Network In Terms Research Articles

Circuit and Electromagnetic Modeling of Bulk Current Injection Test Setups Involving Complex Wiring Harnesses

In this work, an enhanced model of injection probes for bulk current injection (BCI) is proposed, allowing for circuit simulation of BCI test setups involving complex wiring harnesses. Accuracy of the proposed model is assessed by means of electromagnetic (EM) full-wave simulation of different wiring structures comprising a large number of conductors. To this end, a virtual calibration setup, including an EM model of the injection device mounted on the calibration jig provided by the probe manufacturer, is preliminary developed and validated versus measurement data. The model is then used to investigate the main factors influencing RF noise injection in practical BCI setups. Particularly, it is used to predict the significantly different levels of noise measured at the terminations of each wire in the bundle during the BCI test, as well as to provide such differences with an explanation in terms of characteristics of the wiring harness, positioning of each conductor in the bundle with respect to the others, equivalent common mode impedance of the terminal networks.

Localizing Proton-Mediated Inhibitory Feedback at the Retinal Horizontal Cell-Cone Synapse with Genetically-Encoded pH Probes.

Lateral inhibition in the vertebrate retina depends on a negative feedback synapse between horizontal cells (HCs) and rod and cone photoreceptors. A change in pH is thought to be the signal for negative feedback, but its spatial profile in the synaptic cleft is unknown. Here we use three different membrane proteins, each fused to the same genetically-encoded pH-sensitive Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) (pHluorin), to probe synaptic pH in retina from transgenic zebrafish (Danio rerio) of either sex. We used the cone transducin promoter to express SynaptopHluorin (pHluorin on vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP2)) or CalipHluorin (pHluorin on an L-type Ca2+ channel) and the HC-specific connexin-55.5 promoter to express AMPApHluorin (pHluorin on an AMPA receptor). Stimulus light led to increased fluorescence of all three probes, consistent with alkalinization of the synaptic cleft. The receptive field size, sensitivity to surround illumination, and response to activation of an alien receptor expressed exclusively in HCs, are consistent with lateral inhibition as the trigger for alkalinization. However, SynaptopHluorin and AMPApHluorin, which are displaced farther from cone synaptic ribbons than CalipHluorin, reported a smaller pH change. Hence, unlike feedforward glutamatergic transmission, which spills over to allow cross talk between terminals in the cone network, the pH change underlying HC feedback is compartmentalized to individual synaptic invaginations within a cone terminal, consistent with private line communication.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Lateral inhibition (LI) is a fundamental feature of information processing in sensory systems, enhancing contrast sensitivity and enabling edge discrimination. Horizontal cells (HCs) are the first cellular substrate of LI in the vertebrate retina, but the synaptic mechanisms underlying LI are not completely understood, despite decades of study. This paper makes a significant contribution to our understanding of LI, by showing that each HC-cone synapse is a "private-line" that operates independently from other HC-cone connections. Using transgenic zebrafish expressing pHluorin, a pH-sensitive GFP variant spliced onto three different protein platforms expressed either in cones or HCs we show that the feedback pH signal is constrained to individual cone terminals, and more stringently, to individual synaptic contact sites within each terminal.

A hybrid intelligent model for network selection in the industrial Internet of Things

Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) plays an important role in increasing productivity and efficiency in heterogeneous wireless networks. However, different domains such as industrial wireless scenarios, small cell domains and vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) require an efficient machine learning/intelligent algorithm to process the vertical handover decision that can maintain mobile terminals (MTs) in the preferable networks for a sufficient duration of time. The preferred quality of service parameters can be differentiated from all the other MTs. Hence, in this paper, the problem with the vertical handoff (VHO) decision is articulated as the process of the Markov decision aimed to maximize the anticipated total rewards as well as to minimize the handoffs’ average count. A rewards function is designed to evaluate the QoS at the point of when the connections take place, as that is where the policy decision for a stationary deterministic handoff can be established. The proposed hybrid model merges the biogeography-based optimization (BBO) with the Markov decision process (MDP). The MDP is utilized to establish the radio access technology (RAT) selection’s probability that behaves as an input to the BBO process. Therefore, the BBO determines the best RAT using the described multi-point algorithm in the heterogeneous network. The numerical findings display the superiority of this paper’s proposed schemes in comparison with other available algorithms. The findings shown that the MDP-BBO algorithm is able to outperform other algorithms in terms of number of handoffs, bandwidth availability, and decision delays. Our algorithm displayed better expected total rewards as well as a reduced average account of handoffs compared to current approaches. Simulation results obtained from Monte-Carlo experiments prove validity of the proposed model.

