Network Fragments Research Articles

Role of ion-beam current and energy for nano-scale joining of copper nanowires: Experimental and theoretical study

Copper nanowires (Cu NWs) are popular potential building blocks of various interconnecting components, microscale circuits, and nanoelectronics. Making interconnects at the nanoscale is still an open problem, and various methods have been explored during the past decades. While ion beam joining has been known for quite some time, the beam parameter-dependent processes leading to joining is yet to be understood in detail. A low-energy (5 keV) and broad argon ion beam is unable to induce joining among the Cu NW mesh, at the low ion currents (<400 nA). However, when the ion current was elevated to 1 µA at the same energy, a large-scale joining was observed. We developed a 3D finite volume model for heat transfer and Joule heating-based melting, which successfully explains the ion current-induced joining. When the current is increased to a significantly high level, the network fragments into smaller copper nanoparticles due to the heat produced. On the other hand, at higher argon ion energy (200 keV) a large-scale joining is observed even at small (<400 nA) beam current. A state-of-the-art, Monte Carlo-based TRI3DYN simulation predicted the role of recoils, redeposition, and ion beam mixing in such joining process at high ion energy, which is mostly due to elastic collisional consequences. Such ion current-induced nanowelded copper mesh-coated PET substrate shows good transmission in the optical range of wavelengths and a notable decrease in the sheet resistance is observed.

Терминологическая фреймово-сетевая модель концептуально-семантической организации понятий компьютерной лингвистики

The research object is the conceptual and semantic organization of the terminological apparatus, the research subject is the logical and conceptual structure of notions denoted by terms of computational linguistics. The study aims to identify the features of the systemic organization of notions of computational linguistics based on the use of a terminological frame-network model. The paper briefly analyzes the use of the frame approach to modeling the structure of terminological systems by linguists. A terminological frame-network model of the subject area “Computational linguistics” is proposed. The study is illustrated with fragments of the terminological network of frames of the subject area “Synonymy of terms of computational linguistics” presented in the form of diagrams. The work is novel in that it provides an original definition of a terminological network of frames and is the first to formulate the rules for its construction. The research findings showed the possibility of using a terminological frame-network model to analyze the logical and conceptual structure of the subject area “Computational linguistics” and the organization of semantic term-formation processes and lexicosemantic relations in the terminology under study.

Effect of Predamage on the Fracture Energy of Double-Network Hydrogels.

Double-network (DN) hydrogels are tough soft materials, and the high fracture resistance can be attributed to the formation of a large damage zone (internal fracture of the brittle first network) around the crack tip. In this work, we studied the effect of predamage in the brittle network on the fracture energy Γc of DN hydrogels. The prestretch of the first network was induced by prestretching the DN gels to prestretch ratio λpre. Depending on the λpre in relative to the yielding stretch ratio λy, above which the brittle first network starts to break into discontinuous fragments inside DN gels, two regimes were observed: Γc decreases monotonically with λpre in the regime of λpre < λy, mainly due to the decreasing contribution from the bulk internal damage, while Γc increases with λpre in the regime of λpre > λy. The latter can be understood by the release of the hidden length of the stretchable network strands by the rupture of the brittle network, whereby the broken fragments of the brittle network could serve as sliding cross-links to further delocalize the stress-concentration near the crack tip and prevent chain scissions.

High Protein Yangyu jiaotuan (): In Vitro Oral-Gastro-Small Intestinal Starch Digestion and Some Physico-Chemical, Textural, Microstructural, and Rheological Properties.

