (b) phenomenological and cognitive/mechanistic properties, and (c) neurodynamic (e.g., brain oscillations) properties. In this review, we discuss how each of these properties and aspects of the olfactory system can illuminate the contrast between conscious and unconscious processing in the brain. We conclude by delineating the most fruitful avenues of research and by entertaining hypotheses that, in order for an olfactory content to be conscious, that content must participate in a network that is large-scale, both in terms of the neural systems involved and the scope of information integration.

Sensorimotor Functions in Human Ontogeny and Their Relationship with the Properties of the Nervous System

Age-related characteristics of the formation and development of neurodynamic properties were studied in 835 subjects (6–75 years old) using unified methods and equipment. The dynamics of the growth of these functions and their gradual reduction were determined. Relationship between the properties of the basic nervous processes and temporal parameters of motor responses of various complexity is shown.