Cable Network Research Articles

Dangerous depths of bifurcation: the rise of “inter-national security narcissists” and undersea cable (dis) connections

ABSTRACT This article examines the rising bifurcation in global undersea cable networks amid growing U.S.-China tensions, building on the “weaponized interdependence” (WI) framework. While WI sheds light on how states leverage network centrality for strategic benefits, it falls short of capturing the proactive reshaping of network topologies for national security. We argue this bifurcation fosters parallel, redundant systems that, despite increased costs, enhance control and security. A sequential game model illustrates how U.S. and Chinese security-driven decisions contribute to network divergence, while a hierarchical Q-learning model explores how path dependency and lock-in effects sustain this split. Empirical cases, like the Cap-1 project, demonstrate the practical impact, emphasizing security’s role in reconfiguring global communications infrastructure.

Research on the Carrier Characteristics of Power Cables Considering the Aging Status of Insulation and Semiconducting Layers

The 10 kV XPLE cable is widely used in highly cabled transmission and distribution networks. It is necessary to closely monitor the transient current, harmonic content, and electric field distribution of each layer of the insulation and semiconductive layers of the cable when they age and deteriorate, so as to promptly carry out circuit breaking treatment and prevent safety accidents. Considering the frequency sensitivity and dielectric sensitivity of the distributed Runit, Lunit, Gunit, and Cunit parameters of long cables, this paper quantitatively analyzes the frequency variation of 10 kV cable parameters under different aging states. Reconstructing the frequency variation process of typical electrical quantities through MATLAB PSCAD joint simulation, constructing fault circuits for cable insulation and semiconducting layers, obtaining transient currents in each layer of the cable under aging conditions, and conducting total harmonic distortion (THD) analysis to provide theoretical guidance for the subsequent monitoring and fault diagnosis of distribution cable status.

India’s emerging undersea cable landscape: Varied Indo-Pacific partnerships to boost geopolitical ambitions?

India is set to be a cradle for undersea cable networks thanks to its geographical location, fast-growing economy, its potential to play a bigger role in global manufacturing, and its young, technologically skilled workforce. But amongst the tech giants such as the US and its allies, does India have the capabilities and the political intent to thwart China’s technological, and military disruption attempts in the Indo-Pacific? This article argues for enhanced maritime cooperation between like-minded states to improve interoperability between states and create a viable maritime security architecture that includes subsea cable security. It suggests that India can tamp down China’s growing influence in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) by asserting Indian digital ascendance and by making full use of its multi-aligned “pointed” diplomacy with like-minded partners. To substantiate this approach, this article first defines the contours of India’s “pointed” diplomatic strategy and then discusses why India is crucial for the growing undersea cable network security in the IOR. Outlining India’s nascent attempts to create a relevant domestic regulatory framework on undersea cables, it explores India’s pointed diplomacy via its engagements with select partnerships, such as with the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) members and IOR littorals, among others.

Cable risk and resilience in the age of uncrewed undersea vehicles (UUVs)

The risks associated with near total global economic reliance on the undersea telecommunication cable network is increasingly acknowledged by scholars and government officials worldwide. Recent disruptive incidents affecting seabed infrastructure—including cables—have served only to highlight the network’s vulnerability. This article examines how fast-paced technological developments in uncrewed undersea vehicles (UUVs) will affect the security of this critical infrastructure. To that end, this research article asks what advantages this frontier technology offers to those seeking to harm the cable network, and, from the opposite perspective, for those concerned about protecting it. The conclusions offered by this article will arm policymakers and other interested parties with greater knowledge about the emerging impact of UUVs on the security of seabed infrastructure and the undersea telecommunication cable network more specifically.

The KM3NeT Broadcast optical system network

The optical data transport system of the KM3NeT neutrino telescope at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea will serve more than 6000 optical modules in the detector arrays with a point-to-point optical connection to the control stations onshore. The ARCA and ORCA detectors of KM3NeT are being installed at a depth of about 3500 m and 2500 m, respectively and their distance to the control stations is about 100 km and 40 km. The two detectors are optimised for the detection of cosmic neutrinos with energies above about 1 TeV (ARCA) and of atmospheric neutrinos with energies in the range 1 GeV– 1 TeV (ORCA). The expected maximum data rate is 200 Mbps per optical module. The implemented optical data transport system matches the layouts of the networks of electro-optical cables and junction boxes in the deep sea. For efficient use of the fibres in the system the technology of Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing is applied. To comply with the scientific goals of KM3NeT, a time calibration of 1 ns between the many optical modules in the detector arrays is essential for the reconstruction of the neutrino events. For the first time in a deep sea neutrino telescope the White Rabbit protocol over Ethernet is used for the clock distribution. Downstream slow control and base module signals are broadcasted to all optical modules in the detector array. Synchronisation is achieved by communication between a White Rabbit master onshore and a White Rabbit slave unit inside the optical modules. In this contribution the KM3NeT broadcast optical data transport system is presented.