Biomimetic foods are expected to have potential health benefits for the management and prevention of chronic diseases, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In the current research, two commercially available and affordable plant proteins (soy protein isolate-SPI and pea protein isolate-PPI) at two levels (5%, 10%) were added to the Yangyu jiaotuan with the objective of developing a product with reduced glycaemic properties and high protein content while maintaining its original taste and texture. The results showed that several important textural properties such as hardness and chewiness did not change significantly during the refrigerated storage. The storage modulus G' increased with refrigerated storage time for different samples, but there were significant differences among the five samples (with and without protein addition) with respect to frequency dependence during rheological measurements. The in vitro starch digestion experiments showed that the starch hydrolysis of Yangyu jiaotuan decreased considerably (by up to 42.08%) with the increase in PPI content and during refrigerated storage due to starch retrogradation. Protein has protected the microstructure and there was less damage when compared to samples without protein. The bimodal peaks of the particle size distribution curves showed that the newly developed Yangyu jiaotuan contains two different sizes of particles; the smaller particles (~30 μm) corresponded to PPI and starch granules, while the larger particles corresponded to the fragments of the gel network of the starch matrix. Based on the above results, Yangyu jiaotuan mixed with pea protein is a convenient potato staple food product, which complies with the biomimetic potato food very well.

Обґрунтування ефективного напряму розвитку систем світлофорного управління з жорсткими циклами регулювання

The study aims to determine priorities in the development of networks of fixed time traffic lights, the presence of which is feature of most Ukraine cities. A large number of studies on the problem of traffic light control in cities rely on the use of modern decision-making mechanisms based on the heuristics chosen by the authors or the processing of large data sets using artificial intelligence. The methods created as a result of such studies usually demonstrate some improvement in the performance of traffic control compared to its existing state or basic alternatives, but cannot claim generality and widespread application, and look more like another attempt to find an acceptable solution in the control of road traffic through the application of methods that have proven themselves well in other areas of knowledge. The main part of the work in the field of traffic light control is devoted to the issues of adaptive management of isolated traffic lights or their groups in cities and demonstrates limited effectiveness, which does not exceed the performances of the methods of traffic light coordination. At the same time, the combined application of the methods of coordinated and adapted traffic light management leads to significantly higher results, which can testify in favor of coordination as a priority direction for the development of isolated traffic light systems.The results of comparing the efficiency of isolated and coordinated fragments of the street-road network, where existing software tools for simple or adapted coordination were not used, as well as the results of manual adjustment of coordination plans, lead to the same preliminary conclusion. But for the final solution to the issue of the priority of adaptive or coordinated control directions in the development of isolated traffic light systems, it is necessary to create and implement a new method of coordination, which will allow convincing evidence in its favor as a more effective first step on the way from isolated traffic lights to a smart city.

The structural role and coordination environment of cobalt in 45P2O5-CaO-Na2O phosphate glasses: thermal properties and Raman, UV-vis-NIR, and EPR spectroscopy.

Cobalt-containing materials are of interest for a wide range of applications, from biomaterials to solid-state lasers in optics. For instance, Co2+ is known to trigger the formation of new blood vessels, i.e. angiogenesis. Here, the use of phosphate glasses as a vehicle for local release of Co2+ ions is an attractive strategy to overcome the vascularisation limitation in tissue engineering. This study aimed to establish structure-property correlations as a function of the coordination environment of cobalt in 45P2O5-(30 - x)CaO-25Na2O-xCoO (x: 0.01 to 10 mol%) glasses. Constant polymerization and O/P ratio, resulting ultimately in constant basicity, were shown by ICP-OES and Raman spectroscopy. The latter, combined with EPR analysis, indicated that Co2+ was the predominant oxidation state and the presence of Co3+ can be excluded. UV-vis-NIR absorption spectra showed that the ratio between Co2+ in four- and six-fold coordination remained constant throughout the glass series. Their thermal properties measured by DSC and heating microscopy did not change much in the substitution range studied here. The steady trend in Tg values suggests a compensation between two opposite effects caused by the presence of four and six-fold coordinated Co2+, both being present at a constant ratio throughout the glasses. Accordingly, the higher field strength of Co2+ compared to that of Ca2+ is expected to strengthen the glass network. In contrast, four-fold coordinated cobalt is expected to weaken the network by connecting fewer fragments of the phosphate glass network than six-fold coordinated cobalt. These results indicate that the structural properties of the glasses with constant basicity are influenced by the coordination number of Co2+.

