Design Of Neural Network Controller Research Articles

Neural network-based self-tuning control for hybrid electric vehicle engines

Combustion engine speed control faces significant uncertainties in parameters like mass equivalent coefficient and efficiency. To address these challenges, this research develops an adaptive, self-tuning artificial neural network (ANN) control design that aims to optimize engine speed despite load torque and model uncertainties. We integrate three controllers—linear quadratic regulator (LQR), proportional-integral-derivative (PID), and sliding mode controller (SMC)—with machine learning techniques to evaluate their performance in hybrid electric vehicle engines. The ANN-based self-tuning controller identifies the most effective method for maintaining idle engine speed with minimal deviation. The results indicate that the ANN can accurately predict settling times and enhance controller performance, leading to reduced settling time errors, improved fuel economy, and better emissions performance. The study highlights LQR's high sensitivity in the lower settling time range and reduced sensitivity in the higher range, the PID controller's varied sensitivity, and SMC's consistent sensitivity across both ranges. A well-trained ANN is essential for optimizing control parameters and maintaining system stability. The ANN was trained and validated using the nntool MATLAB toolbox, with tests conducted across lower and higher settling time ranges. Results showed that the PID controller's performance was overfitted by insufficient training in the lower range, while the LQR and SMC demonstrated potential for more efficient control in both ranges. Overall, the study underscores the importance of a proficiently trained ANN for achieving precise control in hybrid electric vehicle engines.

Observer-based adaptive neural network control design for nonlinear systems under cyber-attacks through sensor networks

This paper considers the adaptive neural tracking control for uncertain nonlinear strict-feedback systems under state-dependent cyber-attacks through sensor networks. As a distinctive feature, by constructing a novel adaptive neural observer, the estimates of system states are used for feedback control instead of the compromised system states corrupted by sensor attacks, such that the assumption on the derivative of attack weight can be removed from the adaptive controller design process. Then, an observer-based control scheme is developed such that all the system signals are bounded and the tracking error converges to a small neighborhood of zero. During the procedure of control design, adaptive backstepping technique is combined with radial basis function neural networks (RBFNNs) to construct controllers. Finally, two examples validate the efficacy of the proposed control scheme.

Design of an artificial neural network and proportional‐integral‐derivative controller using particle swarm optimization for Boeing 747‐400 aircraft pitch control

AbstractThis paper presents the design of an artificial neural network (ANN) and proportional integral derivative (PID) controller using particle swarm optimization (PSO) for Boeing 747‐400 aircraft pitch control (APC). The combinations of disturbance, open loop unstable and nonlinear dynamics are major problems in a Boeing 747‐400 commercial aircraft. This paper investigates the control mechanism of pitch angle control of Boeing 747‐400 with small disturbance theory linearization methods and ANN based non‐linear controllers. A PID controller is tuned by PSO, whereas the PID is tuned by graphical user interface (GUI) when compared with an ANN controller. The controller for this system was designed using an ANN controller and PID tuned using a recent optimization technique such as the PSO method with integral square error (ISE) as an objective function. A comparative study of the time domain performances of the pitch control of the Boeing 747‐400 commercial aircraft was presented. The ANN controller outperformed the PID‐PSO and PID‐GUI controllers in terms of system performance, including rising time (tr), settling time (ts), percentage overshoot (percent OS), and steady state error, across various elevator deflection angles. Basically, the percentage overshoot and steady state error were 0% and 0 respectively, indicating that the ANN controller achieved an improvement of 100%. Various parameters were compared with the PID‐GUI, PID‐PSO, and ANN controllers for pitch control of the Boeing 747‐400 air craft. The ANN controller architecture comprises of two input neurons, two hidden layer neurons, and one output layer neuron. The simulation was performed using Matlab/Simulink. The results show that the PID‐PSO controller was improved by the ANN controller and the performance specifications of the aircraft obtained by the ANN controller were satisfactory.

