Dutch East Indies Research Articles

Kota Schoemaker

This article discuss the history of Bandung as a colonial city that was titled 'Schoemaker City' by famous architect H.P. Berlage who visited Bandung in late April 1923. The city of Bandung was being developed rapidly from the 1910s to the early 1920s with the work of well-known Dutch East Indies architects, including C.P. Wolff Schoemaker and Richard L.A. Schoemaker. They designed many public buildings in Bandung with their characteristic architectural styles. This research focuses on the history of Bandung and its image in relation to the architectural works of the Schoemaker brothers during 1915-1923 that impressed H.P. Berlage by using the historical method that consists of heuristics, verification, interpretation, and historiography, as well as the science of architecture. This article analyzes the history of the Schoemaker brothers' architectural works that were prominent in important areas and became part of the activities in Bandung City until titled 'Schoemaker City'. The Schoemaker brothers' architectural designs have a characteristic architectural style and became part of the colonial society's activities in important areas of Bandung City, which encouraged H.P. Berlage to title it 'Schoemaker City'.

The Smoke of The Incense and The Roar of The Lion: Confucianism Under The Colonial Political System in Indonesia

<p>This article aims to provide a brief overview regarding the existence of Confucianism as a religion in the Dutch East Indies and its relationship with the colonial ruling regime during the last four decades of Dutch rule. With the overview, it is hoped that the type of colonial policy that was made towards the Chinese ethnic belief could be understood, whether in social or political aspects and also its relevance to world developments that took place at the time. To realise this goal, the method used in this paper is the historical research method which consists of four stages: data search (heuristic), source criticism, interpretation, and reconstruction as a form of final academic presentation. With this method, it is hoped that a short paper can be presented that is arranged in a reconstructive manner and is able to provide answers to research problems. As a final conclusion, this paper reveals that in principle, colonial political interests cannot be separated from the existence of religion in her colony, including Confucianism. Especially the international aspect that began to colour the existence of this religion in the Dutch East Indies colony became the main motivation for the colonial government to determine their policies. In this case, the dualistic nature of Dutch colonial policy can be recognised.</p>

Penggunaan Metode Diskusi Kelompok Kecil Tentang Kontribusi Etnis Tionghoa Pada Masa Pergerakan Nasional Untuk Menumbuhkan Sikap Toleransi Peserta Didik

This article aims to (1) determine the position of the Chinese ethnic group during the reign of the Dutch East Indies, (2) discuss the contribution of the Chinese ethnic group in fighting for Indonesian independence during the national movement period, and (3) determine the relationship between the contribution of the Chinese ethnic group during the national movement period and the growth of attitudes student tolerance. This article was conducted using a qualitative method with a literature study approach. The research results from this article show that the Chinese ethnicity, which has always been seen as an ethnic group that has close ties to the Dutch, has a low sense of Indonesian nationalism, and prioritizes their own interests, has made a major contribution in fighting for Indonesian independence. Where the educational reforms carried out by the Chinese elite gave birth to educated people who were then involved in various fields, both journalistic and political, to fight for the fate of the people and for Indonesian independence during the period of the national movement. Through the small group discussion method, history teachers can discuss the contribution of the Chinese ethnicity during the national movement to foster students' tolerance. As for the implementation of history learning using the small discussion group method, the history teacher should carry out several activities including preliminary, core and closing activities. Also, the history teacher conducts an evaluation to find out the tolerance attitude of students.

Kerkelijke Eigendom : Memahami Hak Milik Gereja Di Indonesia Era Kolonial

This research aims to elucidate the history of land ownership by Christian Church institutions in the Dutch East Indies colony. In addition to providing a descriptive account of its development, this article endeavors to delve into various documentary sources concerning ownership, particularly the legal status associated with the Christian Church as an institution within the colonial legal framework. Through an examination of its legal standing, this research seeks to discern the nature of the Church's land ownership. Given the historical nature of this study, the historical method is employed to guide the research towards a comprehensive reconstruction. This method comprises five phases: document exploration (heuristic), critical analysis, exceptions, interpretation, and reconstruction. Emphasis is placed on authentic documents to ensure the accuracy and objectivity of the information presented in this reconstruction. In conclusion, this report elucidates the legal status of the Christian Church under the colonial legal system and its implications for material ownership by the Church based on its legal standing. Thus, shedding light on the origins of asset ownership status held by the Christian Church in present-day Indonesia.

INDONESIAN STATE LAW IN ITS HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE AND DEVELOPMENT

<p>The history of Indonesian constitutional law began in the Dutch colonial period when Indonesia was still called the Dutch East Indies. Then after Indonesia's independence in 1945, for the first time formed a constitution or Basic Law. The focus of the study in this study is to try to explain the development of Indonesian constitutional law from the Old Order era to reform. This is to find out how the history of the development of Indonesian constitutional law from time to time, especially from the beginning of independence to reformation. The method in this study is qualitative, with a historical approach. The data collection method used is the method of library research (library research). Then analyzed using the descriptive-analytic method. At the beginning of independence in 1945, Indonesia's constitutional law was contained in the 1945 Constitution. The 1945 Constitution described Indonesia as a unitary state with a president as the head of state as well as a democratic head of government. Besides that, under Soekarno's government, constitutional law was regulated in several constitutions, including the 1949 RIS constitution and the 1950 UUDS. And Soekarno's government at that time was known for its nationalist and anti-capitalist politics. The Suharto government was known for its authoritarian politics, political stability, and economic growth. Finally, during the reform period, after the fall of President Soeharto in 1998, Indonesia underwent significant political reforms. Constitutional law is regulated in the 1945 Constitution with several amendments which emphasize the principles of democracy, human rights, decentralization of government, and increased political participation. The history of the development of constitutional law in Indonesia in general shows quite dynamic developments and always follows changes according to political and socio-cultural developments in Indonesia.</p>