In Search of Gaps between Languages and Wordnets: the Case of Polish-English WordNet

Abstract The results of manual mapping of Polish plWordNet onto English Princeton WordNet revealed a number of gaps and mismatches between those interlinked lexical resources. Preliminary studies have shown that they embrace wordnet-specific and language-specific differences, and in this exploratory study we focus on the latter, also called lacunae. Capitalising on the system of equivalence types and features for linking wordnet senses (Rudnicka et al. 2019), we present a semi-automatic, rule-based diagnostic system developed specifically for systematic detection and classification of gaps and mismatches between wordnets. First, focusing on noun synsets, we aim to identify those network fragments that are the most prone to reveal lexical and referential gaps (Svensén 2009). Second, we attempt to identify areas in an interlinked Polish-English wordnet that require resource expansion or modification of the existing network of inter-lingual relations.

Influence of Minor Oil Components on Sunflower, Rice Bran, Candelilla, and Beeswax Oleogels

AbstractThe impact of the solvent composition on wax oleogels is addressed by (1) increasing polar components (PC) in sunflower and canola oil through thermal treatment and (2) removing minor components from untreated oils by column chromatography. Subsequently, oleogels are produced at 0.05 and 10 °C min−1 using 4% or 10% w/w of either sunflower, rice bran, candelilla, or beeswax. Oleogels firmness, break‐up behavior during amplitude sweeps, and gelation and dissolution are studied using penetration tests, rheology, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively. Moreover, the crystal morphology of 4% w/w samples, gelled at 10 and 0.05 °C min−1, is studied using bright field microscopy. Distinct effects caused by the presence or absence of PCs on the characteristics mentioned above are observed, depending on the wax type. The formation of highly ordered wax crystal structures is favored in oils without PCs and low cooling rates. Data on gel formation and dissolution reveal a decrease in wax solubility in the absence of PCs. In contrast, the critical gelation concentration (CGC) decreases when PCs are present, independent of their concentration, indicating that PCs aid network formation. Moreover, the break‐up behavior during oscillatory stress is significantly different, leading to more network fragments and higher energy dissipation with increasing strain.Practical applications: It is found that the oil composition, in particular, the fatty acid composition of TAGs and dissolved minor polar oil components, profoundly affect wax oleogel properties. Although not all mechanisms leading to these changes can be unraveled within this study, a fundamental understanding of solvent composition's role on oleogel formation, dissolution, and network properties is vital in the light of product applications. Moreover, trustworthy and comparable oleogel research can only be achieved if the impact of solvent composition is considered in experiments. That way, the capability of oleogels for industrial applications might be maximized. For that, a detailed characterization of oil quality, particularly the fatty acid composition and presence of minor polar components, is required to conduct reliable scientific work in oleogel research.

A hierarchical object oriented Bayesian network-based fault diagnosis method for building energy systems

Bayesian network is a powerful algorithm to diagnose the faults in building energy systems based on incomplete and uncertain diagnostic information. In practice, it is very challenging to construct Bayesian networks for large-scale and complex systems. Inspired by the object oriented programming technology, a hierarchical object oriented Bayesian network-based method is proposed in this study. Its basic idea is to reuse the standard Bayesian network fragments predefined in the classes to generate the system-level fault diagnosis models for target systems. Inheritance is adopted to avoid inconsistent modeling of similar classes. It allows sub-classes to inherit the Bayesian network fragments from their super-classes. For a specific building energy system, the fragments are reused and combined to generate a hierarchical object oriented Bayesian network for real-time fault diagnosis. The proposed method is evaluated using the experimental data from an industrial building. The results show that the proposed method can provide customized fault diagnosis solutions for complex building energy systems without tedious and repeated modeling works. Most of the typical faults are successfully isolated.

Moving with the Times: Investigating the Alt-Right Network Gab with Temporal Interaction Graphs

Gab is an online social network often associated with the alt-right political movement and users barred from other networks. It presents an interesting opportunity for research because near-complete data is available from day one of the network's creation. In this paper, we investigate the evolution of the user interaction graph, that is the graph where a link represents a user interacting with another user at a given time. We view this graph both at different times and at different timescales. The latter is achieved by using sliding windows on the graph which gives a novel perspective on social network data. The Gab network is relatively slowly growing over the period of months but subject to large bursts of arrivals over hours and days. We identify plausible events that are of interest to the Gab community associated with the most obvious such bursts. The network is characterised by interactions between 'strangers' rather than by reinforcing links between 'friends'. Gab usage follows the diurnal cycle of the predominantly US and Europe based users. At off-peak hours the Gab interaction network fragments into sub-networks with absolutely no interaction between them. A small group of users are highly influential across larger timescales, but a substantial number of users gain influence for short periods of time. Temporal analysis at different timescales gives new insights above and beyond what could be found on static graphs.