Event-Triggered Adaptive Neural Network Control for State-Constrained Pure-Feedback Fractional-Order Nonlinear Systems with Input Delay and Saturation

In this research, the adaptive event-triggered neural network controller design problem is investigated for a class of state-constrained pure-feedback fractional-order nonlinear systems (FONSs) with external disturbances, unknown actuator saturation, and input delay. An auxiliary compensation function based on the integral function of the input signal is presented to handle input delay. The barrier Lyapunov function (BLF) is utilized to deal with state constraints, and the event-triggered strategy is applied to overcome the communication burden from the limited communication resources. By the utilization of a backstepping scheme and radial basis function neural network, an adaptive event-triggered neural state-feedback stabilization controller is constructed, in which the fractional-order dynamic surface filters are employed to reduce the computational burden from the recursive procedure. It is proven that with the fractional-order Lyapunov analysis, all the solutions of the closed-loop system are bounded, and the tracking error can converge to a small interval around the zero, while the state constraint is satisfied and the Zeno behavior can be strictly ruled out. Two examples are finally given to show the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.

Design of Intelligent Fuzzy Neural Network Control for Variable Stiffness Actuated Manipulator for Uncertain Payload

Design of Intelligent Fuzzy Neural Network Control for Variable Stiffness Actuated Manipulator for Uncertain Payload

Event‐triggered adaptive neural network control design for stochastic nonlinear systems with output constraint

SummaryThis paper is concerned with the adaptive neural network event‐triggered control (ETC) problem for stochastic nonlinear systems with output constraint. The influence of stochastic disturbance inevitably exists in many practical systems, which leads to system instability. Meanwhile, a novel tan type barrier Lyapunov function (Tan‐BLF) structure is proposed to deal with the constraint requirements of stochastic systems. In the sense of probability, the output constraints will not be violated during the operation of the system. In addition, the ETC strategy is adopted to reduce the burden of communication. The asymptotic stability of the closed‐loop system is guaranteed without violating output constraints. Meanwhile, the tracking error converges to a small region of the origin. Two simulations results demonstrate the effectiveness of theoretical analysis.

Dynamic Output Feedback and Neural Network Control of a Non-Holonomic Mobile Robot.

This paper presents the design and synthesis of a dynamic output feedback neural network controller for a non-holonomic mobile robot. First, the dynamic model of a non-holonomic mobile robot is presented, in which these constraints are considered for the mathematical derivation of a feasible representation of this kind of robot. Then, two control strategies are provided based on kinematic control for this kind of robot. The first control strategy is based on driftless control; this means that considering that the velocity vector of the mobile robot is orthogonal to its restriction, a dynamic output feedback and neural network controller is designed so that the control action would be zero only when the velocity of the mobile robot is zero. The Lyapunov stability theorem is implemented in order to find a suitable control law. Then, another control strategy is designed for trajectory-tracking purposes, in which similar to the driftless controller, a kinematic control scheme is provided that is suitable to implement in more sophisticated hardware. In both control strategies, a dynamic control law is provided along with a feedforward neural network controller, so in this way, by the Lyapunov theory, the stability and convergence to the origin of the mobile robot position coordinates are ensured. Finally, two numerical experiments are presented in order to validate the theoretical results synthesized in this research study. Discussions and conclusions are provided in order to analyze the results found in this research study.

Neural network control design for solid composite materials

An innovative numerical method based on a neural network approach is used to solve inverse problems involving the Dirichlet eigenfrequencies for different partial differential operators in bounded domains filled with solid composite materials. The inhomogeneity of the investigated materials is characterized by a vector that is designed to control the constituent mixture of solid homogeneous materials that compose these materials. Using the finite element method, we create a training set for a forward artificial neural network, solving the forward problem. A forward nonlinear map of the Dirichlet eigenfrequencies as a function of the vector design parameter is then obtained. This forward relationship is inverted and applied to obtain a training set for an inverse radial basis neural network, solving the aforementioned inverse problem. Numerical examples that demonstrate the applicability of this methodology are presented.