Exact optimization of inter-array dynamic cable networks for Floating Offshore Wind Farms

Optimization of inter-array dynamic cables for Floating Offshore Wind Farms (FOWFs) using three integer linear programs and a heuristic is presented. Design optimization of fixed-bottom offshore wind is a challenging research problem but the presence of dynamic components in FOWFs adds new complexity - as the Floating Offshore Wind Turbine (FOWT), the support structure including the station-keeping system, and the floating power cables all experience dynamic movement in reaction to wind, wave and even current forcing. In this study, dynamic modelling for the response of this system is first carried out to assess the risk of potential mechanical interference between movable elements. Subsequently, safety zones constraints are defined in the optimization to ensure minimally safe conditions for operation of the combined FOWT/support-structure/cables system. Likewise, additional constraints including maximum thermal limits, tree topology without branching, and others are incorporated. The programs follow an incremental approach. Model 1 proposes a simple way to avoid mechanical interference, Model 2 adds variables modelling mooring lines anchoring, and Model 3 increases the degrees of freedom through addition of the positioning of the touchdown point where the dynamic and static sections meet at the seabed. The applicability is illustrated through realistic case studies for a reference FOWF in Europe. Results show that: (i) Modern branch-and-cut solvers are able to solve Model 2 getting the global optimum in seconds, and (ii) further cost refining can be obtained after wrapping Model 3 in the heuristic, using Model 2 as the initial design, decreasing the cost of this layout by around 1.5% in few hours through a nonrectilinear topology.

Association Model-Based Intermittent Connection Fault Diagnosis for Controller Area Networks

Controller Area Networks (CANs) play an important role in many safety-critical industrial systems, which places high demands on their reliability performance. However, the intermittent connection (IC) of network cables, a random and transient connectivity problem, is a common but hard troubleshooting fault that can cause network performance degradation, system-level failures, and even safety issues. Therefore, to ensure the reliability of CANs, a fault symptom association model-based IC fault diagnosis method is proposed. Firstly, the symptoms are defined by examining the error records, and the domains of the symptoms are derived to represent the causal relationship between the fault locations and the symptoms. Secondly, the fault probability for each location is calculated by minimizing the difference between the symptom probabilities calculated from the count information and those fitted by the total probability formula. Then, the fault symptom association model is designed to synthesize the causal and the probabilistic diagnostic information. Finally, a model-based maximal contribution diagnosis algorithm is developed to locate the IC faults. Experimental results of three case studies show that the proposed method can accurately and efficiently identify various IC fault location scenarios in networks.

Универсальная централизованная защита от однофазных замыканий на землю в кабельных сетях напряжением 6–10 кВ

Selective protection against single phase earth faults in distribution 6–10 kV cable networks can be performed both with the use of individual (per connection) and centralized devices covering all connections of the protected object. The advantages of centralized devices are reduction of specific (per connection) costs of protection, simplification of its operation and design. Well-known technical solutions in terms of centralized protection devices against this type of damage do not always provide versatility (the possibility to use neutral cables of 6–10 kV in various grounding modes) and high technical perfection (selectivity and stability of operation). Thus, it is relevant to develop a universal centralized protection against single-phase earth faults, ensuring high technical perfection for all types of earth faults in 6–10 kV cable networks with different neutral grounding modes. The authors have used a comprehensive simulation model "cable network – protection device" to study the selectivity and stability of the developed principles of implementation and algorithms for centralized protection against earth faults. The model is designed in SimPowerSystems and Simulink software. The configuration and parameters of the cable network model have been selected considering the key features of 6–10 kV distribution cable networks of industrial and urban power supply systems. A universal centralized protection against all types of earth faults in 6–10 kV cable networks with various neutral grounding modes has been developed. The results of functional tests on the simulation model have confirmed the effectiveness of the developed algorithms of the developed centralized protection for all types of earth faults both in uncompensated and compensated cable networks of 6–10 kV. The proposed technical solution implements a multifunctional multiparametric centralized protection against earth faults. It has such properties as versatility, selectivity, and high stability of operation for all types of earth faults, recognition of types of single-phase earth faults, continuity of action in stable and most dangerous arc intermittent earth faults.

