Network Of Charging Stations Research Articles

Optimal location and sizing of fast charging stations for electric vehicles by incorporating traffic and power networks

Widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) relies on a dependable public charging station (CS) network. CS locations should assure that vehicle users can reach the CS within the EV driving area. This study introduces a technique for optimal location and sizing of fast CSs (FCSs) that considers transportation loss, grid power loss and build-up costs. Google Maps API, battery state of charge, road traffic density and grid power losses are considered in the suggested method. A recently introduced binary lightning search algorithm is also implemented as an optimisation technique for FCS planning. The capability of the suggested method was tested in an urban area. Results reveal that the suggested technique can obtain the optimal location and sizing of FCS that can aid EV drivers, FCS builders and the utility grid. Furthermore, the suggested method obtained more realistic results compared with the traditional methods.

Fostering Share&Charge through proper regulation

This article studies the emergence of Share&Charge, a German platform that organizes the sharing of charging stations for electric vehicles (EVs) and the billing for the energy transactions. Share&Charge follows a peer-to-peer fashion, enabling direct transactions between charging station owners and EV drivers. On the demand side, the platform, with its interactive map, makes it possible for EV owners to find a charging station in the most suitable location, for instance, at their place of work or where they live. On the offer side, Share&Charge enables station operators (private individuals or companies) to rent their charging stations and eventually to sell the electricity they produce. Charging tariffs within the charging station network are determined by the charging station operators themselves, but the platform provides indicative tariffs. Launched in September 2017, Share&Charge follows other initiatives, such as the French platforms Wattpop and ChargeMap, and the Swedish Elbnb. Share&Charge’s network is already proven to be successful with German citizens. Share&Charge adds certain elements of value at different stages of EV utilization. First, this model allows for a co-financing of charging infrastructures by individuals and businesses in the private sector by sharing the infrastructure costs among EV drivers. Besides the purchase price of EVs, the implementation of charging infrastructures and their financing represent a significant barrier to the rise of e-mobility. Share&Charge helps remove this obstacle without adding a further burden on the governmental budget. In addition, this approach follows the “user pays principle,” which engages in fair and effective financing. Second, the platform increases decentralized production value and facilitates its expansion. It also helps in avoiding grid congestion and energy loss, as well as increasing flexibility within the electricity market. Third, data use enables the optimization of energy demand and supply, and the optimal determination of tariffs, although these remain facultative. Models like Share&Charge could thus positively impact energy policy by tackling several upcoming obstacles associated with the development of EVs and decentralized energy production capacities. However, new forms of network structures (decentralized networks, sharing economy) and new actors (prosumers, platforms, etc.) also raise regulatory challenges. This article presents some of the legal issues associated with the development of models like Share&Charge. In particular, we study the tax framework applicable to this model, assuming that as such, it would be introduced into the Belgian market.

Optimal Allocation Model for EV Charging Stations Coordinating Investor and User Benefits

Deploying charging stations (CSs) catering to the demand from electric vehicles plays an important role in modernizing energy infrastructures. In this paper, a bi-level optimal allocation model for allocating fast CSs is proposed aiming to maximize the CS investor benefit (upper layer sub-problem) by optimally allocating CSs with the coordinated determination of the expected efficiency of charging service supply (lower layer sub-problem). The efficiency is formulated as a charging performance index in terms of user satisfaction degree, which mathematically couples the upper level and lower level sub-problems. The proposed nonlinear bi-level model is reduced to a single-layer optimization model under the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker optimality conditions. An improved dynamic differential evolution algorithm with an adaptive update strategy is proposed to solve this single-layer optimization model. The proposed method is validated using a realistic case. The test results show that the proposed methodology is able to co-ordinate both objectives of interest, i.e., allocating CSs network with the maximized benefits and optimizing the fast charging service efficiency at the same time.

