Transmission Network Reliability Research Articles

Fenomena Back Flashover Akibat Sambaran Petir Pada SUTT 150 kV Haurgeulis–Sukamandi#2

Lightning disturbances on the 150 kV High Voltage Overhead Transmission Line (SUTT) Haurgeulis-Sukamandi #2 were analyzed to understand their causes and impacts. This study aims to identify and analyze lightning-induced disturbances using data from Fault Locator, Digital Fault Recorder, and Lightning Detection System. The methods used include calculating the protection angle, analyzing the maximum current before shield failure, and applying the Rolling Sphere method. The analysis results showed that the lightning current of -22 kA exceeded the tower's shielding capacity, causing a Back Flash Over phenomenon that led to system disruption. This finding was confirmed by comparing the measured voltage with the breakdown voltage of the insulator. The implications of this study highlight the importance of enhancing lightning protection systems, such as reducing tower grounding resistance and installing inductance reducers, to prevent similar disturbances in the future. This research provides valuable insights for improving the reliability and safety of power transmission networks in lightning-prone areas.

Integrative Fault Analysis of Transmission Lines using MATLAB and ETAP

This research paper investigates the major issue of power transmission line faults in electrical engineering. Through advanced simulation tools such as MATLAB and ETAP, the study aims to comprehensively analyze various fault circumstances, including symmetrical and unsymmetrical faults, to determine fault Kilovolt Ampere (KVA) or Megavolt Ampere (MVA). Through detailed fault analysis, insights are sought into improving the reliability and efficiency of power transmission networks, consequently minimizing risks of property damage, casualties, and economic disruptions.

A Methodology for Rating Electricity Transmission Lines to Assess the Most Important or Critical Lines

The proposed method, based on three combined criteria—Sn—design capacity of the power line, LF, (line flow)—power flow in an electric transmission line, MVA, and the ratio of LF/Sn—allows for ranking electric transmission lines when calculations are performed in normal/pre-emergency modes. A combined set of criteria used to study critical/post-emergency N-k modes is developed. The simulations were performed on the real Baltic 330 kV electricity transmission system. The results reveal that when the power system operates in different load modes, most of the critical power lines determined by our method fall into the actual set of important/“critical” power transmission lines. This allows us to significantly reduce the number of simulated combinations and shorten the calculation time required for it. During the study of the Baltic electricity system, it was found that the developed method was accurate and efficient and suitable for the assessment of the reliability of real electricity transmission networks when planning operational and perspective work modes. The simulations results revealed the high reliability of the Baltic electricity system. The 330 kV electricity transmission network of the Baltic countries fully meets the N-2 criterion (usually, electricity transmission networks are designed to meet the N-1 criterion).

Optimization Design Method of Distributed Perception Network for Hydraulic Gate Hoisting Operation

Building a highly reliable and low latency distributed perception network for dynamic operation scenarios of hydraulic gate hoists is an important foundation for achieving intelligent operation and maintenance of gate hoists. The study aims to address the issues of poor network signal coverage, high electromagnetic interference, and obstruction of mountains and concrete structures in the hydraulic gate opening and closing operation scenario. Thus, a transmission characteristic function of a single hop network in the hydraulic gate opening and closing operation scenario is constructed based on the Kriging method. A distributed perception network optimization problem model is established with network transmission reliability and deployment cost as optimization objectives, and an improved ant colony algorithm is used to solve it. A set of distributed perception network optimization design methods for hydraulic gate opening and closing operations is proposed. The prototype simulation experiment of a certain hydropower station gate hoist shows that the method proposed in this paper has good feasibility.