Development and engineering application of fiber bragg grating intelligent cable in large-span hyperbolic parabolic spatial cable network

In order to accurately control the prestress force of cables in long-span cable net structures, a new type of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) intelligent cable was developed. The FBG sensor was directly encapsulated inside the cable, and the sensing performance of the intelligent cable was verified by the cyclic tensile tests. The results show that the sensitivity coefficients of FBG monitoring are basically consistent, and the linearity deviation of the fiber Bragg grating is less than 4.67 %. Based on a real project Shunde Desheng Sports Center, a 114 m long-span saddle-shaped cable net structure model was established using finite element analysis, and the distribution and correlation of internal forces of cables in different tension stages were calculated and compared with the actual monitoring results of intelligent cables. The analysis results indicate that the force changes of intelligent cables is basically consistent with the value of finite element simulation. According to the data of long-term intelligent cable monitoring, the change of cable force caused by the temperature deformation of the steel ring beam is much greater than the influence of the temperature rise and fall of the cable itself on the cable force. Intelligent cables can provide a reference for cable force monitoring of long-span cable net structures.

Study on static performance and dynamic characteristics of a spoke cable-truss suspen-dome system

The proposed spoke cable-truss suspen-dome structure is a new structure system based on the traditional chord-supported dome structure. In this structure, the upper lattice shell is modified to a radial cable-truss structure. The lower part of the structure is a cable network structure composed of radial cables, ring cables and radial cables. There are few research results on the mechanical properties of the new structure, so a 1:10 scale model is established, multi-condition static loading test, local cable force failure test and natural vibration characteristic test are carried out, and the measured results are compared with the finite element results. The changes of axial force and joint displacement under different loads, the changes of static properties under cable damage and the dynamic characteristics of the structure are obtained. The results show that the loading method adopted meets the test accuracy requirements. Under the action of uniform load, the upper chord, the lower chord end and the inner ring truss of the main truss are in a pure compression state. The middle bar of the lower chord span and the outer ring truss change from the compression state to the tension state with the increase of load. The structure is still in the elastic stage when part of the cable fails, and the coordinated deformation ability is strong. The base frequency of the measured structure is 7.97 Hz, and the stiffness distribution is uniform.

Grid-Connected Photovoltaic System for Generating Energy to Dairy Farm Activities

Minas Gerais is the leading milk-producing state in Brazil, and many dairy activities are supplied with electricity by the cable aerial network of the electrical energy state company. Given that the Brazilian energy matrix relies primarily on hydroelectric power, studies on the potential of other renewable energy sources in the context of dairy farms are innovative. Additionally, frequent disturbances and interruptions have motivated the installation of solar energy systems on dairy farms. However, the scarcity of technical and scientific studies demonstrating the benefits of electricity generated from photovoltaic panels in Minas Gerais has caused dairy farmers to fear potential financial losses. In this study, grid-connected photovoltaic systems in dairy farms were evaluated, considering three fixed tilt angles for the panels (latitude - 10°, latitude, and latitude + 10°) and electrical energy demands of dairy activities associated with two herd sizes (100 and 150 cows). Meteorological databases and mathematical models were used to predict daily global radiation on tilted panels in dairy farms of two Brazilian municipalities of Minas Gerais State (Lavras and Paracatu). Energy consumption related to dairy activities was monitored for 12 months. For both municipalities, the best results were verified with the tilt angle of panels equal to the local latitude - 10°. The municipality with the lowest latitude (Paracatu) showed higher electricity generation potential. In all simulated scenarios, a greater energy surplus was found from late spring to early autumn (Southern Hemisphere), when the higher electricity generation by the photovoltaic panels met the elevated electrical energy demand of the dairy farms. A high energy surplus was also verified during midwinter, where lower energy consumption by the dairy farms compensated for the reduced availability of solar radiation. The proposed methodology can be adapted to other dairy farms, agricultural and urban buildings.

