Network Subscribers Research Articles

Decentralized Protocol for Organizing Sustainable Interaction between Subscribers in Networks with High Dynamics of Topology Changes

Emergency services often have to carry out rescue and liquidation operations in the absence of centralized communications. The inability to ensure stable communication between members of the rescue unit significantly reduces the quality of work. Moreover, in modern realities, stable communication means not only voice exchange, which can be provided by shortwave radio transmitters, but also intensive exchange of large volumes of traffic. The use of standard solutions based on standard network equipment (Wi-Fi, satellite communications, etc.) and existing algorithms for ensuring quality of service in the conditions under consideration does not allow quickly ensuring information exchange between heterogeneous subscribers. Moreover, operation in high-Hz bands can be very difficult in the presence of obstacles, which reduces the overall coverage area and the quality of data transmission. We propose a network layer routing protocol designed to organize decentralized communication in an emergency service department, where subscribers have different degrees of mobility and types of transmitted traffic. This protocol includes algorithms for connecting to the network, detecting optimal and alternative communication routes, and transmitting and balancing traffic along the found routes. The original route search algorithm analyzes the performance of communication channels and determines all possible paths for transmitting traffic between subscribers. Using the route evaluation function based on gradient boosting of decision trees, optimal and alternative communication routes are formed, and when transmitting data, traffic balancing is performed based on the received information. An experimental study of the proposed protocol showed an improvement in the speed of deployment and quality of service in scenarios with varying degrees of subscriber mobility.

Phishing URL Detection: A Basic Machine Learning Approach

Phishing is currently one of the most trending scam attacks in information transmission worldwide. Such occurrences can cause severe network disruption to corporate organizations, financial and/or educational institutions and even individual network subscribers. Phishing attacks would normally involve developing a malicious webpage mimicking a legitimate website. This lures unsuspecting users into giving out personal information, such as banking details, social security numbers, passwords, usernames, etc. A phishing fraudster sends an e-mail or text message to a target webpage that contains its Universal Resource Locator (URL). The result could be monetary loss, data breach, intellectual property theft, damaged reputation, and loss of customers. In this paper, we propose a simple phishing detection approach. Moreover, because the impostor is always evolving attacking techniques in a bid to evade detection, our method addresses this using a supervised machine learning system. From the website content, we extract the stochastic dynamical patterns and then use this to predict the authenticity of the website. The Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) algorithm is used to model the website features to obtain a better prediction result. The proposed technique can detect phishing websites with an accuracy of 86.6%.

Network traffic classification based on federated semi-supervised learning

Traffic Classification (TC) has been applied to a wide range of applications, from security monitoring to quality of service (QoS) provisioning in network Internet Service Providers (ISPs). In recent years, many researchers have applied Machine Learning (ML) or Deep Learning (DL) to TC, namely AI-TC. However, AI-TC methods face significant challenges, including high data dependency, exhaustively costly traffic labeling, and network subscribers’ privacy. This paper proposes a TC framework for smart home networks using Federated Learning (FL) that protects traffic data privacy by performing local training and inference of TC models. Firstly, we design a DPI-based traffic labeling method on edge home gateways as FL nodes, which enables these nodes to have data labeling capability while protecting data privacy. Then, a semi-supervised TC model based on an autoencoder (AE) is proposed to reduce the dependence of the model on labeled traffic samples. Finally, an XAI-based method is utilized to interpret the model to ensure its explainability. We validate the proposed method on public and real datasets using benchmarking methods. The experimental results show that the method can achieve high performance using a small number of samples while protecting data privacy and improving the model’s credibility. Experimental code can be found in the following url: https://github.com/PrinceXuan12138/HGW-TC-Experimental-code.