PH Effect on epoxy-anhydride water aging

Hydrothermal aging of an epoxy-anhydride network was investigated to elucidate the degradation effects of the external medium pH. For that reason, gravimetric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) were carried out. For each studied pH, degraded materials showed two values of glass transition temperature suggesting a homogeneous process. Both FTIR and GPC results exhibited signals related to the presence of hydrolyzed network fragments at long times for pH 4 and 7 and at very short times for pH 13. Indicating that at pH 13 both bulk and surface degradation coexist.

CONTROL OF LOAD OF THE COMMUNICATION NETWORK WITH VIRTUAL FRAGMENTATION AND TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE CURRENT «COMPOSITION» OF OVERLOADED FRAGMENTS

The problems of network load management for a generalized version of a large packet switching network are investigated. The network is divided into elementary fragments according to the selected rule. Data routing is "flat" (not hierarchical). Abstraction is used - a set of network fragments can be represented as a set of networked elements. For each fragment, a significant indicator of its load (for example, the average load of its nodes or another) is defined. The limit of this indicator is set, which provides the definition of an elementary fragment as a fragment with an increased load. In the entered imaginary "network of fragments" there are connected groups of fragments with the increased loading. For groups of elementary fragments with high load, modifications of the load control method are used due to the choice of the lowest cost paths, in which the routing takes into account the node's belonging to the fragments with high load.

Modeling risks of functional degradation in the road network of Russian northern cities due to predictable climatic changes

Predictable climate warming naturally leads to excessive thawing of permafrost soils and damage to the road network built on them. Using methods of mathematical modeling, we quantitatively estimated the additional risk associated with an increase in the mean annual air temperature by up to 2°C for the largest Russian northern cities (Murmansk, Norilsk, and Yakutsk). The current climate condition that serves as the basis for the design of roads was determined with account for long-term data of instrumental observations. The depth of additional soil thawing in the road base and its settlement in changing climatic conditions were calculated in accordance with existing design standards. The basic risk level corresponding to the maximum permissible settlements was conventionally adopted as 100%. The settlement of the road pavement was calculated for two cases: for undamaged fragments of the road network and with account for the initial settlement in them. The second case reflects the road network condition in the cities under consideration more realistically. With regard to it, we got significantly higher estimates of the predicted risk — up to 307% at an increase in temperature by 2°C (while in the first case, they were up to 78%). The paper shows that saturated soils in the road base are associated with aggravated risk of settlements in the road pavement. As for clayey soils, the potential excess of the basic risk level was recorded at an increase in air temperature by 1°C, and for sandy soils — by 1.5°C. We show a clear relationship between the predicted risk level and climatic and soil features of the territory.

ФЕНОМЕН ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ КАК ФОРМЫ РЕФЛЕКСИИ ОБЩЕСТВА

The paper examines the reasons for the emergence and functioning of organizations as sub-jects of law. Organizations as subjects of law are legal entities that arise at the will of the founders in accordance with accepted procedures. It is not people who enter into relations with organizations as legal entities, but subjects of law, i.e. individuals. The interaction of legal entities and individuals entering into relations determined by the law forms a complex network of relations, which determines the existence of society itself. The functioning of each legal entity in the network is a process of continuous formation of society as an integrity, transforming people into individuals, as basic fragments of the global network of society. This network is a tool formed by society as a form of society's reflection on its existence.