Analysis and improvement of power quality in the onboard electrical power systems within a self-propelled floating crane

This research addresses electromagnetic compatibility and power quality (EMC and PQ) challenges in shipboard electric power systems (SEPS) with dynamic positioning (DP) capabilities, focusing on the self-propelled floating crane (SPFC) “EXPERT 3.” Our goal is to enhance methodologies for evaluating power quality indicators (PQI) related to voltage and current waveform distortions, specifically in converter-based propulsion complexes (CBPCs) featuring variable-frequency regulated asynchronous drives (VFDs). We investigate harmonic current and voltage distortions, reactive power generation, and power factor (PF) in SEPS “EXPERT 3″ during the operation of VFDs with conventional semiconductor power converters (SPCs). A refined MATLAB model considers equipment and cable network parameters, validating distortion indicators at ship synchronous generators (SGs). PQI compliance with international maritime standards is verified at the point of common coupling (PCC) for various VFD configurations with pulse width modulated (PWM) SPCs and filter-compensating devices (FCDs). We propose an improved controlled FCD (CFCD) incorporating a resonance filter (RF) and a controllable reactor compensator (CRC). CFCD efficiency in various VFD configurations is experimentally validated. We analyze harmonic distortions of voltage and current, including high-frequency (HF) commutations in VFDs with input thyristor-based rectifiers (TBRs), considering parasitic ”phase-hull“ capacitances of cable line segments (CLS). Our study examines harmonics in CBPC-based SEPS in two sub-frequency ranges: low-frequency (LF) − 0 to 2 kHz and high-frequency (HF) − 2 kHz to 500 kHz.© 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

An Investigation of Frequency and Electromagnetic Transient Responses on a VSC-HVDC Cable Network

An Investigation of Frequency and Electromagnetic Transient Responses on a VSC-HVDC Cable Network

Deployment Dynamic Modeling and Driving Schemes for a Ring-Truss Deployable Antenna

Mesh reflector antennas are widely used in space tasks owing to their light weight, high surface accuracy, and large folding ratio. They are stowed during launch and then fully deployed in orbit to form a mesh reflector that transmits signals. Smooth deployment is essential for duty services; therefore, accurate and efficient dynamic modeling and analysis of the deployment process are essential. One major challenge is depicting time-varying resistance of the cable network and capturing the cable-truss coupling behavior during the deployment process. This paper proposes a general dynamic analysis methodology for cable-truss coupling. Considering the topological diversity and geometric nonlinearity, the cable network’s equilibrium equation is derived, and an explicit expression of the time-varying tension of the boundary cables, which provides the main resistance in truss deployment, is obtained. The deployment dynamic model is established, which considers the coupling effect between the soft cables and deployable truss. The effects of the antenna’s driving modes and parameters on the dynamic deployment performance were investigated. A scaled prototype was manufactured, and the deployment experiment was conducted to verify the accuracy of the proposed modeling method. The proposed methodology is suitable for general cable antennas with arbitrary topologies and parameters, providing theoretical guidance for the dynamic performance evaluation of antenna driving schemes.

Solitary waves of M-fractional low-pass nonlinear electrical transmission line model arising in network system

In this study, we analyze the solitary wave behavior of a truncated M-fractional low-pass nonlinear electrical transmission line (NLETLs) model. NLETL models are relevant to computer network systems, particularly for high-speed data transmissions. They influence the behavior of signals traveling through network cables. To investigate the dynamics of solitary waves in the model, we applied the modified Sardar sub-equation and extended the sinh-Gordon equation expansion methods. We illustrated the 2D, 3D, and contour shapes of selected solutions for appropriate values of the NLETLs dynamics using Mathematica-14. Kink, anti-kink, bright-dark bell, dark bell, M-shaped periodic soliton, and logarithmic wave solutions were obtained. The results indicate that the proposed techniques may provide valuable, powerful, and efficient insights into the dynamics of nonlinear evolution models. The role of the fractional order derivative in making optical solutions is investigated in detail, which opens up opportunities for the creation of more complex models that can more accurately simulate optical phenomena in the real world.

Design and Development of A Traffic Light Simulation Model Based on Arduino Microcontroller

Congestion is one of the transportation problems with the highest percentage to occur at every intersection in all corners of the region. Efforts can be made to solve these problems by making the traffic light regulation system (APILL) in general, APILL still uses static cycle time with cable networks as interconnects between lamp poles, making it difficult to adjust the phase and cycle time referring to traffic conditions that tend to be dynamic, even requiring high procurement and maintenance costs for underground cables. Based on the above, the research team wants to create a simulation mockup of APILL whose cycle time and phase can be set through calculations on the Android platform with wireless interconnection, as well as can be used as a learning facility for cadets/I to provide an understanding of the applicable phase at the intersection, to be able to analyze the performance of an intersection and how APILL works on roads.