Low Complexity Iterative Localization of Time-Misaligned Terminals in Cellular Networks

Recently, iterative localization has arisen as a promising approach to localize a Mobile Station (MS) in a cellular system. The conventional geo-location is obtained in a two-step approach: propagation delays are estimated and then the multi-lateration is responsible for the determination of the user position, based on the estimated delays. Iterative localization iterates between the two conventional steps to progressively refine delay estimates based on the position estimate available from the previous iterations. This localization scheme was seen to provide appealing performances compared to the two-step approach. It also seems to be computationally attractive with respect to direct localization that estimates the position using the digitized received signals directly. However, the iterative localization solution developed in literature relies on a strict time synchronization between MS and Base Stations. Moreover, the computational complexity of the iterative approach is not thoroughly compared to two-step and optimal solutions. This paper, therefore, proposes a new iterative localization method able to operate in a cellular system with time-misaligned terminals. We show by means of a detailed complexity analysis that the iterative positioning algorithm is one order of magnitude less complex than direct localization. Simulation results prove that the achievable performance after a few iterations approaches the performance of the direct localization solution.

Intelligent protection systems and their reliability in traction networks of transport systems.

The paper describes methods for setpoints’ setting of digital protections (terminals) in traction DC networks. A technique for their improvement and protection settings in a complete scheme is proposed. Besides, the main technical characteristics of digital protection and automation devices are listed. Numerous network parameters, which include those affecting its service reliability, are also reviewed. The parameter factor evaluation of dc traction network servicing, including the random parameter affects, is given. The algorithm and the design procedure of the dc traction network are reported in the paper. Besides, a real operation circuit of traction network protection at the experimental site is considered.

Channel Virtual Widening for Electric Information Acquisition System Based on LoRa and Edge Computing

Limited by the channel bandwidth of the terminal communication network in the power system electric information acquisition system, the energy user data at the end of the power system lack proper access mode. In this paper, based on the analysis and comparison of PLC technology, small wireless technology and GPRS technology, a new method of access communication based on LoRa technology and edge computing is proposed. The technology can take into account the advantages of low cost, strong coverage and anti-jamming, and can also improve the virtual bandwidth of the channel, and provide a solid foundation for high frequency data acquisition and mass delivery.

Analysis on multiple optical line terminal passive optical network based open access network

Passive optical networks (PONs) offer sufficient bandwidth to transfer huge amount having different packet sizes and data rates being generated by fusion of various networks. Additionally, multiple optical line terminals (OLTs) PONs reduce the computational complexity of data processing for nonuniform traffic. However, in order to improve the bandwidth allocation efficiency of a mixture of service providers, dynamic bandwidth algorithm (DBA) is needed for uplink communication. In this paper, a PON based open access network (OAN) is analyzed for bi-directional communication at various data rates. Multiple wavelengths are used to modulate the data of various service providers to evade the complicated DBA for uplink data broadcasting. The performance of the network is reported in terms of bandwidth exploitation, uplink effectiveness, overhead-to-data ratio and time cycle duration. The network is analyzed at various data rates to reveal the data accommodation capacity.

Low-Noise Graded-Index Plastic Optical Fiber for Significantly Stable and Robust Data Transmission

Internet traffic continues to grow with the increase of network-connected smartphones, tablets, televisions, and monitoring devices in the Internet-of-Things (IoT) era. This trend will be significantly accelerated by the introduction of ultrahigh-definition (UHD) imaging technologies in various applications, and existing optical networks including datacenter networks are under urgent development to accommodate this traffic. However, optical fibers have not been introduced into households located in optical network terminal areas, even though UHD device connections require decompressed high-volume data transmission at more than 100 Gb/s, where a multilevel modulation scheme is vital. In UHD applications, very short optical cables (typically less than several meters) are connected and disconnected by consumers in a manner similar to metal interface cables. Under such conditions, a data transmission quality is predominantly limited by noise and instability rather than bandwidth and loss. Here, we propose low-noise graded-index plastic optical fibers (GI POFs) that enable significantly stable and robust data transmission through strong mode coupling, whose mechanism is fundamentally different from that of silica optical fibers. The low-noise GI POF link eliminates the need for the precise fiber alignment, angled fiber facets, and optical isolators typically used in conventional links. Our proposed GI POF material paves the way for quick optical fiber connections for multilevel UHD video transmission, becoming the first “capillaries of light” from optical network terminals in the IoT era.