New policies, new behaviors: How digital taxation shapes mobile money use in Ghana

AbstractThe transition from traditional to digital payment platforms is reshaping domestic revenue mobilization, with significant impacts on sectors like agriculture, health, business, education and economy. This transition, while presenting both challenges and opportunities, has the potential to foster economic growth and boost revenue mobilization. This paper investigates how digital taxation or electronic levy (e‐levy) has shaped mobile money (MoMo) adoption in Ghana since the introduction of e‐levy on digital financial transactions. The underlying theories supporting this study include the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), Social Norm Theory (SNT), and Expectancy‐Confirmation Theory (ECT). A cross‐sectional design was employed, and data was collected from 206 participants (mobile network subscribers) through a self‐administered online survey conducted and applied a partial least square structural equation modeling technique. The findings indicate that inherent innovativeness, the structure of the tax, and social tax compliance norms significantly influence citizens' compliance attitudes towards e‐levy in the context of a developing country. Conversely, the study found that potential taxpayers' attitudes towards e‐levy do not determine their intention to pay (actual use) e‐levy. In this respect, recommendations to drive the digital taxation agenda among government revenue agencies in developing countries are (i) continuous inherent innovativeness on the part of the government, (ii) ensuring compliance attitudes towards e‐levy, (iii) proper structuring of the tax components and (iv) ensuring ease of use of the system. These findings provide governments and revenue agencies, particularly those in developing countries, with valuable insights into citizens' behavioral change towards digital taxation on MoMo transactions. An effective convergence of the determinants discussed in this research would expedite government mobilization efforts for electronic levies and promote development.

Adaptive Antenna Array Control Algorithm in Radiocommunication Systems

An important element of modern telecommunications is wireless radio networks, which enable mobile subscribers to access wireless networks. The cell area is divided into independent sectors served by directional antennas. As the number of mobile network subscribers served by a single base station increases, the problem of interference related to the operation of the radio link increases. To minimize the disadvantages of omnidirectional antennas, base stations use antennas with directional radiation characteristics. This solution allows you to optimize the operating conditions of the mobile network in terms of reducing the impact of interference, better managing the frequency spectrum and improving the energy efficiency of the system. The work presents an adaptive antenna algorithm used in mobile telephony. The principle of operation of adaptive systems, the properties of their elements and the configurations in which they are used in practice are described. On this basis, an algorithm for controlling the radiation characteristics of adaptive antennas is presented. The control is carried out using a microprocessor system. The simulation model is described. An algorithm was developed based on the Mathcad mathematical program, and the simulation results of this algorithm, i.e., changes in radiation characteristics as a result of changing the mobile position of subscribers, were presented in the form of selected radiation characteristics charts.

Pengaruh Pembebanan Terhadap Efisiensi Transformator Distribusi Di PT. PLN (Persero) UP3 Garut

Transformer efficiency is defined as the ratio of the incoming power to the outgoing electric power. Even so the ideal transformer has 100% efficiency, this ideal transformer does not exist, because the energy that goes out is always less than the energy that goes in, meaning that there is energy loss. Load imbalance in an electric power distribution system always occurs and the imbalance is in single-phase loads in low-voltage network subscribers. Due to the load imbalance, a current appears in the neutral of the transformer. Perform analysis and compare efficiency. Analysis of used load capacity is not efficient. Analysis of the results of current and voltage measurements at the substation to obtain efficiency, and transformer losses in day and night conditions using LWBP and WBP methods. In this study, observations were made regarding the transformer efficiency analysis using the Outside Peak Load Time (LWBP) and Peak Load Time (WBP) methods. The LWBP method is carried out during the day for 20 hours, while the WBP method is carried out at night for 4 hours, from 18.00 to 22.00. Then measurements were made at PT. PLN (Persero) UP3 Garut. For the highest percentage of loading which is close to the standard of 80%, namely the afternoon loading at the PDDK substation, which is 50.93%, the load used is 50.93 kVA. The night load at the CITL substation is 77.49%, the load used is 77.49 kVA. For the lowest percentage of loading that deviates from the standard 80%, namely the daytime loading at the SJRK substation, which is 16.32%, the load used is 16.32 kVA. The night load at the SJRK substation is 21.52%, the load used is 21.52 kVA. Based on observations, it is not efficient because the unused load is very large, it is recommended to use a smaller transformer capacity. The highest efficiency in the LWBP method is at the CITK substation 97.87%, the lowest at the PDDK substation 94.55%. The highest efficiency in the WBP method is at SJRK substations 95.5%, the lowest at PDDK substations is 92.1%.

