Network Providers Research Articles

Information system of support of economic decisions on the development of the Internet provider network

The paper suggests and confirms the hypothesis about the dependence of the price of internet service provider tariffs on the main economic and demographic determinants, and also defines the list of these determinants. An economic-mathematical model for optimizing the distribution of the budget for the expansion of the Internet provider's network between the execution of connection requests for separate service lines and tariffs has been developed. One of the key elements of the activity of Internet providers is the solution of the "last mile" problem, which consists in providing a communication service between the end user and the provider's Internet access node. Taking into account the orientation of such enterprises to the maximization of their own profit, this problem should be considered in the technical and economic dimension. Solving this problem requires a multidimensional approach that takes into account technology, economics and geography, as well as the significant investment required to expand network coverage and meet the demands of a distributed customer base. Internet providers should take into account the negative impact of possible network congestion, non-linear pricing, as well as consumer demand when optimizing pricing strategies and network development strategies. The developed model was applied to historical data on the activity of the Internet provider. The proposed approaches are combined into a single information system to support economic decision-making for the development of network of Internet providers, which contributes to the implementation of the developed model in practice and allows to increase the efficiency of the production activities of such enterprises. The paper put forward and confirmed the hypothesis about the dependence of prices for fixed Internet connection services on the dollar exchange rate, the cost of connecting to the trunk node, and the population. Approaches to economic decision-making in the management of the Internet provider's activities were further developed, namely, an economic-mathematical model was developed and tested to optimize the allocation of the budget for the expansion of the Internet provider's network between the satisfaction of applications of potential subscribers for connection in the section of individual tariffs of the provider's current tariff grid. As a result of the test of the developed economic-mathematical optimization model on the historical data of the enterprise, the possibility of improving the expected profit relative to the basic plan by 18% was established.

Merchant investment in electricity transmission networks

Many electricity economists have long hoped that it might be possible to establish competition, not just in providing generation and load assets, but also in the provision of the transmission network itself. Attempts in the 1990s to achieve so-called merchant transmission investment using conventional Financial Transmission Rights (FTRs) proved disappointing. We develop an extension of screening-curve models to include the optimal choice of both generation and transmission. Such models, although stylised, provide valuable insight into the long-run co-optimisation of generation and transmission. We propose new regulatory and merchant transmission investment mechanisms that achieve the socially optimal investment.

Studi Kinerja Ruas Jalan Di Sekitar Masjid Terapung BJ. Habibie Kota Parepare

Construction of the BJ Habibie Floating Mosque influences the volume and system of traffic movement, the existence of high efficiency has an impact on increased traffic flow and demands the provision of a road network. The aim of this research is to identify the performance of roads and intersections and also to determine the impact on traffic due to the construction of the BJ. Habibie Floating Mosque by using the MKJI 1997 analysis. The results showed that the heaviest traffic flow on the Mattirotasi road section occurred on Saturday at 16.00 until 17.00 WITA with a traffic volume of 220.1 pcu/hour, a v/c ratio of 0.11 and Level of Service A with average vehicle speed 28.77 km/hour. Massepe road section occurred on Sunday at 16.00 until 17.00 with a volume of 943.49 pcu/hour, a v/c ratio of 0.30 and Level of Service B with an average speed of 28.06 km/hour.

International Conflict, Border Security, and State Capacity: Case of British India

Abstract The dominant approach to war and state-building attributes state development to wartime growth of extractive capacity. Yet we know little about the administrative foundation through which extractive capacity is increased spatially, beyond the central policy level. Using railways as an example of a state-building asset, I revisit the role of external threat on state-building, with evidence drawing upon detailed historical data from nineteenth-century India during a crucial period of Anglo–Russo rivalry. I find that conflict with Russia led to expansion of railways in the Northwest Frontier bordering Afghanistan, the buffer between British India and Russia, which led to improved performance of local tax administrators. The findings suggest that external conflict promotes state development through provision of logistical networks enabling greater administrative efficiency in geographically distant frontiers.