Multi-Party Energy Management for Networks of PV-Assisted Charging Stations: A Game Theoretical Approach

Motivated by the development of electric vehicles (EVs), this paper addresses the energy management problem for the PV-assisted charging station (PVCS) network. An hour-ahead optimization model for the operation of PVCS is proposed, considering the profit of the PVCS, the local consumption of the photovoltaic (PV) energy and the impacts on the grid. Moreover, a two-level feasible charging region (FCR) model is built to guarantee the service quality for EVs and learning-based decision-making is designed to assist the optimization of the PVCS in various scenarios. The multi-party energy management problem, including several kinds of energy flows of the PVCS network, is formulated as a non-cooperative game. Then, the strategies of the PVCSs are modeled as the demand response (DR) activities to achieve their own optimization goals and a two-level distributed heuristic algorithm is introduced to solve the problem. The simulation results show that the economic profit of the network is increased by 6.34% compared with the common time of use (TOU) prices approach. Besides, the percentage of the PV energy in total charging load (PPTCL) and load rate are promoted by 28.93% and 0.3125, respectively, which demonstrates the validity and practicability of the proposed method.

The Safe-Range-Inventory (SRI): An assistance tool for optimizing the charging infrastructure for electric vehicles

Electric Vehicles (EVs) are propagated as an essential solution for reducing the carbon footprint of traffic activities. One essential barrier to the adoption of electromobility strategies in everyday life is the very limited driving range of typical EVs. A dense and reliable network of electric charging stations would enable safer and longer ranges. Modern fast-charging technologies provide additional possibilities to tactically and quickly re-charge EVs, but high implementation costs make it necessary to establish a mixed infrastructure consisting of cheap-but-slow and expensive-but-fast charging stations. We utilized the so-called Safe-Range-Inventory (SRI), a multidimensional assessment tool for capturing multi-facets of subjective range safety assessments. Using scenarios with different infrastructure settings, we revealed that the addition of just one fast-charging option drastically lowers range anxiety even under relatively short emergency range conditions. Additional fast-charging options did not have strong positive effects on the assessments but would amass very high costs. The SRI can assist in the planning of electric charging infrastructures in order to find the right balance between range safety and installation and maintenance costs.

PRINCIPLES OF MONITORING AND CONTROL OF THE CHARGING STATIONS NETWORK FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES

This paper explores the principles of construction, monitoring, management, and safety organization in the network of charging stations for electric vehicles. The use of elements of modern client-server technologies and elements of cyber-physical systems in such networks is offered. The basic structure of the cyber-physical control system of the charging station network has been developed. Network server and client tools have been researched and developed. Structural and functional server solutions and client parts are submitted. An analysis of the potential cyberattacks vulnerability of the network. Suggestеtion to use effective methods of protection against cyberattacks. Keywords: monitoring, control, network, charging station, server, cybersecurity.

Reducing Range Anxiety by Unifying Networks of Charging Stations

Availability of charging infrastructure is an important factor in penetration of electric vehicles into daily transportation system. Several factors in electric vehicle industry have caused range anxiety including insufficient charging stations, limited range of electric vehicles, long charging time, inaccurate estimation of available range, and energy consumption of auxiliary in-vehicle devices. However less attention has been paid to universality in charging station networks. This paper reviews the solutions to range anxiety. With regards to availability of charging station as one of the solutions, accessibility of charging stations by electric vehicle owners is also represented as another cause of range anxiety and a possible solution is provided.

EFFICIENCY USE OF PLANTS BASED ON RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES FOR CHARGING ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN RUSSIA

The paper deals with the development of electric charging stations network for electric vehicles, operated both the power grid and renewable energy sources (RES), which is carried out fairly rapidly in the world today. In Russia only mains-operated charging stations have spread so far. Moreover this paper discusses the results of investigation on efficiency of hybrid energy complexes based on RES, including different types of charging stations, in Russia.