Brain of the tree pangolin (Manis tricuspis). III. The unusual locus coeruleus complex.

Here, we used a range of immunohistochemical stains, focussing on tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine-β-hydroxylase, to show that within the pons of tree pangolins clusters of noradrenergic neurons are present. No noradrenergic neurons were observed in the pontine periventricular gray matter (A6 and A4 groups missing), with all noradrenergic neurons being found within the pontine tegmentum (A7 and A5 groups). The tree pangolin is unique in lacking the locus coeruleus (A6) cell group observed in all vertebrates previously studied; however, noradrenergic axons and terminal networks were found throughout the cerebral cortex. We propose this is achieved through a unique structural reorganization of this system. First, the number of noradrenergic neurons in the compact portion of the subcoeruleus (A7sc) of the tree pangolin is increased, providing a total number of noradrenergic neurons in the pontine tegmentum (A7diffuse, A7sc, A5) that is equivalent to the entire locus coeruleus complex in related species of similar brain mass. Second, the most medially located noradrenergic neurons of the A7sc have dendrites that extend into the ventrolateral periventricular gray matter, in the location where the A6 neurons should have been located, forming a "pseudo A6" region. Third, the topological relationships of this "pseudo A6" region to other neurochemical systems that interact with the A6 neurons, such as the orexinergic, cholinergic, and serotonergic systems, appear to be maintained. Thus, a unique structural plasticity of this region appears to maintain the standard functions of the locus coeruleus complex in this unusual mammalian species.

Reprint of: From cloud-based communications to cognition-based communications: A computing perspective

Traditional cloud-based communications provide powerful cloud computing services. However, simply supporting intensive data processing is not sufficient, especially when capacity is limited and ultra-low latency is required. Thus, it is critical to propose a new Artificial Intelligence (AI)-enabled heterogeneous networks, including various terminal networks, fogs and clouds. Derived from cognitive science and data analytics, cognitive computing can mimic or augment human intelligence. When such cognitive intelligence is integrated with communications, traditional services will be renovated with higher accuracy and lower latency. In this paper, we propose cognition-based communications, which originates from both AI-based intelligent computing and advances in communications. Then, we introduce two applications of cognition-based communications, including user-centric cognitive communications, and cognitive internet of vehicles. Through cognition-based communications, we can better meet users’ needs, provide them with a better Quality of Experience (QoE), and achieve a higher energy efficiency.

Bidirectional hybrid OFDM based Wireless-over-fiber transport system using reflective semiconductor amplifier and polarization multiplexing technique

In this paper, a bidirectional hybrid OFDM based Wireless-over-fiber architecture has been investigated and demonstrated to transmit 10 Gbps as well as 6.25 Gbps OFDM data for downlink transmission and 5 Gbps as well as 2.5 Gbps OFDM data for uplink transmission over 50-km single mode fiber (SMF) employing polarization multiplexing technique (POLMUX) at optical line terminal (OLT) and optical network unit (ONU). The POLMUX technique is exercised by polarization beam splitters and polarization beam combiners. Mach-Zehnder modulator and RSOA have been used for modulation at OLT and ONU respectively. Transmission performances are observed by constellation diagrams, EVM and BER values. For 10 Gbps, 6.25 Gbps down-link signal and 5 Gbps, 2.5 Gbps up-link signal the power penalty of 3 dBm, 2.3 dBm and 4 dBm, 3.2 dBm at a BER of 10−9 between back-to-back and over 50-km SMF plus 10-m and 5-m wireless link, are observed respectively. For 32-QAM < 10.5% EVM and for 16-QAM < 13% EVM are recorded. Our architecture is a prominent alternative, not only due to its have potential of both optical and wireless technology but also it is offers a powerful platform to communicate high data rates and support various type of future unforeseen applications and services.