Digitalization Of Marketing as Innovation Tool of Customers’ Evaluation

This paper analyses the digitalization of museum marketing as an innovative tool for customer evaluation. The content analysis of digital tools created by the most visited museums in the world on social networks such as Facebook, Twitter and Instagram were carried out. To obtain statistical information about the pages of museums in social networks, the social media analytics and management tool Fanpage Karma was used. According to the selected indicators, Fanpage Karma filters the rating of the networks’ current strongest content. The correlation between the number of museum visits and indicators showing the interaction of the museum with visitors using social networks, such as the number of fans, the page performance index, the number of posts per day, the growth rate of followers, post interactions, and the number of total reactions and comments, was evaluated. The aim of this paper is to analyse the impact of museum marketing digitalization processes on museum visits by tourists and, as a result, the economic development of the museum business. To monitor the digitalization strategy of the museum’s marketing activities, a mixed approach based on qualitative and quantitative analysis was used. Multivariate analysis was carried out to determine the relationship between museum attendance and the interaction between museums and subscribers in social networks. It has been proven that the introduction of digital technologies in museum marketing can attract visitors and put the institution at the new informational level. The number of museum visits and the number of fans, the number of posts per day, interactions, and the number of reactions and comments are the same across all social networks. The paper allows us to know the potential audience of the museum and its needs and requests and to predict the interests of certain categories of museum visitors. The scientific novelty and originality of the research consists of the use of digital marketing tools for evaluating their influence on client behaviour. The results of the study may be useful for the development of monitoring systems and strategic management of marketing when evaluating the behaviour of consumers on the content of social networks at enterprises in various industries.

Образ тела девочек-подростков с разным индексом массы тела, имеющих гинекологические заболевания

Background. The study relevance is due to a decrease in publication activity in relation to the object of research in the last 10 years (according to the professional information database LENS.ORG) by 12% compared to the previous decade, while social demand remains high. Objectives. The goal is to identify differences in the structural components of body image, as well as factors involved in its formation in adolescent girls with different body mass indexes and gynecological diseases. Study Participants. 31 teenage girls aged 11–17 years (Mage = 14.06, SD = 2.02 years), having a confirmed gynecological disease according to ICD-10 (menstrual irregularities, inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs, benign tumors of the pelvic organs and mammary glands). Methods. The study used the author's questionnaire, consisting of 3 substantive blocks of questions (socio-demographic; somatic, socio-psychological data) and 4 psychodiagnostic techniques: Body Image Questionnaire by O.A. Skugarevsky and S.V. Sivukha; SIBID questionnaire (Thomas F. Cash) adapted by L.T. Baranskaya and S.S. Tataurova; Nonverbal technique for assessing satisfaction with body areas (SBS) Meshkova T.A., Neuropsychological tests for somatognosis (right-left orientation in the body diagram, idea of body size in space). Results. Statistically significant differences in the level of dissatisfaction with both their own body and body parts were revealed between the groups of adolescent girls with different BMI values. At the level of somatosensory gnosis, both groups showed disturbances in quasi-spatial orientation (orientation in their own body), which manifested themselves in mirroring errors and difficulty transferring the spatial organization of hand posture in the horizontal and vertical planes of right-left orientation. Statistically significant direct relationships were revealed between BMI values and indicators of dissatisfaction with their own body and situational dissatisfaction with body image. Significant relationships between BMI and the time spent in the digital space, the number of subscribers in social networks, school performance, and diet were revealed. Conclusions. As a result of the conducted research, a significant correlation between body mass index indicators in adolescent girls with gynecological diseases with such indicators as satisfaction/dissatisfaction with their own body and their body image, time spent in the digital space and the number of subscribers, school performance, as well as diet was revealed.

Network Traffic Prediction with Reduced Power Consumption towards Green Cellular Networks

The increased number of cellular network subscribers is giving rise to the network densification in next generation networks further increasing the greenhouse gas emission and the operational cost of network. Such issues have ignited a keen interest in the deployment of energy-efficient communication technologies rather than modifying the infrastructure of cellular networks. In cellular network largest portion of the power is consumed at the Base stations (BSs). Hence application of energy saving techniques at the BS will help reduce the power consumption of the cellular network further enhancing the energy efficiency (EE) of the network. As a result, BS sleep/wake-up techniques may significantly enhance cellular networks' energy efficiency. In the proposed work traffic and interference aware BS sleeping technique is proposed with an aim of reducing the power consumption of network while offering the desired Quality of Service (QoS) to the users. To implement the BS sleep modes in an efficient manner the prediction of network traffic load is carried out for future time slots. The Long Short term Memory model is used for prediction of network traffic load. Simulation results show that the proposed system provides significant reduction in power consumption as compared with the existing techniques while assuring the QoS requirements. With the proposed system the power saving is enhanced by approximately 2% when compared with the existing techniques. His proposed system will help in establishing green communication networks with reduced energy and power consumption.