Infrastructure as social catalyst: Electric vehicle station planning and deployment

Although transportation infrastructure is often recognized as a powerful driver with regard to urban form, it is less frequently recognized for its ability to act as a social and behavioral catalyst. With the demographic shift of people moving to cities and the corresponding increase in competition for the space of transportation infrastructure, as well as the introduction of new technologies to transportation, innovation on how we approach the design of such an important urban component is essential. Here we present a project which responds to the question ‘How do you plan and implement an infrastructure for the introduction of a new transportation technology?’ This paper describes the planning, design and deployment of a network of electric vehicle (EV) charging stations in British Columbia from a synthetic human-centered design perspective. The project can be used as a reference when discussing holistic approaches to emerging technology based product adoption. In particular, this project focuses on the infrastructure required to support EV uptake and presents a new methodology for planning and deploying EV infrastructure based on a holistic multi-disciplinary approach. Our approach considers that the design of new infrastructure is both a social and cultural undertaking as much as it is a technical one. This view of infrastructure design requires a different design perspective and a pedagogical shift to accompany it. The innovation process in a service sector, such as infrastructure design, precedes the innovation in the product and, as such, a study of a novel process is important (Abernathy et al., 1975, Linton and Walsh., 2003). The methodology we propose for the deployment of a charging stations network is here presented in all its components, reflecting the approach described. We developed the project from a staged network framework built on the technology adoption curve. The framework is adaptable to an evolving deployment, technology and market timeline. The strategies adopted include context specific station phasing, regional network design, station design and branding, and a phased business model. The deployment plan is based on a GIS analysis of urban form which engages predictive analysis to inform where the infrastructure will have the most impact. Ultimately, the case presented demonstrates a complex set of variables involved in the design of infrastructure for emerging technologies, thus contributing to the argument for synthetic design in the study of innovations.

Capacity Planning Frameworks for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations With Multiclass Customers

In order to foster electric vehicle (EV) adoption, there is a strong need for designing and developing charging stations that can accommodate different customer classes distinguished by their charging preferences, needs, and technologies. By growing such charging station networks, the power grid becomes more congested and, therefore, controlling charging requests should be carefully aligned with the available resources. This paper focuses on an EV charging network equipped with different charging technologies and proposes two frameworks. In the first framework, appropriate for large networks, the EV population is expected to constitute a sizable portion of the light duty fleets. This necessitates controlling the EV charging operations to prevent potential grid failures and distribute the resources efficiently. This framework leverages pricing dynamics in order to control the EV customer request rates and to provide a charging service with the best level of quality of service (QoS). The second framework, on the other hand, is more appropriate for smaller networks, in which the objective is to compute the minimum amount of resources required to provide certain levels of QoS to each class. The results show that the proposed frameworks ensure grid reliability and lead to significant savings in capacity planning.

Considering the dynamic refueling behavior in locating electric vehicle charging stations

Abstract. Electric vehicles (EVs) will certainly play an important role in addressing the energy and environmental challenges at current situation. However, location problem of EV charging stations was realized as one of the key issues of EVs launching strategy. While for the case of locating EV charging stations, more influence factors and constraints need to be considered since the EVs have some special attributes. The minimum requested charging time for EVs is usually more than 30minutes, therefore the possible delay time due to waiting or looking for an available station is one of the most important influence factors. In addition, the intention to purchase and use of EVs that also affects the location of EV charging stations is distributed unevenly among regions and should be considered when modelling. Unfortunately, these kinds of time-spatial constraints were always ignored in previous models. Based on the related research of refuelling behaviours and refuelling demands, this paper developed a new concept with dual objectives of minimum waiting time and maximum service accessibility for locating EV charging stations，named as Time-Spatial Location Model (TSLM). The proposed model and the traditional flow-capturing location model are applied on an example network respectively and the results are compared. Results demonstrate that time constraint has great effects on the location of EV charging stations. The proposed model has some obvious advantages and will help energy providers to make a viable plan for the network of EV charging stations.

Unsplittable Load Balancing in a Network of Charging Stations Under QoS Guarantees

The operation of the power grid is becoming more stressed, due to the addition of new large loads represented by Electric Vehicles (EVs) and a more intermittent supply due to the incorporation of renewable sources. As a consequence, the coordination and control of projected EV demand in a network of fast charging stations becomes a critical and challenging problem. In this paper, we introduce a game theoretic based decentralized control mechanism to alleviate negative impacts from the EV demand. The proposed mechanism takes into consideration the non-uniform spatial distribution of EVs that induces uneven power demand at each charging facility, and aims to: (i) avoid straining grid resources by offering price incentives so that customers accept being routed to less busy stations, (ii) maximize total revenue by serving more customers with the same amount of grid resources, and (iii) provide charging service to customers with a certain level of Quality-of-Service (QoS), the latter defined as the long term customer blocking probability. We examine three scenarios of increased complexity that gradually approximate real world settings. The obtained results show that the proposed framework leads to substantial performance improvements in terms of the aforementioned goals, when compared to current state of affairs.