KEPEDULIAN SOSIAL MASYARAKAT PERBATASAN DALAM MEMPERTAHANKAN KETAHANAN EKONOMI (KASUS DI TEMAJUK, PALOH, SAMBAS KALIMANTAN BARAT)

Local wisdom of social care is the culture of helping one another to build food resilience in the Malay community in the border of Temajuk district of Sambas. For the Malay community to be a professional farmer, abundant food resources can survive without dependence on others. This research uses qualitative discrepancy methods by demonstrating food sustainability in a cultural perspective. The results of the study explained that social concerns have helped a former Indonesian labour force citizen who returned to his hometown to stop living in Serawak Malaysia so that he did not have a fixed job and decided to become a farmer. Social care is a form of support of the Malay people to others against each other voluntarily, through the approach of social capital such as economic resilience assistance through the provision of productive land and trade networks with neighbouring countries, thus creating resiliency with the community at the Temajuk border.

Residents’ Satisfaction with Infrastructural Facilities Provision in Housing Estate Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria

The emphasis of this paper is to assess residents’ satisfaction with infrastructural facilities provision in housing estate Lafia, Nasarawa State, Nigeria, with a view to improve a level of satisfaction with infrastructures provided. The study adopts survey design using quantitative approach and data were collected through questionnaire survey from 500 housing unit, data were systematically selected from target population in housing estate Lafia. The data collected was subjected to descriptive with mean ranking. The study observed that the residents’ satisfaction with provision of drainages facilities, provision of electricity facilities, and provision of portable water supply facilities provision of road networks and Sewage and solid waste management facilities ranked first fifth respectively and they were found to be moderately satisfied in there provision. While provision of health facilities and provision of market facilities were provided in low level in the study area with low mean scores ranked at nine to ten respectively. The study recommended that the government should upgrade existing market or improve infrastructure in existing market, including proper sanitation, waste management to ease the situation of market facilities in the study area. The study recommended that the Government should engage local communities in the planning and development of these facilities to ensure they meet their specific needs.

Load Balancing in Cloud Computing Using Meta Heuristic Algorithm

Cloud computing involves load balancing, a technique for evenly distributing work across a cloud-based environment. Enterprises authorized applications to be managed, with these apps typically developed by the network's provider. The cloud system relies on multiple computers, supporting stakeholders in utilizing it for load balancing. It ensures virtual machines remain balanced, effectively distributing the workload among them and helping companies handle network traffic and workload issues. The load balancing system reduces imbalances among virtual machines, using the Bat algorithm to encrypt essential load balancing features. Our paper presents these techniques as a meta-heuristic algorithm. Keywords— Cloud Computing, Load Balancing, Virtual Machines, Workload.

Digital finance: a developing country perspective with special focus on gender and regional disparity

PurposeEven if digital financial services have a positive impact on financial inclusion, it creates a digital as well as gender divide within and across countries, creating regional disparity even within developing nations. Though pandemic has initiated digitalization of various services, there has been scanty research on whether digital transfer of income can improve digital financial inclusion in post-pandemic era, especially in developing countries. The purpose of the current study is to explain the regional disparity within developing countries from three regions East Asia Pacific, South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, using latest World Findex data, 2021.Design/methodology/approachThe author takes an instrumental variable approach to run bivariate probit model to find the factors that motivate the users to make digital payments.FindingsThe study observes that electronic transfer of wages, government transfers and remittances can motivate individuals to make use of digital mode of transactions and mobile. The practice of formal saving and borrowings are the prerequisites. However, this mechanism holds good for East Asia Pacific and not for South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa, which are poor in information and communication technology infrastructure. Women are lagging behind men, but digital transfer of wages motivate them to make digital transaction.Practical implicationsDigitalization of all government services and provision of affordable mobile network and internet services are necessary for regions like South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa. In East Asia Pacific region, data protection, data governance and better regulatory framework are required. Higher female labor force participation with digital transfer of wages and empowerment with smartphones are key to reducing the Gender gap.Originality/valueThe current study corrects for the possible endogeneity issue, which the extant literature has not paid attention to, and provides region-specific and gender-specific policy recommendations for an improved digital inclusion.

