Networks In Taiwan Research Articles

The routing policy of the next generation broadband academic network in Taiwan

To overcome the existing network's limitations and advance to the high-speed broadband network system in Taiwan, the NSC (National Science Council) has launched the National Broadband Experimental Network (NBEN) and TANet 2 projects to replace the existing TANet network backbone. The NBEN, the current network framework of the next generation networks (NGNs) of the broadband academic network in Taiwan is to deploy over ATM and the trend is towards deploying over SONET or DWDM. The major goal of the NGNs is to try to provide the capabilities to converge high-speed multimedia (video/audio) and data transmission, with cheaper and more efficient management. In this study, we have developed the new routing policy to ensure the success of running Fully Routed IP in the NBEN backbone.

Southern California Seismic Network: Caltech/USGS Element of TriNet 1997-2001

The California Institute of Technology (Caltech), the United States Geological Survey (USGS), and the California Department of Conservation, Division of Mines and Geology (CDMG) are completing the implementation of TriNet, a modern seismic information system for southern California. TriNet consists of two elements, the Caltech-USGS element and the CDMG element (Mori et al., 1998). The Caltech-USGS element (Caltech-USGS TriNet) concentrates on rapid notification and archiving of data for seismological applications, while the CDMG element is focused on the needs of engineering users (Hauksson et al., 2002). All three. TriNet agencies are working toward facilitating emergency response and long-term mitigation of earthquake hazards in cooperation with other agencies. The technical development of Caltech-USGS TriNet is sufficiently different from the CDMG element of TriNet to warrant a separate description. This paper provides a technical overview of the design principles of Caltech-USGS TriNet. These principles were based on a document that stated the scientific requirements of TriNet (Jones et al., 1997). We also describe the implementation of these principles using modern technology. The implementation consisted of station deployments, establishing communications links, and developing and implementing new hardware and software for data processing and information distribution. Thus, the Caltech-USGS TriNet is an integrated project extending across many disciplines, using basic ground-motion data and seismological algorithms to generate in near real-time a sophisticated earthquake knowledge base following earthquakes in southern California. Caltech-USGS TriNet applies advanced technology to record both small and large earthquakes on scale. The latest generation of broadband and strong-motion sensors with 24-bit digitizers is used to acquire high-fidelity ground-motion data. Real-time communication is a requirement to facilitate rapid processing and notification about seismicity for emergency management. The data acquisition systems are designed to ensure redundancy and automated processing of data. To accomplish automation, high-speed computers and advanced software form the inner workings of the Caltech-USGS TriNet system. Adopting the commercial database Oracle is an important foundation of our data management system. The automated flow of data into an accessible data center and the automatic population of the database is part of our new seismic network design and is an essential feature of Caltech-USGS TriNet. The TriNet real-time systems and database have been operating online for more than two years, processing real-time data currently from more than 375 stations, or more than 1,200 high sample-rate data channels. Many of these capabilities were tested in the 1999 M_w 7.1 Hector Mine earthquake. New postprocessing and catalog-generation approaches have also been implemented in 2001. Caltech-USGS TriNet is one of the first U.S. regional seismic networks that uses digital technology on a scale of 200 or more stations, with both broadband and strongmotion sensors. In comparison, the IRIS Global Seismic Network consists of 108 stations, with plans for a total of 150 stations (Hutt and Bolton, 1999). Previous digital networks, such as TERRAscope (Kanamori et al., 1997) and the Berkeley Digital Seismic Network (BDSN) (Gee et aL, 1996), have been smaller than TriNet, with about 20 stations each. TriNet also benefits from the experience of other seismic networks around the world. The K-Net in Japan is another example of large-scale deployment of a digital network, although it is focused on strong motions (Kinoshita, 1998). Extensive developments of strong-motion networks in Taiwan and associated near-real-time processing of data employ somewhat different technology but have similar goals for information products following large earthquakes (Teng et al., 1997).

Stars, Rings and Tiers: Organisational Networks and Their Dynamics in Taiwan's Machine Tool Industry

Effective inter-firm networks are an important competitive advantage in manufacturing. Based on a series of in-depth interviews, three case studies are presented which reflect and are representative of the underlying structure and organisational dynamics of supplier networks in Taiwan's machine tool industry. Basic organisational patterns include lead firm networks shaped like stars, rings and tiers. Multi-centred networks of small firms also play an active role in the industry. Factors influencing network shape include the capabilities and values of member companies, business demand and industry competition. In particular, a combination of economies of scale due to increasing product volume and greater trust stemming from an accumulated history of successful business interaction seem fundamental to changes in network structure.