Neural Network Trajectory Tracking Control on Electromagnetic Suspension Systems

A new adaptive-like neural control strategy for motion reference trajectory tracking for a nonlinear electromagnetic suspension dynamic system is introduced. Artificial neural networks, differential flatness and sliding modes are strategically integrated in the presented adaptive neural network control design approach. The robustness and efficiency of the magnetic suspension control system on desired smooth position reference profile tracking can be improved in this fashion. A single levitation control parameter is tuned on-line from a neural adaptive perspective by using information of the reference trajectory tracking error signal only. The sliding mode discontinuous control action is approximated by a neural network-based adaptive continuous control function. Control design is firstly developed from theoretical modelling of the nonlinear physical system. Next, dependency on theoretical modelling of the nonlinear dynamic system is substantially reduced by integrating B-spline neural networks and sliding modes in the electromagnetic levitation control technique. On-line accurate estimation of uncertainty, unmeasured external disturbances and uncertain nonlinearities are conveniently evaded. The effective performance of the robust trajectory tracking levitation control approach is depicted for multiple simulation operating scenarios. The capability of active disturbance suppression is furthermore evidenced. The presented B-spline neural network trajectory tracking control design approach based on sliding modes and differential flatness can be extended to other controllable complex uncertain nonlinear dynamic systems where internal and external disturbances represent a relevant issue. Computer simulations and analytical results demonstrate the effective performance of the new adaptive neural control method.

Optimal Design and Performance Investigation of Artificial Neural Network Controller for Solar- and Battery-Connected Unified Power Quality Conditioner

Nowadays, integration of renewable sources into the local distribution system and the nonlinear behavior of advanced power electronic equipment have made a large impact on the power quality (PQ). The unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) is a multifunctional FACTS device, which is a combination of both shunt active filter and series active filters via a common DC link. Presently, the artificial intelligence is playing a vital role in the development of the intelligent control methods. Traditional training methods of artificial neural network (ANN) like back propagation and Levenberg-Marquardt may get stuck in local optimal solution which leads to the invention of ANN trained optimally by metaheuristic algorithms. This paper develops a firefly algorithm-trained ANN (FF-ANNC) controller for the shunt active filter and proportional integral controller (PI-C) for the series active filter of the UPQC integrated with the solar energy system and battery energy storage via boost converter (B-C) and buck boost converters (B-B-C). The main aim of the proposed FF-ANNC is to reduce the mean square error (MSE) thereby achieving the constant DC link capacitor voltage (DLCV) during load and irradiation variations, reduction of imperfections in current waveforms, improvement in power factor (PF), and mitigation of sag, swell, disturbances, and unbalances in the grid voltage. The working of developed FF-ANNC was tested on five test studies with different types of loads and source voltage balancing/unbalancing conditions. However, to demonstrate supremacy of the suggested FF-ANNC, a comparative study with the training methods like genetic algorithm (GA) and ant colony optimization (AC-O) and also with other methods that exist in literature like PI-C, fuzzy logic controller (FL-C), and artificial neuro fuzzy interface system (ANFI-S) was conducted. The proposed method reduces the total harmonic distortion to 2.39%, 2.32%, 2.27%, 2.45%, and 2.66% which are lower than the existing methods that are available in literature. The FF-ANNC shows an excellent performance in reducing voltage fluctuations and total harmonic distortion (THD) successfully and thereby improving PF.

Artificial neural network based identification of process dynamics and neural network controller design for continuous distillation column

In this study, an equation based nonlinear autoregressive with exogenous input neural network model for a multiple input and output process was proposed to enhance the accuracy of the model, a control system’s speed, and robustness. A continuous lab-scale binary distillation column was considered for a case study, and an experiment was conducted. The forward and inverse neural network models have been developed and incorporated into a multivariable internal model control strategy to control the distillate and bottom compositions of the column simultaneously. These models demonstrated excellent performances, as supported by lower mean square error values of 2.73E-05 and 1.26E-04 for the forward and inverse models. Then, the proposed control method was applied to control both set point changes and disturbance changes, and in each case, it is contrasted with the traditional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) technique. The integrated absolute and integrated square errors for the proposed control were 0.1603 and 2.32E-03, respectively, while for PID control, these performance indexes were 0.7822 and 8.67E-03, respectively, for set-point tracking in top composition. Similarly, for bottom composition in tracking set points and rejecting disturbance, these performance indexes were also very less for the neural network control scheme.