Entrepreneurial Intention Among Students

Research Aims: Indonesia has enormous natural resources. This wealth of natural resources has the potential to become a business opportunity and give birth to new entrepreneurs. This study aimed to identify the effect of entrepreneurial education, self-efficacy, and network on entrepreneurial intention.
 Design/methodology/approach: The method of research used in this study was quantitative. The number of samples used was 91 college students domiciled in Eastern Indonesia (EI). The sampling technique used in this study was the purposive sampling technique. The data analysis technique used was descriptive statistics with the Partial Least Square program (PLS). The majority of the respondents in this study were male (53%), 20 years old (52.7%), majoring in economics and business (60.4%), and currently in their third year of college (58.2%).
 Research Findings: The results showed that entrepreneurial education had a positive and significant effect on self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial education, self-efficacy, and the network had a positive and significant effect on entrepreneurial intention.
 Theoretical Contribution/Originality: The findings of this research can be used as an evaluation of the results of various efforts made to encourage the growth of entrepreneurial intentions through the provision of educational facilities and networks in Eastern Indonesia.

NAISS: A reverse proxy approach to mitigate MageCart's e-skimmers in e-commerce

The rise of payment details theft has led to increasing concerns regarding the security of e-commerce platforms. For the MageCart threat family, the attacks employ e-skimmers, which are pieces of software code that instruct clients to forward payment details to an attacker-controlled server. They can be injected into hosting providers' servers as HTML tags such as script, iframe, and img. By leveraging image steganography - the technique of hiding structured information inside images without visual perturbances - MageCart groups can deliver e-skimmers without raising suspicion. In this work, we systematically review applicable solutions in the literature and evaluate their drawbacks in the setting of a compromised hosting provider. While promising, existing solutions in the literature present shortcomings such as a lack of compatibility, adaptability, or functionality in the presence of an attacker. Based on this review, we compile a set of features for a better solution, which we use as a foundation for designing our proposed solution - NAISS: Network Authentication of Images to Stop e-Skimmers. Through our solution, digital signatures of individual images are checked inside a server-side middlebox residing in the hosting provider's network to prevent the transmission of unauthorized images to clients. Elliptic curve signatures are provided by the e-commerce platform developer prior to uploading a website to the hosting provider. Our proof-of-concept implementation shows that NAISS is capable of filtering 100% of present stegoimages, regardless of their novelty, while imposing a minimal performance detriment and no client-side modifications.

The conductivity of Nb2O5 enhanced by the triple effect of fluorine doping, oxygen vacancy, and carbon modification for improving the lithium storage performance.

In view of the inherent pseudocapacitance, rich redox pairs (Nb5+/Nb4+ and Nb4+/Nb3+), and high lithiation potential (1.0-3.0V vs Li/Li+), Nb2O5 is considered a promising anode material. However, the inherent low electronic conductivity of Nb2O5 limits its lithium storage performance, and the rate performance after carbon modification is still unsatisfactory because the intrinsic conductivity of Nb2O5 has not been substantially improved. In this experiment, taking the improvement of the intrinsic electrical conductivity of Nb2O5 as the guiding ideology, we prepared F-doped Nb2O5@fluorocarbon composites (F-Nb2O5@FC) with a large number of oxygen vacancies by one-step annealing. As the anode electrode of lithium-ion batteries, the reversible specific capacity of F-Nb2O5@FC reaches 150 mA g-1 at 5Ag-1 after 1100 cycles, and the rate performance is particularly outstanding, with a capacity up to 130 mA g-1 at 16Ag-1, which is far superior to other Nb2O5@carbon-based anode electrodes. Compared with other single conductivity sources of Nb2O5@carbon-based composites, the electrical conductivity of F-Nb2O5@FC composites is greatly improved in many aspects, including the introduction of free electrons by F- doping, the generation of oxygen vacancies, and the provision of a three-dimensional conductive network by FC. Through analytical chemistry (work function, UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and EIS) and theoretical calculations, it is proved that F-Nb2O5@FC has high electrical conductivity and realizes rapid electron transfer.

Provider's Individual and Network Attributes in the Selection Process of a Predominant Antenatal Care Provider in South Carolina: A Case-Control Study.