Home telecare system using cable television plants--an experimental field trial.

To solve the inconvenience of routine transportation of chronically ill and handicapped patients, this paper proposes a platform based on a hybrid fiber coaxial (HFC) network in Taiwan designed to make a home telecare system feasible. The aim of this home telecare system is to combine biomedical data, including three-channel electrocardiogram (ECG) and blood pressure (BP), video, and audio into a National Television Standard Committee (NTSC) channel for communication between the patient and healthcare provider. Digitized biomedical data and output from medical devices can be further modulated to a second audio program (SAP) subchannel which can be used for second-language audio in NTSC television signals. For long-distance transmission, we translate the digital biomedical data into the frequency domain using frequency shift key (FSK) technology and insert this signal into an SAP band. The whole system has been implemented and tested. The results obtained using this system clearly demonstrated that real-time video, audio, and biomedical data transmission are very clear with a carrier-to-noise ratio up to 43 dB.

Value-adding logistics networks: Lessons from Acer and Mitac in Taiwan

Summary: Taiwan has led many countries in the APEC region in rapidly growing a high technology-based industry. This paper examines the background leading to the formation of logistics networks, a new form of organization which has contributed significantly to the growth of the information technology (IT) industry in Taiwan. Through the operation of logistics networks, Taiwanese manufacturers are able to add value to their manufacturing strength by managing the cost and time used in various stages of the IT value chain. Logistics networks have given Taiwanese IT manufacturers competitive advantages by helping them lower total costs, improve product quality, take advantage of distribution channel efficiencies, and get access to information about consumer needs. In the paper, Acer and Mitac’s logistics networks in Taiwan are discussed and the general operational principles of logistics networks are examined in detail.

Re-examination of the Epicenter of the 16 September 1994 Taiwan Strait Earthquake Using the Beam-forming Method

The source location of the 16 September 1994 Taiwan Strait earthquake was relocated based on the beam-forming method using joint seismic observations from regional seismic networks in Taiwan and Fujian and the International Seismological Center Bulletin. The revised epicenter is located at latitude 22.37° N (±0.03°) and longitude 118.63° E (±0.03°). Results of this study showed that the location uncertainty has been significantly reduced using this approach. Decomposition tests of this study showed that the epicenters of Taiwan Strait events can be determined by the beam-forming method using data from densely distributed seismic stations in Taiwan. However, source depths of Taiwan Strait events can not be determined unambiguously using the first P-arrivals only. Seismic waveform data should be carefully re-examined using this method to investigate earthquake source properties and seismicity of the Taiwan Strait region.

Plan for a groundwater monitoring network in Taiwan

In Taiwan, rapid economic growth, rising standards of living, and an altered societal structure have in recent years put severe demands on water supplies. Because of its stable quantity and quality, groundwater has long been a reliable source of water for domestic, agricultural, and industrial users, but the establishment of a management program that integrates groundwater and surface-water use has been hampered by the lack of groundwater data. In 1992, the Department of Water Resources (DWR) initiated a program entitled "Groundwater Monitoring Network Plan in Taiwan." Under this program, basic groundwater data, including water-level and water-quality data, are being collected, and a reliable database is being established for the purpose of managing total water resources. This paper introduces the goals, implementation stages, and scope of that plan. The plan calls for constructing 517 hydrogeologic survey stations and 990 groundwater monitoring wells within 17 years. Under this program, water-level fluctuations are continuously monitored, whereas water-quality samples are taken for analysis only at the initial drilling stage and, subsequently, at the time when a monitoring well is being serviced. In 1996, the DWR and the Water Resources Planning Commission were merged to form today's Water Resources Bureau.

Inversion of source process and related studies of the Taiwan Strait earthquake using genetic algorithm

Applying genetic algorithm to inversion of seismic moment tensor solution and using the data of P waveform from digital network and initial motion directions of P waves of Taiwan network stations, we studied the moment tensor solutions and focal parameters of the earthquake of M=7.3 on 16 September of 1994 in Taiwan Strait and other four quakes of ML≥5.8 in the near region (21°–26°N, 115°–120°E). Among the five earthquakes, the quake of M=7.3 on September 16, 1994 in Taiwan Strait is the strongest one in the southeastern coast area since Nan’ao earthquake of M=7.3 in 1918. The results show that moment tensor solution of M=7.3 earthquake is mainly double-couple component, and is normal fault whose fault plane is near NW. The strike of the fault plane resembles that of the distributive bands of earthquakes before the main event and fracture pattern shown by aftershocks. The tension stress axis of focal mechanism is about horizontal, near in NE strike, the compressive stress axis is approximately vertical, near in NWW strike. It seems that this quake is controlled by the force of Philippine plate’s pressing Eurasian plate in NW direction. But from the viewpoint of P axis of near vertical and T axis of near horizontal, it is a normal fault of strong tensibility. There are relatively big difference between focal mechanism solution of this quake and those of the four other strong quakes. The complexity of source mechanism solution of these quakes represents the complexity of the process of the strait earthquake sequences.