Paleomeanders of the Belaya River (the Upper Angara region)

The article presents data on the existence of fragments of the ancient river network in the Belaya River valley (the Angara River basin). We characterize the modern floodplain-terrace complex of the Belaya River, namely the structure of modern floodplains and low terraces, the heights of their basement and morphology, as well as describe the structure of the ancient part of the Belaya River channel. The estimated fragment of the ancient valley of the Belaya River, with a length of 13.6 km, is a macro-bend. The morphometric parameters of the incised meanders of the ancient valley almost two times exceed the modern meanders of free type but are close in their morphometric parameters to modern incised meanders. Based on the morphometric parameters of fragments of the ancient river channel, we calculated the velocities of the paleo-Belaya and compared them with the actual values for the Belaya River. The calculated water flow rates of the ancient channel are 3.7 to 4.5 times higher than the modern parameters. However, these parameters are close to the maximum values during the summer floods. At the next stage of research, we plan to reconstruct the ancient river network of the area by analyzing basal surface maps.

RESEARCH OF CYBER SECURITY MECHANISMS IN MODERN 5G CELLULAR NETWORKS

The main feature of the 5G network is Network slicing. This concept enables network resource efficiency, deployment flexibility, and support for rapid growth in over the top (OTT) applications and services. Network Slicing involves splitting the 5G physical architecture into multiple virtual networks or layers. Each network layer (slice) includes control layer functions, user traffic level functions, and a radio access network. Slice isolation is an important requirement that allows the basic concept of Network slicing to be applied to the simultaneous coexistence of multiple fragments in a single infrastructure. This property is achieved by the fact that the performance of each slice should not affect the performance of the other. The architecture of network fragments expands in two main aspects: slice protection (cyber attacks or malfunctions affect only the target slice and have a limited impact on the life cycle of other existing ones) and slice privacy (private information about each slice, such as user statistics) does not exchange between other slices). In 5G, the interaction of the user's equipment with the data networks is established using PDU sessions. Multiple PDU sessions can be active at the same time to connect to different networks. In this case, different sessions can be created using different network functions following the concept of Network Slicing. The concept of "network architecture", which is developed on hardware solutions, is losing its relevance. It will be more appropriate to call 5G a system, or a platform because it is implemented using software solutions. 5G functions are implemented in VNF virtual software functions running in the network virtualization infrastructure, which, in turn, is implemented in the physical infrastructure of data centers, based on standard commercial COTS equipment, which includes only three types of standard devices - server, switch and a storage system. For the correct operation of a network, it is necessary to provide constant monitoring of parameters which are described above. Monitoring is a specially organized, periodic observation of the state of objects, phenomena, processes for their assessment, control, or forecasting. The monitoring system collects and processes information that can be used to improve the work process, as well as to inform about the presence of deviations. There is a lot of network monitoring software available today, but given that 5G is implemented on virtual elements, it is advisable to use the System Center Operations Manager component to monitor network settings and performance and to resolve deviations on time. The Operations Manager reports which objects are out of order sends alerts when problems are detected and provides information to help determine the cause of the problem and possible solutions. So, for the 5G network, it is extremely important to constantly monitor its parameters for the timely elimination of deviations, as it can impair the performance and interaction of smart devices, as well as the quality of communication and services provided. System Center Operations Manager provides many opportunities for this. The purpose and objectives of the work. The work aims to analyze the main mechanisms of cybersecurity in 5G cellular networks

Necking of double-network gels: Constitutive modeling with microstructural insight.

In this study, a constitutive model is proposed to describe the necking behavior of double network (DN) gels based on statistical micromechanics of interpenetrating polymer networks. Accordingly, the constitutive response of DN gels in large deformations has been divided into three zones, i.e., prenecking, necking, and postnecking. The behavior of the DN gel is dominated by the behavior of the first and the second networks in each stage. In a previous study, we described how the destruction of the first network can govern the inelastic effects during the prenecking stage. Here, we elucidate the role of the second network to govern the material behavior in the necking and postnecking stages. To incorporate the effect of necking, the material behavior at each zone is described through the competition of three mechanisms that control the rearrangement of the two networks. Here, we challenge a general simplifying assumption in the modeling of DN gels, which considers the second network to be fully elastic. The recent experimental observations show the reduction of energy dissipation in the first network after necking initiation due to the localization of the damage in an active zone. Thus, we assumed that the chains of the second network contribute to the energy dissipation of the matrix by keeping the connection between the fragments of the first network. The proposed model has been validated in all three stages against different sets of experimental data on the uniaxial cyclic tensile behavior of DN gels. Moreover, the initiation and propagation of necking instability have been comprehensively illustrated through a finite-element implementation of the proposed model.