Организация транспортно-складских систем железнодорожного транспорта

Objective: To develop a conceptually basic framework for organizing railroad storage-retrieval systems. Methods: Analytical method was applied. Results: A brief analysis of literature references, dedicated to the problems of organizing transportation process by means of railroad transport, was carried out. The conceptual framework of storage-retrieval systems was justified. It was demonstrated that the delivery system might be regarded as a storage-retrieval system. Features of scientific novelty as well as aspects of practical application of the results were pointed out. Conceptual content of the suggested storage-retrieval delivery system of highly-profitable freight for integrated transport and logistic customer service was described. Typical charts of organizing transportation process with the use of storage-retrieval systems were developed and displayed in graph form. A mathematical economic model designed to assess the structure of terminal network was presented. Efficiency of the model in question was studied through the example of the Novosibirsk transportation hub. Parameters of freight delivery were calculated by the principle “from a logistical object to a logistical object” according to the current chart and those being developed. The results of conducted calculations for the current logistical object, located at the station K, were presented in figures and comparative tables according to different delivery options. Calculation data of economic efficiency of the proposal showed that OAO Russian Railways will restore the profit lost from client attrition, that command the services of private logistical objects in places of uncommon use, by means of generating its own terminal network for handling a range of unitized cargo at baseline freight stations and providing clients with a wide range of additional services. Practical importance: Application of proposals in OAO “Russian Railways” transport and logistical business will make it possible to improve cost-effectiveness of Russian Railways Holding Company operation by developing client-centeredness and integrity of the implemented service.

From cloud-based communications to cognition-based communications: A computing perspective

Traditional cloud-based communications provide powerful cloud computing services. However, simply supporting intensive data processing is not sufficient, especially when capacity is limited and ultra-low latency is required. Thus, it is critical to propose a new Artificial Intelligence (AI)-enabled heterogeneous networks, including various terminal networks, fogs and clouds. Derived from cognitive science and data analytics, cognitive computing can mimic or augment human intelligence. When such cognitive intelligence is integrated with communications, traditional services will be renovated with higher accuracy and lower latency. In this paper, we propose cognition-based communications, which originates from both AI-based intelligent computing and advances in communications. Then, we introduce two applications of cognition-based communications, including user-centric cognitive communications, and cognitive internet of vehicles. Through cognition-based communications, we can better meet users’ needs, provide them with a higher Quality of Experience (QoE), and achieve higher energy efficiency.

Research on Dynamic Reactive Power Optimization of Receiving Terminal Network Based on Voltage Infeasible Node

A dynamic reactive power optimization method for receiving end power grid with voltage infeasible nodes is proposed. Firstly, the reactive power compensation nodes are classified, and the basic concept of the system reactive compensation node is proposed. Then, on the basis of whether a voltage constraint unfeasible node is presented in a certain period, all the days are divided into feasible period cluster and infeasible interval cluster. On this basis, the receiving terminal of an unfeasible node with voltage is constructed. Dynamic reactive power optimization model of power grid. The model includes two sub models of dynamic reactive power optimization, which are unfeasible period cluster and feasible time interval cluster. In the former, a two phase algorithm based on homotopy interior point method and parallel coevolution algorithm is proposed, and the latter is solved by immune genetic algorithm. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by simulation analysis of the actual 25 node 110 kV high voltage distribution network.

Online security detection system design

The 21st century is the information age, information has become an important strategic resource for social development, social information has become the development trend of the world today and the core, and information security in the information society will play a very important role. With the continuous development of computer networks, global information has become the trend of human development. However, because the computer network has the form of connection diversity, terminal distribution inhomogeneity and network openness, interconnection and other characteristics, resulting in the network vulnerable to hackers, malware and other malicious attacks, the former will cause unpredictable impact on the user , While the latter often causes the system to crash. Whether in the local area network or in the wide area network, there are natural and man-made and many other factors of vulnerability and potential threats. Therefore, the network security measures should be able to all aspects of a variety of threats and vulnerabilities, so as to ensure the confidentiality of network information, integrity and availability. A t t h e beginning of this article, the beginning of this article, through the analysis of hacker behavior and typical attacks, summarizes the inevitable reasons for the existence of network security vulnerabilities, and summarizes the status of computer network security, as well as the specifi c concepts, classifi cation and limitations of vulnerability scanning technology. The focus of this paper is to improve the original system of the theme module, and the original system to add some features to make it more perfect function. Finally, the shortcomings of the system and some suggestions for further improvement and expansion are put forward.