97/04719 Secondary lithium-ion battery and carbonaceous material for its anode: Sato, K. et al. Eur. Pat. Appl. EP 791,972 (Cl. H01M4/58), 27 Aug 1997, JP Appl. 96/48,452, 13 Feb 1996, 14 pp.

The site specific impact that a non-utility generator (NUG) can have upon the oscillatory stability of the Taiwan power system is investigated. The transmission network in Taiwan has been experiencing poorly-damped low frequency oscillations since 1984 due to its longitudinal structure. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate the effect of a non-utility generator on the oscillatory stability of the whole network before it is connected to the system. To do this, an NUG impact evaluation procedure is developed to reach an oscillatory stability index (OSI) which can be employed to evaluate the effect of the NUG at a particular site on system stability. The effectiveness of the proposed impact evaluation procedure is demonstrated by a stability analysis of the Taiwan power system with the NUG installed at different locations. It is expected that the proposed method will provide a valuable quantitative index which can be used to explore the adequacy of the transmission facilities in the utility when an NUG is installed at a specific site.

Redundant Measurements of Urban Air Monitoring Networks in Air Quality Reporting

This paper describes a statistical method to assess site redundancy of urban air monitoring networks in reporting daily Pollutant Standards Index (PSI), average concentrations, and the number of exceedances. Such a statistical method has identified significant redundancy in monitoring sites for one-year measurements of two air monitoring networks in Taiwan. There are five redundant sites out of 15 monitoring sites in the Taipei area and eight redundant sites out of 18 monitoring sites in the Kaohsiung area. By using the statistical method presented in this paper to downsize the monitoring networks, we can determine not only the number of redundant sites but also the priority of site removals. The derived sub-networks can maintain consistency in reporting air quality without significant changes in the spatial variations of air measurements for an existing air monitoring network.

Effect of non-utility generator siting on oscillatory stability of Taiwan power system

The site specific impact that a non-utility generator (NUG) can have upon the oscillatory stability of the Taiwan power system is investigated. The transmission network in Taiwan has been experiencing poorly-damped low frequency oscillations since 1984 due to its longitudinal structure. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate the effect of a non-utility generator on the oscillatory stability of the whole network before it is connected to the system. To do this, an NUG impact evaluation procedure is developed to reach an oscillatory stability index (OSI) which can be employed to evaluate the effect of the NUG at a particular site on system stability. The effectiveness of the proposed impact evaluation procedure is demonstrated by a stability analysis of the Taiwan power system with the NUG installed at different locations. It is expected that the proposed method will provide a valuable quantitative index which can be used to explore the adequacy of the transmission facilities in the utility when an NUG is installed at a specific site.

The significance of networks in the initiation of small businesses in Taiwan

This paper investigates theoretically a factor that impacts the institutional and structural environment of initiating small investments in Taiwan, namely personal relationship networks. A potential investor needs market opportunities in order to earn profit, business organization to exploit the opportunity, and capital to initiate the business. In Taiwan's network economy, the solidarity provided by “family” networks makes small initial business organizations possible. Subcontracting systems, both horizontal and vertical, make the entry-level investment low, and the decentralized production/marketing processes provide numerous market opportunities for small investments. Taiwanese entrepreneurs opt to start their business ventures primarily through the use of network financing, since bank loans fall under the dominion of government policies.