Energy efficiency optimization routing decision scheme in three‐dimensional wireless ad hoc network

SummaryIn recent years, many realistic wireless ad hoc networks (WANETs) have taken on three‐dimensional characteristics due to the implementation of various structures such as viaducts, tunnels, and overpasses. An increasing amount of work has also been devoted to studying the challenges posed by 3D vanet scenarios. And research on routing methods for 3D vanet scenarios is a hot topic. However, the three‐dimensional scene routing decision schemes have some problems, such as low data transmission efficiency, high energy consumption, and low end‐to‐end delays. Therefore, an energy efficiency optimization routing decision system is proposed based on the establishment of a three‐dimensional Voronoi polygon topology model. First, we define a node state‐related attribute parameter that determines whether the source node and the forward node are linked. The data forwarding node is determined by comparing attribute differences. Then, a power control mechanism based on received signal strength is proposed to solve the energy consumption, which includes deterministic and random parts. Finally, the specific state of the network node is monitored by comparing the attribute decision matrix to ensure basic maintenance of network operation and improve network transmission reliability. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme not only ensures the communication performance index in WANETs but also improves the reliability of the network.

Economic interval analysis of loads for selection of cross-section surfaces of electrical transmission lines

In this article, the implementation of comprehensive measures for the use of modern approaches to the selection of the main parameters of the system in the development of the electric power industry of our Republic, including the development of methods for optimizing, updating and increasing the reliability of electric transmission networks, as well as the selection of the most optimal cross-sectional surface of the conductors of power transmission lines written about the problem and the widespread use of the method of economic intervals to solve this problem. In addition, the action strategy for the further development of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2017-2021 defines the tasks of “… to reduce the energy and resource capacities of the economy, to widely introduce energy-saving technologies into production, which are implemented in accordance with the target parameters of reducing energy consumption in economic sectors,…” and these tasks. It has been reflected that determining the optimal parameters of electrical networks, carrying out theoretical and scientific work on increasing their reliability, and receiving appropriate recommendations for the design, construction, modernization and operation of rural electrical networks are considered to be one of the most important issues for implementation.

Analysis of data transmission network construction technologies with high requirements for information security, reliability, and latency

The scientific article is dedicated to the analysis of contemporary approaches and technologies in the construction of data transmission networks aimed at ensuring information security, reliability, and minimal latency. The necessity of comprehensively considering factors influencing network efficiency with a focus on reliability and security is substantiated. Network analysis enables the creation of an infrastructure that meets the demands of the modern information environment, comprehensively weighing the advantages and disadvantages of each network technology during construction. For the mathematical evaluation of data transmission network reliability, a Markov model is proposed, which is based on Markov processes theory. Developed using the Python programming language and relevant libraries, the model allows for a quantitative assessment of data transmission network reliability, considering various failure factors, state transitions, and recovery. The model facilitates forecasting network states and planning preventive organizational and technical measures to ensure reliability and security, in light of the constantly increasing demands for service quality and confidential information protection. An analysis of transmission delay methods has revealed a correlation between the transmission speed and volume of information with various factors, such as bandwidth, network load, connection type and speed, and data processing by network nodes. The research underscores the need to choose specific methods based on the network’s characteristics and its intended tasks. Based on the analysis results, to construct efficient networks that meet information security, reliability, and transmission delay requirements, there is a recognized need for comprehensive development of evaluation systems and the creation of a unified evaluation model.

Impact of a HVDC Link on the Reliability of the Bulk Nigerian Transmission Network

Regular and reliable access to energy is critical to the foundations of a stable and growing economy. The Nigerian transmission network generates more electricity than is consumed but, due to unpredicted outages, customers are often left without electrical power for several hours during the year. This paper aims to assess the present reliability indices of the Nigerian transmission network, and to determine the impact of HVDCs on system reliability. In the first part of this paper, the reliability of the Nigerian transmission system is quantified by building a model in DIgSILENT PowerFactory and carrying out a reliability study based on data provided by the Nigerian transmission-system operator. Both network indices and load-point indices are evaluated, and the weakest points in the network are identified. In the second part of the paper, an HVDC model is built and integrated into the existing network at the locations identified by the reliability study. A comparative study using two different HVDC connections is then carried out, to determine the critical impact of HVDC on system reliability. The reliability results indicate that the weakest points of the transmission system are the radial feeders, and the highest impact could be achieved by spanning an HVDC line between two busbars located at the two extremes of a radial feeder: Azura and Yola.