Terminal Airspace Capacity Evaluation Model under Weather Condition from Perspective of a Controller

A route network lays in the terminal airspace. The route network can be divided into multiple subnetworks according to sectors. When severe weather conditions occur, a controller takes measures to obtain safe operation of flights, such as navigation guidance or changing the availability of routes. In such circumstances, the route structure of a subnetwork is changed, and the controller’s attention paid to each route is also changed as well as the unit workload on it. As the subnetwork is handled by one controller, capacities of routes in it are associated. We find the way to determine the “related capacity” of a route in the conditions that whether topological structure of the terminal route network is changed or not. The capacity of the terminal route network calculated by network flow theory represents the capacity of terminal airspace. According to the analysis results, the weather factor reduces capacity of terminal airspace directly by reducing the capacities of routes blocked. Indirectly, it diverts controller’s attention to change capacities of other routes in the subnetwork.

The network layout of terminals is a condition for the further development of intermodal transport

In recent years, dynamic development of intermodal transport has been observed in Poland, the rope infrastructure is being modernized, new terminals are being created. However, the process of their formation is chaotic. A number of makeshift terminals are created which do not meet the service standards. The intermodal terminal network in Poland has a strong diversity, density that does not cover the impact of the entire country. European Union recommendations indicate that the distance between terminals should not exceed 150 km. For the development of this transport segment, it is advisable to create a coherent network of intermodal terminals managed by a national operator.

Resource allocation and distributed uplink offloading mechanism in fog environment

Applying fog computing technology to the shared pattern has two problems to cope with. One is to formulate a rational mechanism for resource allocation, and the other is to design computation offloading strategy of tasks based on resource allocation result. For solving these problems, we construct a three-layer F-RAN architecture first, which consists of terminal layer, access layer and network layer. Second, we adopt differential game and bipartite graph multiple matching algorithm to solve bandwidth resource allocation problem of fog node (FN)-access point (AP) and AP-shared terminal (ST), respectively. Third, Lyapunov theory and proposed deviation update decision algorithm (DUDA) are used to solve computation offloading decision-making and offloading update order-making. At last, simulation results show that our strategy can save 30%–60% system consumption, and the resource demand satisfaction rate can be guaranteed to reach 80% or more.

The Impact of the Allocation of Facilities on Reducing Carbon Emissions from a Green Container Terminal Perspective

The main contribution of this paper is to quantify the impact of the allocation of facilities, including the number of facilities and the fuels adopted by facilities, on carbon emissions. In order to deal with the complex queuing network of container terminals, a simulation model is established with the changing of the number of and the fuel adopted by facilities as inputs. Firstly, the operation process and complex queuing network of container terminals are described to explain why simulation technology needs to be used. Then, various simulation experiments based on a container terminal in Algeria are designed and carried out. Finally, the carbon emissions from facilities and ships at berth and inside container terminals, and the total carbon emissions inside container terminals, are obtained and analyzed. Results show that the emissions from facilities are only a small fraction of the total emissions of container terminals. Improving the number of trucks and yard cranes can help reduce carbon emissions, but when the number continues to rise, the emissions are decreased very slightly. The results obtained and proposed method can be applied to build a green container terminal, which can also be used for similar problems.

Application of the latest information technologies in the control system as a metasystem of management by an industrial enterprise

In the article the necessity of continuous improvement of the management system of an industrial enterprise, in particular with regard to information provision, has been updated. The improvement of the system by means of implementation of the newest controlling system as a multi-purpose philosophy of thinking of the management of an industrial enterprise is considered. The identification of deviations in the implementation of certain business processes from the identified goals, the development of measures to eliminate and prevent such deviations in the future, increasing the speed of the adoption of effective management decisions to decompose the general objectives of the industrial enterprise to the level of structural units - a small list of issues facing the modern system management of an industrial enterprise.The author stresses that it is the production of a holistic range of relevant information that forms the main basis for the adoption of effective managerial decisions that are adequate to the situation and time horizon of the enterprise. In this aspect, information technologies have been assigned the role of an effective tool for optimizing the business processes of an industrial enterprise on the basis of the through automation of the business functions that they form. The basis of modern state-of-the-art information technologies is network technologies, which in turn are based on the technology of computer networks, data networks, computer networks of different types, terminal networks, principles of distributed processing and storage of data. The optimal expected effect of the information provision of the enterprise management system by the author's approach is to obtain a single, comprehensive report for all management objects depending on specific management needs (action, operation, procedure, stage, business process, etc.).