PROBABILISTIC ANALYSIS OF MULTICHANNEL BUS ARBITRATORS OF COMPUTER NETWORK INTERFACES

Probabilistic analysis was conducted on the functioning algorithms of bus arbiters within the ‘Common Bus’ interface of computer networks. The research employed the theory of random impulse flows as its apparatus. Analytical dependencies were derived to calculate the average waiting time for service requests from network subscribers. The first-come-first-serve and round-robin service algorithms provided better service uniformity than priority algorithms. Keywords: algorithm, service, request–impulse, interface, bus arbiter, common bus.

Do subscribers of mobile networks care about Data Throttling?

Network neutrality mandates have been made out either as necessary to ensure a level playing field in online markets or, alternatively, as overly restrictive regulation preventing innovation and investment. However, there is little empirical research on the consequences of data throttling, which becomes legal without network neutrality regulations. We combine throughput levels measured for mobile ISPs in the United States with usage data to explore how sensitive users are to such practices. We find no evidence that users change their behavior when faced with throttled data rates.

The importance of reconfiguration of the distribution network to achieve minimization of energy losses using the dragonfly algorithm

In this article, a method for reconfiguring the distribution network with the presence of production sources to minimize energy losses is presented. Also, besides the reconfiguration issue, the Super distribution tap transformers and the power factor of resources in the network will have their optimal values based on the amount of energy consumption as factors affecting the number of losses. According to the stated parameters, the optimization problem in this article is a non-linear problem with a large search space, for which the dragonfly optimization algorithm was used. To make the results realistic, all types of loads, including commercial, residential and office, have been considered in 24 h and two seasons of the year, cold and hot. The program was prepared with the help of MATLAB software on a sample network of 16 buses, and its applications and results have been evaluated. The obtained results show that determining the optimal reconfiguration is very effective in reducing network losses because, with this method, the amount of losses and unsupplied energy of network subscribers has been reduced significantly. Also, by coordinating the reconfiguration with tap transformers and the power factor of distributed generation resources, the loss reduction rate can be made more effective. The results obtained are compared with the genetic algorithm and the results show the superiority of the dragonfly optimization method.

Pengaruh Pembebanan Terhadap Efisiensi Transformator Distribusi Di PT. PLN (Persero) UP3 Garut

Transformer efficiency is defined as the ratio of the incoming power to the outgoing electric power. Even so the ideal transformer has 100% efficiency, this ideal transformer does not exist, because the energy that goes out is always less than the energy that goes in, meaning that there is energy loss. Load imbalance in an electric power distribution system always occurs and the imbalance is in single-phase loads in low-voltage network subscribers. Due to the load imbalance, a current appears in the neutral of the transformer. Perform analysis and compare efficiency. Analysis of used load capacity is not efficient. Analysis of the results of current and voltage measurements at the substation to obtain efficiency, and transformer losses in day and night conditions using LWBP and WBP methods. In this study, observations were made regarding the transformer efficiency analysis using the Outside Peak Load Time (LWBP) and Peak Load Time (WBP) methods. The LWBP method is carried out during the day for 20 hours, while the WBP method is carried out at night for 4 hours, from 18.00 to 22.00. Then measurements were made at PT. PLN (Persero) UP3 Garut. For the highest percentage of loading which is close to the standard of 80%, namely the afternoon loading at the PDDK substation, which is 50.93%, the load used is 50.93 kVA. The night load at the CITL substation is 77.49%, the load used is 77.49 kVA. For the lowest percentage of loading that deviates from the standard 80%, namely the daytime loading at the SJRK substation, which is 16.32%, the load used is 16.32 kVA. The night load at the SJRK substation is 21.52%, the load used is 21.52 kVA. Based on observations, it is not efficient because the unused load is very large, it is recommended to use a smaller transformer capacity. The highest efficiency in the LWBP method is at the CITK substation 97.87%, the lowest at the PDDK substation 94.55%. The highest efficiency in the WBP method is at SJRK substations 95.5%, the lowest at PDDK substations is 92.1%.