This study aims to examine the association between provider attributes, including network (patient panel size, degree-number of peer connections, and community size- number of a closely connected group of peers) and individual attributes (travel distance, specialties, and rural practice), and a predominant (most visited) provider. This study utilized South Carolina's Medicaid claims data during 2014 to 2018, focusing on live births in hospitals. Samples were limited to pregnant women continuously enrolled in Medicaid throughout pregnancy. Predominant providers (total = 2153) were identified for 29 569 pregnancies. Network analyses involved 5520 providers, comprising 3667 antenatal care (ANC) providers and 1853 non-ANC providers. A Cartesian product (n = 45 929 845) combined five annual provider lists with all included pregnancies. Logistic regressions with repeated measures were applied to this retrospective case-control study. The results demonstrated that a medium or large degree were associated with being a predominant provider if the community size was medium or large. A predominant provider was more likely to be located near, rather than far from, the served woman, and in rural areas rather than urban ones. They were also more likely to be specialists, midwives, and nurse practitioners than primary care physicians. The results suggest that both individual and network attributes were significantly associated with being a predominant provider. Policies aimed at addressing access issues for antenatal care should consider both the individual and network attributes of providers, as providers may not be able to alter their individual attributes but can always optimize their social network.

Desired Care for Perinatal Bereavement: Meeting the Needs of Mothers After Discharge From the Hospital-a Qualitative Study.

This study aimed to investigate the understanding and experiences of mothers who have suffered perinatal loss regarding their needs after being discharged from the hospital. Data were collected through semi-structured face-to-face and telephone interviews using purposive sampling with maximum diversity. The sample included 15 mothers and 6 midwives who had experienced fetal loss and perinatal bereavement. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Conventional content analysis was used to analyze the data. Sampling was conducted from July 2022 to March 2023, continuing until data saturation was reached. The study identified 2 main categories of needs for mothers who have experienced perinatal loss: continuous healthcare (including the Comprehensive Mother Tracking System, provision of psychological welfare, and educational needs) and provision of a support network, including "spouse and family support" and "peer and colleague support." The primary theme of this study was "Deliberating Care for Grieving Mothers." The study results indicate that mothers who experience perinatal loss require continuity of care after being discharged. Psychological screening and counseling support are essential for both parents. Considering the significant impact of spousal, familial, and community support on an individual's life, it is crucial to prepare the community to comprehend and embrace grieving parents.

The integrated sphere of coopetition of digital services and the regulatory approach of diagonal equity

Telecommunications Service providers (TSPs) and Content and Application Providers (CAPs) that operate over the Internet are traditionally regarded as complementary. However, the growth of 5G technologies has led to the emergence of an integrated sphere of competition and cooperation between TSPs and CAPs.The new elements of this competitive landscape stem from the hybridization of network provisioning, the growth of substitute services, and the emergence of end to end value networks comprising of devices, connectivity solutions, and a variety of content and application services. Simultaneously, the regulatory drivers that occasioned a differential treatment of TSP in their role as providers of essential utility communication services are converging with the features observed with respect to certain CAPs. These dynamics warrant the application of a new regulatory framework in the form of Diagonal Equity, that recognizes the need for similar regulatory principles to be applied to TSPs and CAPs, while acknowledging that with respect to certain issues a differential treatment will continue to be required.

Arctic digital airmobile cyberphysical platforms technologies

This article is aimed at characterizing the physical-geographical and socio-geographical conditions of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. The necessity and possibility of using unmanned vehicles to support activity in the Arctic are demonstrated. The cyber capability of the Arctic zone is determined in terms of observability, controllability, and security criteria. The characteristics of unmanned vehicles used in Arctic operations are given. General principles for the formation of singleand group airmobile intelligent platforms are formulated. Digital technologies and methods for using unmanned airborne platforms are described in the context of typical piloting episodes and tasks, situation analysis in a given area, ice reconnaissance, provision of communication networks in poorly equipped water areas, navigation systems support, etc. The limitations of using airmobile unmanned technologies in Arctic conditions are outlined.