Considering Emergency Operation Models for a Variety of Dispatchable Energy Resource in Transmission Network Reliability Evaluation

Considering Emergency Operation Models for a Variety of Dispatchable Energy Resource in Transmission Network Reliability Evaluation

Research on multi-path network balancing method for cloud computing

In the era of big data, the data type and volume of the internet are growing exponentially. Users have higher requirements for the network, and network transmission is facing new challenges. The multi-path transmission technology based on TCP is one of the commonly used high-performance networks, but the improvement is still limited by the defects of the protocols such as queue head-of-line blocking and SYN flooding attacks. In order to further improve the efficiency and reliability of network transmission, this paper studies the multi-path network load balancing technology of SCTP, designs an application download program based on its multi-homed characteristics and CMT parallel transmission characteristics, and compares it with the existing TCP transmission technology through experiments. The result indicates that using the transmission by the parallel multi-path technique combining SCTP and CMT can improve the network performance by 70% and increase transmission reliability by 12.6%.

Analysis of Three-Core Composite Submarine Cable Damage Due to Ship Anchor

Suspended submarine cables are prone to likely mechanical damages due to ship anchors, which represent a significant threat to the reliability of power transmission and information communication networks. This paper is aimed at presenting a detailed investigation to the dynamic response of a ship anchor impacting the suspended section a submarine cable in order to reduce the risk of cable damage. In this regard, a three-dimensional and dual nonlinear model of the anchor affecting a subsea cable is established using ABAQUS finite element analysis software. The damage effect due to the ship anchor on the suspended and buried-in-soil sections of the cable is studied. Results show that when a ship anchor hits a suspended section of the subsea cable, the mechanical stress is concentrated at the impacted point and is progressing to both sides of the suspended section with a significant cable deformation. On the other hand, the buried section of the cable suffers from a short impact process, and the deformation is relatively small. To reduce this impact effectively, a detailed technical comparison of two common dumping and filling methods is conducted, and the better protection method is proposed.

Implementation and Evaluation of Nodal Distribution and Movement in a 5G Mobile Network

The determining factor in the accelerated pace of informatization is the increase in the speed and reliability of data transmission networks. In this regard, new and existing standards are developed and modernized. A lot of organizations are constantly working on the development and implementation of new generation communication networks. This article provides an overview of available software solutions that allow us to investigate and evaluate the behavior of data networks. In particular, tools suitable for mobile communication systems were determined, having sufficient built-in functionality and allowing us to add our own implementations. NS3 has been chosen as a suitable network simulator. Apart from the review, a solution for this tool was developed. It allows estimating the reliability of data transmission from the start movement of a network node at all times during its removal from a base station.

The Application of Wireless Network in the Process of Remote Data Collection

The use of wireless network for remote data collection can provide a fast and reliable wireless data transmission channel for those monitoring points involving a wide area and scattered equipment layout with the help of its large coverage and high communication quality. This article analyzes the characteristics and advantages of wireless networks, and then discusses the networking scheme for remote data collection using wireless networks, and analyzes the reliability of network transmission. Finally, some program fragments on the server side are given.

A unified benchmark for security and reliability assessment of the integrated chemical plant, natural gas and power transmission networks

This work presents a simulation framework to investigate the rigorous transient behavior of integrated systems comprising natural gas and power transmission networks, and a chemical plant whose feedstock is natural gas. This framework entails dynamic models for the gas transmission network and the SynGas plant, and a continuous-time AC-power flow formulation with dispatchable loads. It addresses the following key challenges: (i) analyzing energy and chemical system interdependencies, and their impacts on each other's supply reliability and security; (ii) providing an environment conducive to settling a critical question of how to prioritize the natural gas consumption as fuels of power plants or feedstocks of chemical plants based on sustainability and resiliency criteria. The framework provides an integrated benchmark enabling users to realistically study various planning, scheduling, and operation problems of these integrated systems such as process control, fault diagnosis, optimization, and environmental damage analyses. Effectively coordinating natural gas, power, and chemical industries, the benchmark outclasses conventional energy test problems in analyzing presented reliability and security scenarios since such traditional works solely focused on integrated gas and power systems. Results evidence the effects of nonlinear behavior of chemical plants on reliability and security of both natural gas and power transmission networks, in an integrated manner. Moreover, scenarios on power demand variations, compressor failure occurrences, and gas storage utilizations are enacted; according to the results, the unified benchmark lends insight into crucial information such as spatiotemporal characteristics of disturbances and their propagation throughout the integrated systems and the required period and strategy to damp such disturbances. Such information facilitates reliability and security analyses of the integrated systems and enables the coordination of chemical plants with traditional gas and power networks, particularly in multiple load shedding events which requires supply prioritization of natural gas to power and chemical plants.