The method of assessing and improving the user experience of subscribers in software-configured networks based on the use of machine learning

Evolutionary processes, which primarily affected computer technologies, led to the appearance of several types of computer networks, representing a set of computer devices combined into one system. The main purpose of such a system is user access to shared resources and the ability to exchange data between subscribers during work. Such networks are called software-configurable networks - SDN. SDN networks have long been the basis for building carrier-class telecommunication networks. However, they have a certain number of shortcomings that must be eliminated. The object of the study is the process of evaluating and improving the user experience of subscribers in software-configured networks. The subject of the study is a method of evaluating and improving the user experience of subscribers in software-configured networks based on the use of machine learning. The purpose of the work is to develop a model and a corresponding method for assessing the quality of the user experience of subscribers of SDN networks. As a result of the research, for the first time, a method of evaluating and improving the user experience of subscribers of SDN networks was developed based on the use of machine learning. The method consists in sequentially conducting an automated survey of users, measuring indicators of subscriber service quality, selecting and building a regression model from a set of defined models, and managing the user experience according to the measured parameters of SDN subscriber service quality. The developed method, in contrast to the known ones, makes it possible to improve the quality of the user experience in real time. Conclusions. The research of existing mechanisms for managing the user experience of subscribers and the analysis of regression models for the possibility of using them to establish the relationship between network parameters and user experience allowed to develop a generalized model for evaluating and improving the user experience of subscribers of SDN networks, based on the use of machine learning, and to develop an algorithm works of the method. The developed method makes it possible to build accurate models of the relationship of QoE and QoS parameters and increases the quality of the user experience of subscribers of SDN networks by up to 10%.

Учёт показателя оперативности при управлении радиосвязью в подразделениях противопожарной службы

Purpose. Peculiarities of controlling radio communication when eliminating consequences of man-made disasters are considered. As an indicator that determines the purpose of control, the efficiency of communication in radio network deployed at a fire extinguishment site is considered. Methods. To assess the quality of work and the rationality of the radio network use, an efficiency indicator can be applied. This indicator is calculated using the methods of probability theory. Promptness is presented as a quantitative (probabilistic) assessment that the message will be transmitted to the required subscriber within a time less than the specified one. Findings. It is proposed to use radio communication efficiency indicator in the process of controlling radio communication during field work performed by fire units. Examples of its calculation for a radio network of three subscribers are given, the corresponding graphical dependencies are constructed. Research application field. The obtained results can be used to ensure safety in extinguishing fires and eliminating consequences of man-made disasters. Conclusions. It is shown that process of controlling radio communication can be considered as providing the required value of the efficiency indicator. In this case, the task of controlling radio communication will lie in excluding critical control modes, when network subscribers have an urgent need to contact other participants, who, in turn, are already communicating with network subscribers.

Network Slicing in 6G: An Authentication Framework for Unattended Terminals

Compared to the 5G network, the future 6G network is a multi-scenario application network containing more unattended terminals. The network slicing technology inherited from 5G enables more service providers to offer the same services with differentiated quality of services (QoS) and costs for their subscribers in 6G networks, in which more complex tasks occur for unattended terminals, such as unmanned factories, unmanned medical care, and unmanned rescues. However, network slice access of unattended terminals faces challenges. Specifically, physical attacks are a significant threat to unattended terminals in an open environment. The constrained resources and seamless services of unattended terminals also have to be considered. Unfortunately, there is currently a lack of an authentication scheme to address the above situation. As new lightweight hardware security primitive, Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) is an ideal solution to promote the security of unattended terminals. This article provides a specific authentication framework for unattended terminals in 6G-enabled network slices. Specifically, based on PUF, we first propose a physically secure slice access authentication protocol. Then we extend it to support fast inter-slice handover authentication, ensuring service continuity. Moreover, we prove the security of the proposed framework and conclude that it satisfies the higher security requirements of the 6G network. Finally, the performance evaluation with three other state-of-the-art authentication schemes demonstrates the superior efficiency of the proposed framework.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ КАЧЕСТВА ОБСЛУЖИВАНИЯ АБОНЕНТОВ ПРИ ЭСТАФЕТНОЙ ПЕРЕДАЧЕ В ЦИФРОВЫХ СЕТЯХ ПОДВИЖНОЙ РАДИОСВЯЗИ НА ЖЕЛЕЗНОДОРОЖНОМ ТРАНСПОРТЕ