Charging Station Battery Optimal Distribution Software Design Based on GUI Technique

Charging station network is one of the most critical links, during the large-scale operation progress of new energy vehicles. Due to the large number of charging stations in network, the number of batteries distributed in the whole charging station network is also very large. Timely and accurately delivering of replaced battery would save a lot of material and manpower costs and time. Therefore, battery optimal distribution problem in charging station network must be resolved. The main purpose of this paper is to design the power battery optimal distribution software. Matlab GUI (Graphical User Interface) technique is adopted to design simulation test software interface, and m language is used to implement background operations of optimal algorithm parameters.

Electric Power Allocation in a Network of Fast Charging Stations

In order to increase the penetration of electric vehicles, a network of fast charging stations that can provide drivers with a certain level of quality of service (QoS) is needed. However, given the strain that such a network can exert on the power grid, and the mobility of loads represented by electric vehicles, operating it efficiently is a challenging and complex problem. In this paper, we examine a network of charging stations equipped with an energy storage device and propose a scheme that allocates power to them from the grid, as well as routes customers. We examine three scenarios, gradually increasing their complexity. In the first one, all stations have identical charging capabilities and energy storage devices, draw constant power from the grid and no routing decisions of customers are considered. It represents the current state of affairs and serves as a baseline for evaluating the performance of the proposed scheme. In the second scenario, power to the stations is allocated in an optimal manner from the grid and in addition a certain percentage of customers can be routed to nearby stations. In the final scenario, optimal allocation of both power from the grid and customers to stations is considered. The three scenarios are evaluated using real traffic traces corresponding to weekday rush hour from a large metropolitan area in the US. The results indicate that the proposed scheme offers substantial improvements of performance compared to the current mode of operation; namely, more customers can be served with the same amount of power, thus enabling the station operators to increase their profitability. Further, the scheme provides guarantees to customers in terms of the probability of being blocked (and hence not served) by the closest charging station to their location. Overall, the paper addresses key issues related to the efficient operation, both from the perspective of the power grid and the drivers satisfaction, of a network of charging stations.

PLC-Based Communications Network Design for EV Charging & Swapping Stations

Electric vehicle (EV) charging & swapping station is an indispensable EV energy service infrastructure after the large-scale industrialization of EV. Power line carrier communication (PLC) is a technology that transmits analog or digital signal with high speed through the carrier. By applying robust and reliable power line as the transmission medium of carrier signal, PLC is featured with stable and reliable information transmission, reasonable routing, no re-wiring, wide coverage, convenient connection, and highly reliable channel. This paper briefly describes the characteristics and applications of PLC technology, introduces functions and an overall design plan for the communication network of EV charging and swapping stations. Meanwhile, it provides the hardware realization and protocol establishment of communications network interfaces for PLC-based EV charging and swapping stations as well as a design for information management system.

State of charge

In a cloud of car exhaust during a Friday rush hour, I'm humming over San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge in an all-electric, tailpipe-free Nissan Leaf. I've plotted a course for Vacaville, 88 kilometers (55 miles) north, known for its sprawling outlet mall. However, I seek not a shopping retreat but an eco-electric enclave, for this city is in the vanguard of a government-subsidized drive to build the first network of public electric-vehicle charging stations in the United States. Throughout this year and into 2013, the top organizations in EV charging technology will be wrapping up projects backed by more than US $130 million in federal stimulus money and Department of Energy grants. And with thousands of public chargers coming on line, Vacaville's beta-scale program joins the latest, politically charged controversy over the electric car: Is public charging a necessary spark to ignite mass-scale EV adoption?

3305 電気自動車用充電設備網の運用に関する研究 : 「四国 EV 駅"電" 2002」における試験運用

3305 電気自動車用充電設備網の運用に関する研究 : 「四国 EV 駅"電" 2002」における試験運用