Simulation Approach for Torque Ripple Minimization of BLDC Motor

This project presents the design and implementation of neural network controller for reducing torque ripples in permanent magnet brushless DC (PMBLDCM) motor drive with trapezoidal back-emf. The performances of the proposed neural network controller are compared with the corresponding fuzzy PI controller and conventional PI controller. Simulation results are used to show the abilities and shortcomings of the proposed speed regulation scheme for brushless dc motor which is considered as a highly nonlinear dynamic complex system. Matlab/Simulink software was used to simulate the proposed model. Buck-boost converter connected in between the input DC source and three phase bridge inverter, used for minimizing the commutation torque ripples in Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor is presented in this paper. Torque during the commutation period depends on phase current which is not undergoing commutation, so by controlling it, torque ripple can be minimized. Moreover, a greater DC link voltage is needed during the commutation time period in comparison to the normal conduction period. The Buck-boost converter operates in boost mode in commutation period for stepping up the DC voltage to the inverter. A simple mode switching circuit is employed to amend the output modes of the Buck-boost converter in normal and commutation time intervals. Simulation studies of this topology are carried out in MATLAB/Simulink environment. Index Terms – Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor (PMBLDCM), Buck-boost Converter, Commutation Time period,PI Controller.

Event-Triggered Sliding Mode Neural Network Controller Design for Heterogeneous Multi-Agent Systems

A class of heterogeneous second-order multi-agent consensus problems is studied, in which an event-triggered method is used to improve the feasibility of the control protocol. The sliding mode control method is used to achieve the robustness of the system. A special type of general radial basis function neural network is applied to estimate the uncertainties. The event-triggered mechanism is introduced to reduce the update frequency of the controller and the communication frequency among the agents. Zeno behavior is avoided by ensuring a lower bound between two adjacent trigger instants. Finally, the simulation results are provided to demonstrate that the time evolution of consensus errors eventually approaches zero. The consensus of multi-agent systems is achieved.

Hybrid neural network control design for uncertain switched nonlinear systems with external disturbances: Application to ship maneuvering system

In this work, the problem of hybrid neural network control for a class of switched uncertain nonlinear systems in strict-feedback form is considered. To approximate unknown nonlinear functions, an improved whale optimization algorithm (IWOA)-based hybrid neural network controller is introduced. Based on hybrid neural network approximation ability, a new hybrid neural network controller is constructed via the backstepping technique and the common Lyapunov function (CLF) is used for the stability analysis of the proposed model. The suggested method ensures that all signals in the closed-loop system are semi-global uniform ultimate bounded (SGUUB), and the tracking error converges to a small neighborhood of zero. Finally, the proposed scheme is applied to a ship maneuvering system and a numerical example to verify its effectiveness.

Design and Experimental Characterization of Artificial Neural Network Controller for a Lower Limb Robotic Exoskeleton

This study aims to develop a lower limb robotic exoskeleton with the use of artificial neural networks for the purpose of rehabilitation. First, the PID control with iterative learning controller is used to test the proposed lower limb robotic exoskeleton robot (LLRER). Although the hip part using the flat brushless DC motors actuation has good tracking results, the knee part using the pneumatic actuated muscle (PAM) actuation cannot perform very well. Second, to compensate this nonlinearity of PAM actuation, the artificial neural network (ANN) feedforward control based on the inverse model trained in advance are used to compensate the nonlinearity of the PAM. Third, a particle swarm optimization (PSO) is used to optimize the PID parameters based on the ANN-feedforward architecture. The developed controller can complete the tracking of one gait cycle within 3.6 s for the knee joint. Among the three controllers, the controller of the ANN-feedforward with PID control (PSO tuned) performs the best, even when the LLRER is worn by the user and the tracking performance is still very good. The average Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of the left knee joint is 1.658 degrees and the average MAE of the right knee joint is 1.392 degrees. In the rehabilitation tests, the controller of ANN-feedforward with PID control is found to be suitable and its versatility for different walking gaits is verified during human tests. The establishment of its inverse model does not need to use complex mathematical formulas and parameters for modeling. Moreover, this study introduces the PSO to search for the optimal parameters of the PID. The architecture diagram and the control signal given by the ANN compensation with the PID control can reduce the error very well.