Investigation of the inner‐outer core boundary structure from the seismograms of a deep earthquake recorded by a regional seismic array

PKP(Cdiff), the PKP diffraction waves after PKP‐C cut‐off, was identified in the PKIKP (or PKP(DF)) wave coda of teleseismic seismograms from a deep earthquake in western Brazil. An array stacking technique was applied to the short‐period waveforms from a regional seismic network in Taiwan to retrieve the weak PKP(Cdiff) waves between 159° and 162°. The differential travel times and slowness of PKP(Cdiff) and PKP(DF) were used to constrain the P‐velocity structure near the inner‐outer core boundary (ICB). The results of this study demonstrate that in some cases the ICB structure can be constrained by data from a single event using presently available short‐period regional seismic data and applying suitable array techniques. With a correction for axi‐symmetric anisotropy applied to the inner core, the results of this study agree with the PKP properties of model VMOI, a regional ICB model revised from PREM covering the ICB sampled area of this study, and model AK135, a new proposed earth model. The C‐cusp position was reported at 151.4° from this event. Theoretical predictions for another new proposed earth model SP6 is in significant disagreement with the observed differential travel times between PKP(Cdiff) and PKP(DF). At a distance of 159°, the residuals (observation‐prediction) included the observation errors (±0.2 sec) are approximately +0.17 sec, −0.31 sec and +0.69 sec for VMOI, AK135 and SP6, respectively. Neither model predicts a significant differential slowness residual. This misfit along this path may be the result of the lateral heterogeneity of the sampled region near the ICB relative to both spherically symmetric models or the complications imposed by the non‐axi‐symmetric anisotropy of the inner core.

96/00636 Liquefaction of cellulosic waste. V. Water formation and evaluation of pyrolytic char as a byproduct of pyrolysis reaction

The site specific impact that a non-utility generator (NUG) can have upon the oscillatory stability of the Taiwan power system is investigated. The transmission network in Taiwan has been experiencing poorly-damped low frequency oscillations since 1984 due to its longitudinal structure. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate the effect of a non-utility generator on the oscillatory stability of the whole network before it is connected to the system. To do this, an NUG impact evaluation procedure is developed to reach an oscillatory stability index (OSI) which can be employed to evaluate the effect of the NUG at a particular site on system stability. The effectiveness of the proposed impact evaluation procedure is demonstrated by a stability analysis of the Taiwan power system with the NUG installed at different locations. It is expected that the proposed method will provide a valuable quantitative index which can be used to explore the adequacy of the transmission facilities in the utility when an NUG is installed at a specific site.

95/06272 Transferring knowledge to developing countries — a brief look at the International Development Technologies Centre, Melbourne

The site specific impact that a non-utility generator (NUG) can have upon the oscillatory stability of the Taiwan power system is investigated. The transmission network in Taiwan has been experiencing poorly-damped low frequency oscillations since 1984 due to its longitudinal structure. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate the effect of a non-utility generator on the oscillatory stability of the whole network before it is connected to the system. To do this, an NUG impact evaluation procedure is developed to reach an oscillatory stability index (OSI) which can be employed to evaluate the effect of the NUG at a particular site on system stability. The effectiveness of the proposed impact evaluation procedure is demonstrated by a stability analysis of the Taiwan power system with the NUG installed at different locations. It is expected that the proposed method will provide a valuable quantitative index which can be used to explore the adequacy of the transmission facilities in the utility when an NUG is installed at a specific site.

Fractal Characterization of Seismic Networks in Taiwan

The fractal dimension is calculated for the geometrical distributions of the seismic stations of three networks (the old CWB seismic network, the TTSN and the CWBSN) in Taiwan based on the correlation integral algorithm proposed by Hirata et al. (1987). Results show that the distribution of the data points of correlation integral for the old CWB seismic network distribute very irregularly and cannot be approximated by a fractal set point. The fractal dimesion value for the TTSN (1.18±0.02) is less than that for the CWBSN (1.56±0.01). This indicates that the dimension resolution and the detectability of sparse phenomena are lower for the former than the latter.

Earthquakes caused by horizontal bending of the Philippine Sea plate near Taiwan

A group of earthquakes occurred to the southeast of Taiwan in an area where an abyssal plain deeper than 4500 m is recognizable. According to some focal mechanism solutions in literature and data from the telemetered seismographic network in Taiwan, it is believed that these earthquakes are caused mainly by left-lateral faults striking NW. These faults are interpretable in terms of the horizontal bending of the Philippine Sea plate near Taiwan due to the oblique blockage of its northwestward movement by the Taiwan island

A Teaching Model of Network Diffusion: the Taiwan Example

Abstract Inquiry-discovery learning of processes involved in determining transportation patterns form the core of this teaching model. To develop the exercise, a generalized model of route network growth is presented, followed by explanatory models of causation and theory formulation. These suggest hypotheses which are then tested against a real-world example, the evolution of the road network in Taiwan. The model promotes understanding of human behavior and geographic change through systematic scientific inquiry and cross-national application. It is sufficiently general for use at several teaching levels.