A dynamic reconfiguration model and method for load balancing in the snow-shaped distribution network

The snow-shaped distribution network (SDN) is a cable distribution network composed of eight (or six) 10 kV feeders from four (or three) substations in a regular connection. Compared with the traditional 10 kV distribution network, SDN can support a wide range of load transfer among six or eight feeders. Aiming at the problem of load spatial-temporal unbalanced condition caused by the integration of distributed generators (DGs) and different load types in different feeders, this paper proposes a dynamic reconfiguration strategy for load balancing in SDN considering DGs and energy storage system (ESS). Firstly, the basic structure of SDN is analyzed and the power flow model for its dynamic reconfiguration is developed. Secondly, the dynamic reconfiguration optimization model for load balancing in SDN considering DGs and ESS is proposed to utilize the load transfer capability to mitigate the load unbalanced condition and reduce active power loss. Thirdly, the original non-convex model is converted into a mixed-integer second-order cone programming (MISOCP) model by applying the second-order cone relaxation and the big-M method, which is solved by CPLEX solver. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed model and method are verified by an actual case in Tianjin and IEEE 33-node system. The analysis results show that the proposed method can significantly alleviate the load unbalanced spatial-temporal distribution and improve the economic efficiency by regulating the operation of SDN including ESS optimization and dynamic reconfiguration.

GFRP COMPOSITES: A MATERIAL TO STRENGTHEN REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAMS WITH WEB OPENINGS FOR SHEAR

Buildings that require mechanical and electrical services must have utility pipes and ducts. The services include air conditioning, power supply, telephone lines, network cables, sewerage lines, water supply and etc. A reinforced concrete (RC) deep beam with web openings experiences excessive cracking and deflection, as well as a decrease in beam stiffness. Enlargement of these openings near supports would reduce beams’ capacity for shear. Hence, analysis and design of such beams require careful consideration, particularly with regard to their performance. In addition, design compliance to relevant codes and standards, and selection of suitable material properties and construction techniques are needed. When such an enlargement is unavoidable, strengthening of beam for shear and flexure is necessary. In this study, the use of GFRP (Glass-Fiber Reinforced Polymer) composites for strengthening of RC beams with openings is experimentally investigated. As compared to the control beam, test results showed that using GFRP was found to be effective in increasing the shear strength of beams with openings by 40% to 60%. Test results of beams with web openings exhibited higher shear strength than the predicted values whereas for strengthened beams with GFRP, code predictions are found conservative.

A generalized method for in-plane eigenproblem of a cable network attached with multiple rigid cross-ties

Considering the cable sag as well as the impacts of cables’ dynamic axial forces on the transverse forces, this paper makes an effort to propose a generalized method for studying in-plane free vibration of the cable network attached with multiple rigid cross-ties. First, the vibration equations of the suspended cables are established and solved by separation-of-variables method. Then, the system is divided into several substructures, which are reassembled according to transfer matrix method (TMM). Using the boundary conditions, the characteristic equation of the system is yielded. In this way, the basic theory for solving the eigenproblem of a general cable network attached with rigid cross-ties is derived. Four examples are given to illustrate the applicability of the current method, and their frequencies and mode shapes are acquired by a developed calculating program. Meanwhile, a finite element model (FEM) is also established. It is found that the results are in a good agreement with those obtained by FEM, which verifies the validity and correctness of the method in this paper.

İSTİSMARDAKI KABELLӘRDӘ ZӘDӘLӘRİN ARADAN QALDIRILMASININ MÜASİR ÜSULLARI

XLPE insulated power cables serve as essential components in medium and high voltage power transmission lines, yet maximizing their resource duration poses a significant challenge for consumers. Issues such as water treeings, electric treeings, and partial discharges within the insulation system accelerate cable aging over time. In response, a novel approach has been proposed in this study to mitigate these detrimental factors. The method involves injecting a specially formulated liquid into the cable insulation to address inhomogeneities, effectively rejuvenating the cable and extending its service life by 20-30 years, as indicated by the technology's name. Furthermore, to provide context on the practical implications, a succinct analysis of the Azerbaijani cable network is presented in this article. Also, in order to explain the real situation of power cables, a brief analysis of the Azerbaijani cable network was conducted in the article.