Large-Scale Many-Objective Deployment Optimization of Edge Servers

The development of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) has made transportation systems into intelligent networks. However, with the increase in vehicles, an increasing number of data need to be analyzed and processed. Roadside units (RSUs) can offload the data collected from vehicles to remote cloud servers for processing, but they cause significant network latency and are unfriendly to applications that require real-time information. Edge computing (EC) brings low service latency to users. There are many studies on computing offloading strategies for vehicles or other mobile devices to edge servers (ESs), and the deployment of ESs cannot be ignored. In this paper, the placement problem of ESs in the IoV is studied, and the six-objective ES deployment optimization model is constructed by simultaneously considering transmission delay, workload balancing, energy consumption, deployment costs, network reliability, and ES quantity. In addition, the deployment problem of ESs is optimized by a many-objective evolutionary algorithm. By comparing with the state-of-the-art methods, the effectiveness of the algorithm and model is verified.

Transmission Network Dynamic Planning Based on a Double Deep-Q Network With Deep ResNet

Based on a Double Deep-Q Network with deep ResNet (DDQN-ResNet), this paper proposes a novel method for transmission network expansion planning (TNEP). Since TNEP is a large scale and mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) problem, as the transmission network scale and the optimal constraints increase, the numerical calculation and heuristic learning-based methods suffer from heavy computational complexities in calculation and training. Besides, due to the black box characteristic, the solution processes of the heuristic learning-based methods are inexplicable and usually require repeated training. By using DDQN-ResNet, this paper constructs a high-performance and flexible method to solve large-scale and complex-constrained TNEP problem. Firstly, we form a two-objective TNEP model, in which one objective is to minimize the comprehensive cost, and another objective is to maximize the transmission network reliability. The comprehensive cost takes into account the expansion cost, the network loss cost, and the maintenance cost. The transmission network reliability is evaluated by the expected energy not served (EENS) and the electrical betweenness. Secondly, from the TNEP model, the TNEP task is constructed based on the Markov decision process. By abstracting the task, the TNEP environment is obtained for DDQN-ResNet. In addition, to identify the construction value of lines, an agent is establish based on DDQN-ResNet. Finally, we perform the static planning and visualize the reinforcement learning process. The dynamic planning is realized by reusing the training experience. The validity and flexibility of DDQN-ResNet are verified on RTS 24-bus test system.

Assessing the type and quality of high voltage composite outdoor insulators by remote laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy analysis: A feasibility study

The use of composite polymeric insulators in overhead high voltage (HV) power transmission lines and in substations has been rapidly growing, as a result of their excellent operational performance, even under environmental pollution conditions. However, it has been observed that the insulation capacity of the composites deteriorates gradually for in-service insulators as a result of ageing, caused by several processes arising because of environmental, electrical and mechanical stresses. For these reasons, development of non-destructive diagnostic techniques for real-time, on-site inspection of the insulators' condition is required for ensuring high reliability of power transmission networks. To this end, laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is found to offer an effective and reliable method for assessing the state of polymeric insulators, primarily silicone rubber (SIR) ones, that have been in service for up to 20 years on the HV power network of Crete, Greece. Determining the type of composite and furthermore the chemical integrity of the insulator is based on simple spectral indicators, which reflect the extent of chemical modifications induced on the insulator surface, as found in both standard and remote LIBS measurements performed in the laboratory. As a result, a stepwise diagnostic procedure was proposed and tested in an outdoors campaign, demonstrating that LIBS can become a field deployable technique for the efficient and reliable assessment of the performance of HV outdoor insulators in service.