The article proposes a new approach to determining the quality of service for subscribers of mobile communication networks using rail transport. Communication problems arising during the movement of the train are discussed. The processes of customer service transfer (handover) are considered from one base station to another. A methodology is proposed that analyzes statistics on all handover events. It is noted that the results of the study will help telecom operators to investigate in more detail the radio coverage of their network in order to improve the quality of communication of passengers en route.

Effects of mobile networks and Covid-19 on mobile shopping sales in South Korea

Covid-19 has driven us abruptly to a new world of contactless society. It also compelled us to use online shopping, especially mobile shopping in South Korea, where the dominant mode of wireless communication was already 4G services when Covid-19 broke out. This paper examines the different roles of mobile networks and the Covid-19 pandemic in transforming mobile shopping submarkets in South Korea by estimating the long-term and short-term effects of these two factors on mobile shopping sales. We used a cointegration and an error correction model to estimate long-term and short-term effects separately. This paper finds that Covid-19 was a major short-term factor affecting sales in mobile shopping submarkets, while mobile network subscribers were a key long-term driving factor of mobile shopping sales growth.

Designing and Calculating Bandwidth of the LTE Network for Rural Areas

The standard of broadband mobile communication LTE can be used to build a mobile communication network in remote populations and provide the population with modern mobile communication services, such as video calls, data transmission, high-speed mobile Internet, Internet TV, etc. In this work, a LTE network has been designed, and the network capacity has been calculated for a certain area. Muynak of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, located in the northwest of the Republic of Uzbekistan, was taken as the territory. The paper presents the characteristics of the selected equipment required for the construction of the mobile network, calculations of network bandwidth, number of potential and active network subscribers, the number of base stations, the average bandwidth of the projected network, the average traffic per subscriber in the busy hour, the radio frequency plan, the geographical location of the base stations, and the LTE network design scheme has been developed. In addition, the characteristics of the number of potential subscribers are described in tabular form, as well as graphs of the number of base stations, the average bandwidth of the designed network, the total traffic of the designed network depending on the number of potential subscribers. The LTE network frequency plan has been developed for the city of Muynak. The designed network will increase the number of subscribers to 12,000 without reducing bandwidth.

METHODS FOR ENSURING DATA SECURITY IN MOBILE STANDARDS

The analysis of mobile communication standards is carried out, the functional structure and interfaces of interaction between the structural elements of the cellular network are considered. To understand the principle of communication according to the GSM standard, a block diagram of a mobile switching center (MSC), base station equipment (BSS), control and service center (MCC), mobile stations (MS) is presented. The main algorithms for ensuring the confidentiality and security of mobile subscribers' data, in different types of standards, as well as the vulnerabilities of information flows are considered. In particular, the following dangerous types of attacks have been identified, to which mobile network subscribers are sensitive: sniffing; leakage of personal data; leakage of geolocation data; spoofing; remote capture of SIM-card, execution of arbitrary code (RCE); denial of service (DoS). It is established that the necessary function of the mobile network is the identification of subscribers, which is performed by IMSI, which is recorded in the SIM card of the subscriber and the HLR of the operator. To protect against spoofing, the network authenticates the subscriber before starting its service. In the case of subscriber identification, the subscriber and the network operator are protected from the effects of fraudulent access. In addition, the user must be protected from eavesdropping. This is achieved by encrypting the data transmitted over the radio interface. Thus, user authentication in UMTS, as well as in the GSM network, is carried out using encryption with a common key using the "hack-response" protocol (the authenticating party sends a random number to the authenticated party, which encrypts it according to a certain algorithm using a common key and returns the result back).