Design and Simulation of a PID Neural Network Controller for PMDC Motor Speed and Position Control

Direct current (DC) motors have many difficulties when controlling angular velocity in a variety of applications. The perfect controller cannot be carried out by traditional control alone due to the nonlinear properties of DC motors, design constraints, and mechanical variations caused by the operation conditions. This study proposes a design for an artificial neural network based PID controller (ANNPID) to control the speed of a permanent magnet DC motor (PMDC) in two methods. A detailed analysis is performed based on the simulation results of both methods. The proposed controllers are numerically simulated for various test conditions including; set-point changes, step changes in the load torque, and parameter variations, then the suggested techniques were compared in a comparative study with a traditional PID controller based on the transient response specifications and the performance indices to validate the performance of the controllers. The simulation results demonstrated that the controllers have improved dynamics, static performance, and less overshoot. The methods described here achieve control more effectively than the conventional control approaches under both nominal and disturbed test conditions over different operating ranges.

Command filter‐based adaptive neural network controller design for uncertain nonsmooth nonlinear systems with output constraint

SummaryThis paper investigates the command filter‐based adaptive neural network tracking control problem for uncertain nonsmooth nonlinear systems. First, an integral barrier Lyapunov function is introduced to deal with the symmetric output constraint and make the output comply with prescribed restrictions. Second, by the Filippov's differential inclusion theory and approximation theorem, the considered nonsmooth nonlinear system is converted to an equivalent smooth nonlinear system. Third, the Levant's differentiator is used to deal with the “explosion of complexity” problem. An error compensation mechanism is established to attenuate the effect of the filtering error on control performance. Then, an adaptive neural network controller is set up by resorting to the backstepping technique. It is strictly mathematically proved that the tracking error can converge to an arbitrarily small neighborhood of the origin and all the signals in the closed‐loop system are semi‐globally uniformly ultimately bounded. Finally, a numerical example and an application example of the robotic manipulator system are provided to demonstrate the availability of the proposed control strategy.

Disturbance rejection based on adaptive neural network controller design for underwater robotic vehicle

Disturbance rejection based on adaptive neural network controller design for underwater robotic vehicle

Inverse artificial neural network control design for a double tube heat exchanger

This work focused on a new developed and experimentally tested non-linear control approach to control a double tube heat exchanger's output cold water temperature. The control approach uses an inverse artificial neural network (ANNi) and an integral control law. The ANNi objective is to obtain the cold water flow considering as a reference the desidered output cold water temperature. The ANNi was built from a feedforward ANN with four inputs (input cold water temperature, input hot water temperature, cold water flow, hot water flow), a hidden layer with a neuron, and two outputs (output cold water and output hot water temperature). The integral control law is implemented to reduce the error between the setpoint and the ANNi estimate. As a result, the output cold water temperature regulation is achieved through a simple controller that does not need a complex ANN model and does not depend on the process parameters' exact value. The proposed control scheme (Inverse Artificial Neural Network with Integral Control (ICANNi)) showed good reference tracking, obtaining a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.2025, standard deviation (SD) of 0.0410, establishment time of 23 s, and overshoots less than 2.7 °C. In addition, the ICANNi control has a settling time that is 1.91 times faster than the PID control and 1.5 times faster than the ANNi control.

Observer-based adaptive neural network control design for projective synchronization of uncertain chaotic systems

This paper addresses the design of an observer-based adaptive neural network chaos synchronization scheme for a general class of uncertain chaotic systems. The controller consists of an adaptive neural network control law and an extended state observer. The parameterization of the designed extended observer and the sufficient stability conditions are derived in the light of the singular perturbation theory. The extended observer is incorporated into the controller to reconstruct the synchronization error vector as well as to estimate the error between an ideal control law and the actual control. These estimated error signals are utilized in the adaptation mechanism of the neural network weight vector. In the presented chaos synchronization method, the knowledge of the models of the master–slave systems is not required and the controller only needs the projective synchronization error for its implementation. Numerical simulations are performed along with a comparative study to demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the suggested chaos synchronization approach.