Probabilistic Peak Demand Matching by Battery Energy Storage Alongside Dynamic Thermal Ratings and Demand Response for Enhanced Network Reliability

Battery energy storage systems (BESS), demand response (DR) and the dynamic thermal rating (DTR) system have increasingly played important roles in power grids worldwide. In addition to storing energy, BESS can supply peak demands, thereby reducing the frequency of load interruptions and deferring new asset investments. However, study on the precise BESS sizing (i.e. energy and power ratings) to supply peak demands to improve the security of supply of transmission networks is still lacking. The combined efficacy of BESS, DR and DTR have also never been studied, because their simultaneous deployment has never been considered. The first contribution of this paper is proposing a probabilistic evaluation method to evaluate various combinations of BESS power ratings and energy capacities and determines their impacts on the reliability of transmission networks, in which peak demands are supported by charges stored in BESSs to address the security of supply problem. The second contribution extends the proposed method to examine the effects of deploying BESS alongside DR and DTR. Our results show that the security of power supply improves along with BESS sizing by as much as 37.2%, and that its reliability becomes more significant as its capability grows, with bigger BESS having more detrimental effects towards EENS as it becomes unavailable than smaller BESS does. DTR and DR reduce the requirements of BESS sizing without adversely affecting network reliability.

PR-KELM: Icing level prediction for transmission lines in smart grid

As a hot spot, the diffusion of the smart city has been more and more popular and widespread all over the world. The concept of smart city has supported a higher quality of urban spaces and a better offering of public services. Smart grid is an important component and the energy supply of smart city. The health of the smart grid will directly affect the health of the smart city. Efficient and accurate prediction about icing level of transmission lines provides a reliable basis for anti-icing and deicing of power grids. The prediction can not only significantly enhance the reliability, safety and stability of transmission networks, but also timely provide the state monitoring of ice on wires to the workers to make proper decisions and to prevent freezing disasters so as to effectively protect people’s safety and build a stable and friendly society. To reduce catastrophic damages caused by the iced transmission lines of the grid, this paper proposed a novel hybrid model called PR-KELM, an integration of Principal Component Analysis, ReliefF and Kernel based ELM (Extreme Learning Machine) method to predict the icing level of transmission lines. This hybrid model covered two stages including: 1) structured and unstructured data feature extraction by local binary patterns, principal component analysis and ReliefF; 2) radial basis function Kernel based ELM predicting the processed data. The experimental data adopted in this paper were from the online monitoring system of South China State Grid Online Monitoring System by terminal CC0289 between December 1, 2011 and March 1, 2016. Experimental results indicated: compared with Elman neural network model, random forest model, support vector machine model and Bayesian networks model, PR-KELM approach demonstrated high accuracy and lower prediction error in terms of RMSE (Root Mean Square Error), MAE (Mean Absolute Error), MAPE (Mean Absolute Percentage Error), and R (Coefficient of Correlation) while applied to predicting in real datasets.

Spatial–Temporal Reliability and Damage Assessment of Transmission Networks Under Hurricanes

Hurricanes can damage transmission network structure components, e.g., towers and conductors, and threat the system reliability. To quantify the consequence severity of hurricanes on transmission networks, a spatial–temporal reliability and damage assessment method is proposed to evaluate the effect of a specific hurricane. The hurricane can be a simulated, historical, or forecasting one for different application purpose, where the full track hurricane simulation model, historical records, and forecasting information are used for the event construction, respectively. In the component failure analysis, the time-varying failure probability of transmission towers and conductors are modeled as functions of the time-varying hurricane intensity. In the reliability and damage assessment, the Monte Carlo simulation is adopted. The energy not supplied and power outage cost caused by the hurricane event are used as reliability indices, and the asset damage cost is proposed to quantify the damage of transmission networks. The modified IEEE 24-reliability test system and the two-area IEEE reliability test system-1996 affected by a simulated hurricane, respectively, are used in the case study to validate the proposed method. The simulation results show the method can quantify the hurricane impacts, identify the weak network parts, and provide information for pre-event preparedness for forecasting event application.