POSSIBILITIES OF IMPROVING THE VOICE SERVICES QUALITY IN 5G NETWORKS

Background. The introduction of fifth-generation (5G) networks creates new opportunities for fast and continuous data exchange, but there are still some problems with the quality of voice services in such networks. With the rapid development of technology and the further spread of 5G, there is a need to understand the impact of key aspects of 5G on voice quality. This requires research that can systematically analyse the features of 5G networks that affect the quality of voice services.
 Objective. Identification of ways to improve the quality of voice services in 5G networks. Assessment of key indicators of voice service quality in 5G networks. Determination of the best option for the gradual transition to the Standalone mode and the use of VoNR technology in the fifth generation networks.
 Methods. Analysis of factors affecting the quality of voice services in fifth-generation networks. Analysis of well-known publications on the implementation of 5G networks. Comparison of the implementation of Non-Standalone and Standalone modes in the 5G network. Testing of the modern EVS codec, which provides an opportunity to improve the customer experience.
 Results. Confirmation that 5G networks can significantly improve the quality of voice services compared to previous mobile communication technologies such as 4G and 3G. Certain factors that may affect the quality of voice services and require additional attention when planning and deploying 5G networks are identified. The optimal steps for the transition to the Standalone mode and the use of VoNR technology in fifth-generation networks are determined. The main differences in the QoS architecture between LTE and 5G are identified, and the purpose of DRB flows for separating traffic types and services is established.
 Conclusions. It has been confirmed that 5G networks can significantly improve the quality of voice services compared to previous technologies such as 4G and 3G. This is possible due to the broadband capabilities of 5G networks, improved data transmission, low latency, the use of an advanced EVS codec and reduced response time. However, certain factors, such as network coverage, optimisation level and traffic characteristics, can affect the quality of voice services and require additional attention when planning and deploying 5G networks. The QoS management architecture consists of QoS flows, which allow separating packet assignment to flows (managed by the CN) from the assignment of DRB flows (managed by the RAN). As 5G networks are being rolled out gradually, it is important to properly integrate the 5G domain into the existing telecoms provider's network. The transition from Non-Standalone to Dual connectivity is a necessary step for the implementation of VoNR technology in Standalone mode. Using the modern EVS codec allows not only improving the customer experience, but also introducing new voice services.

The performance of the digital city projects in urban studies of the megalopolises (the case studies of Kharkiv and Dnipro cities)

Introduction of the research problem. Urbanization drives Digital City Projects (DCPs) to create smarter urban environments using advanced technologies. DCPs aim to make cities more connected and responsive, adapting to changing needs. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the performance of DCPs in megalopolises, focusing on Kharkiv and Dnipro in Ukraine. The previous works done. The various literature sources demonstrate the rise of Digital Cities stemming from Smart Cities. Kharkiv and Dnipro in Ukraine exemplify digitalization's role amid Russian aggression. Exposition of the main research material. The performance of the theoretical urbogeosystemic approach and its UOM in the provision of practical Digital City projects. This subsection delves into the practical application of the urbogeosystemic approach and its Urban Ontological Model (UOM) in DCPs. The UOM guides urban studies by defining components and relationships. Implementing DCPs begins with building simulation models using LiDAR data. Case Study First - Kharkiv: A feasible perspective of a full-format DCP implementation. This subsection discusses implementing a DCP in Kharkiv, emphasizing data integration from OpenStreetMap (OSM) and LiDAR. The authors propose that a DCP should serve as a comprehensive model of a real city, encompassing all its structural elements and key objects, going beyond the capabilities of a typical GIS project. Possible user’s scenarios include energy consumption analysis, population estimation, and visibility gradients assessment. The subsection highlights the comprehensive DCP approach with LiDAR data processing software (iQ City CCM) and urban geosituational analysis. Case Study Second - Kharkiv: a perspective of geomarketing within the “Digital Kharkiv” project as a routine GIS one. This subsection delves into the integration of geomarketing into the "Digital Kharkiv" project. Geomarketing plays a pivotal role in mapping socioeconomic elements tied to market interactions. "Digital Kharkiv," primarily sourced from OSM data, is lauded for its versatility in urban studies during peacetime and war. The text urges exploration of geomarketing within "Digital Kharkiv" in the context of post-Russian aggression rehabilitation, particularly in optimizing humanitarian object placements. Changes in geomarketing potential pre- and post-invasion in various city districts have been analyzed, highlighting areas with stagnation and those witnessing growth due to population resettlement. Case Study Third - Dnipro: implementation of a typical GIS-project for analyzing provision of the city population with public transportation infrastructural networks. This subsection discusses the implementation of the "Digital Dnipro" project as part of the DCP framework. The project focuses on analyzing the provision of public transportation networks in the city of Dnipro. It utilizes data from OSM to create a virtual model of the city, which includes attribute information for urban objects. This subsection also highlights the impact of war on urban planning and the need for sustainable updates to adapt to changing conditions. Conclusion. This section summarizes the key findings and takeaways from the research on DCPs in Ukrainian cities like Kharkiv and Dnipro. It highlights the importance of an urbogeosystemic approach in implementing DCPs effectively. The study emphasizes the flexibility and efficiency of the relevant GIS tools in urban research and transformation.