Fire Controlling Under Uncertainty in Urban Region Using Smart Vehicular Ad hoc Network

Every year thousands of urban and industrial fires occur, which leads to the destruction of infrastructure, buildings, and loss of lives. One of the reasons behind this is the delayed transmission of information to the fire station and the nearer hospitals for ambulance service as the transmission of information is dependent on observer at the location where the fire is caught and cellular network. This paper proposed an automated routing protocol for the urban vehicular ad-hoc network to send the information from the location where the fire is caught to the nearest fire stations and hospitals with optimum service time. This transmission of information involves Road Side Unit (RSU) at the junction and the vehicles present in the transmission path. Selection of route to transmit faulty vehicle information from the RSU to the required faulty vehicle is based on a parameter called path value. The computation of path value is done by the attributes such as expected End To End (E2E) delay, the shortest distance to destination, the density of vehicle between the junctions, and attenuation. From the current junction, the selection of the next junction is based on minimum path value. The proposed routing protocol considers the performance parameters such as E2E delay, total service time (TST), number of network fragments or network gaps, number of hops, and attenuation for the propagation path for the evaluation of the proposed methodology. The proposed routing algorithm is implemented through OmNet++ and SUMO. Results obtained for the proposed routing protocol is compared with three existing VANET protocols (GSR, A-STAR, and ARP) in terms of End To End delay, number of hops, number of vehicular gaps, and Total Service Time (TST).

Hydration and reaction mechanisms on sodium silicate glass surfaces from molecular dynamics simulations with reactive force fields

AbstractRecent development of reactive force fields have enabled molecular dynamics simulations of interactions between silicate glasses and water at the atomistic scale. While multicomponent silicate glasses encompass a wide variety of compositions and properties, one common structural feature in these glasses is the combination of the network structure that is made up of silica tetrahedra linked through corner sharing interspersed with network modifiers like alkali and alkaline‐earth ions that break up the Si–O–Si linkages by forming nonbridging oxygen. In reactions with water, ion exchange between alkali ions in the glass and proton or hydronium in the solution, as well as hydrolysis reaction of the Si–O–Si linkages and subsequent silanol formation, is observed and well documented. We have used a set of recently developed reactive force field to investigate the reactions between water and the surfaces of silica and sodium silicate glasses of different compositions for reactions up to 8 nanoseconds. Our results indicate sodium leaching into water and diffusion of water molecules up to 25 Å into the glass surface. We examined the structural and compositional changes inside the glass and around the diffused ions and use these to explain the rates of silanol formation at the surface. We also observed proton transport in the glass which has an indirect influence on the silanol formation rates. While the surface of the glass was rough to start with, it undergoes further modification into a hydrated gel‐like structure in the glass for up to 5 Å in the higher alkali containing glasses. It was found that the leached sodium ions remain close to the interface and that fragments of silicate network from the surface is capable of dislodging from the bulk glass and enter the aqueous solution. These simulations thus provide insights into the formation and structure of an alteration layers commonly observed in multicomponent silicate glasses corroded in aqueous solutions.

Design of information management system for structural monitoring based on network fragmentation

Aiming at the shortcomings of current information management system, such as low security, poor economy and long response time, a design method of structure monitoring information management system based on network fragments is proposed. Firstly, the overall architecture of the network debris structure monitoring information management system is designed and the requirements of the monitoring information management system are analysed. Then, based on the analysis of the main characteristics of the network debris monitoring information management system, the modules and subsystems of the system are designed separately, and the system data management scheme is given. In this way, the design of structured monitoring information management system based on network fragments is completed. The experimental results show that the information management system can manage the network information safely and economically. The response time is short, and the overall performance of the structured monitoring information management system is improved.