Big Data Network Optimization for Mobile Cellular Networks in 5G

5G ensures the provision of intelligent network and application services by means of connectivity to remote sensors, massive amounts of Internet of Things data, and fast data transmissions. Through the utilization of distributed compute architectures and by supporting massive connectivity across diverse devices like sensors, gateways, and controllers, 5G brings about a transformative revolution in the conversion of both big data at rest and data in motion into real-time intelligence. Big Data Analytics play an important role in the evolution of 5G standards, enabling intelligence across networks, applications, and businesses. Administrators of mobile organizations have access to a plethora of opportunities to enhance service quality through big data. Network optimization serves as a crucial method to achieve this task, with network prediction forming the foundation for such optimization. Ensuring network stability and security is essential for 5G mobile communication, considering its significance as an important tool in national life. Therefore, this work focuses on presenting big data network optimization for mobile cellular networks within the context of 5G. In order to improve the Quality of Experience (QoE) for users, this work explores various methods for integrating network optimization and Big Data analytics. The performance of the presented model is evaluated in terms of QoE, Throughput, handover rate, mobility, reliability, and network slicing.

A Connectivity Aware Path Planning for a Fleet of UAVs in an Urban Environment

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are known for their highly dynamic nature, as a result of which their applications demand high design consideration in urban areas. It is imperative to have trajectories that avoid UAV-to-UAV and UAV-to-obstacle collision to ensure the safety of a fleet and people on the ground. Moreover, many applications, like temporary network provision, require continuous backhaul fleet connectivity. This work simultaneously addresses UAVs’ path planning and routing issues to propose connectivity-aware path planning for a fleet of UAVs in an urban environment. The proposed scheme is a graph-based offline path planning with fleet line formation that ensures continuous backhaul connectivity. This feature allows any UAV to play the role of leader and guide the entire fleet according to a desired speed. Thanks to the continuous backhaul connectivity, the Base Station (BS) can disseminate commands to the connected fleet as required. Fleet line formation acts as a backbone network and allows additional UAVs or ground users to become a part of this network. The proposed approach is implemented in MATLAB’s UAV Toolbox and evaluated in a network simulator. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme provides collision-free trajectories while ensuring continuous BS connectivity.

Building an empirically grounded conceptual frame for business networking as a mechanism for pro-environmental business growth

Whilst there is a growing body of evidence relating to the environmental capabilities, eco innovation, sustainable supply chains and green skills of individual SMEs (small and medium-sized enterprises), much less attention has been paid to networked approaches to pro-environmental and sustainable SME support. The empirical studies that do exist mostly take a firm-centric approach. This study takes a network centric view to describe hitherto under-explored features of network functionality based on case analysis of a single business support network in the East Midlands of the UK. The resulting conceptual framework offers an analytical tool that can be used to study network functionality in the service of pro-environmental SME development more widely. Empirical data for this case analysis of a regional ‘low carbon’ business network is drawn from interviews with 25 stakeholders, analysis of programme level data and documentation, ‘insider’ observation of network activity and evidence from both independent and internal evaluations. The study charts key aspects of network provision and its impact upon SMEs and wider stakeholders. The paper then presents a conceptual model of pro-environmental business networking that identifies key internal features of network activity as well as various external drivers of multi-stakeholder engagement in the shift to a more sustainable local economy.