J.E. JASPER’S LITERARY WORK ON EDUCATING THE MASSES OVERSEAS: INDO-EUROPEAN LITERATURE FROM COLONIAL JAVA IN THE NETHERLANDS 1904-1910

This paper aims to analyze with the historical method how literature from the Dutch East Indies written by an Indo-European, a person from mixed Asian and European ancestors, attempted to educate the Dutch overseas in Europe. The early 20th century saw several technological developments which raised interest in Asia in the Netherlands and caused a spike in immigrants in the Indies. The Dutch were interested in reading about life in their colonial holdings overseas, especially those who were contemplating making a trip to the Indies. Many writings emerged to teach, warn, or push potential immigrants who wished to go to the Indies. However, those were mainly written by Dutch people who had lived or were living in the Indies temporarily. Indo-European writers had different concerns and interests from the Dutch, which pushed them to also write literary works that were partly aimed at the Dutch overseas. They hoped their writings would help them understand life in Java and to prepare properly. J.E. Jasper, an Indo-European colonial official, was the most outspoken critic of his literature. His work, heavily influenced by the Ethical Policy while developing his thoughts reminded and taught the Dutch about what was important about life in the Indies.

APPLICATION OF COLONIAL ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN TO "BANDOENG TEMPO DOELOE" IN KOTA BARU PARAHYANGAN

Architects have an important role in determining the developmentof architecture. Colonial era architectural style is an architecturaldesign concept that was applied during the Dutch colonial period.Inside there are various architectural styles that are quite differentfrom time to time. This architectural style is divided into 3, namelyIndische Empire, Transitional Colonial Architecture, and ModernColonial Architecture. The development of colonial architecture inIndonesia can be seen from the existence of buildings that adoptEuropean architectural styles in various big cities on the island ofJava, such as Jakarta, Bandung, Jogja, Semarang, and Surabaya.Traces of Colonial Architecture in Bandung can be seen frombuildings in conservation areas such as the Braga area, Dago, andalso in the Diponegoro Street area or the Gasibu area of Bandung.Kota Baru Parahyangan is one of the largest independent cities inthe Greater Bandung area which has a development concept orhistorical pillar, namely having a house building design withcolonial architectural style in the "Bandoeng Tempo Doeloe"corridor area. Based on this development concept, the author aimsto discuss articles on the concept of colonial architecture in the"Bandoeng Tempo Doeloe" area. In addition, the author also hopesthat the discussion of this article can provide a lesson for thegeneral public about colonial architecture, especially in theBandung area. The results of the discussion of this article concludethat the buildings in the "Bandoeng Tempo Doeloe" area adapt tothe three colonial architectural styles, most of which refer tomodern colonial architecture.

Pahlawan, Pengkhianat, Atau Penjahat (Hero, Traitor, or Villain): A Personal Journey Through Indonesian History

This article concerns Indonesian heroes, traitors, and villains from different regions and eras. The factors influencing the categorisation of individuals as heroes or villains are examined. Examples include regional leaders who opposed the Dutch East India Company or collaborated with it. Similar cases are examined from the period of the Netherlands Indies colonial state. Also discussed are nationalists who were members of the Indonesian Communist Party, and people now deemed heroes who collaborated with the Japanese during the Second World War. Next for consideration are individuals involved in Confrontation with Malaysia and the occupation of East Timor. The last cases come from the world of popular music and show how performers idolised by fans can be considered villains by others.

Formative Spaces of Empire: Masculinities and Outdoor Experiences ca. 1860–1960

ABSTRACT This special issue integrates gender analysis into the global history of outdoor activities in the Age of Empire by focusing on masculinities, a field that has received renewed attention from scholars. The premise of the special issue is that social constructions of masculinities in imperial settings functioned twofold. They operated simultaneously as methods to spread Western-colonial hegemonic values and as a means to expand territorial domains into far-off lands. In examining outdoor experiences, without taking the dominance of ‘imperial’ men over non-Europeans for granted, the contributions here presented develop an intersectional understanding of the conditions in which fashioning and self-perception of masculine roles were constantly contested and negotiated. Outdoor experiences, as seen in this special issue, were formative spaces of empire: while made possible thanks to the wide imperial networks in the colonial world, they existed on the margins of imperial rule. At the ‘frontier’ and in colonial battle-grounds, but also as leisure or free-time activities in transcultural contexts, outdoor experiences served to transform boys into men, and for men to test and perform hegemonic ideas of manhood and hence of imperial power. The essays are in two sections that highlight the dual processes of being and becoming ‘manly’ in the imperial outdoors. The first four contributions focus on archetypical roles of adult men in empires: the mountaineer, the hunter, the sportsman and the soldier. The second section approaches cases of scouting as formative spaces for boys in contexts of decolonisation in the early 1900s. The case-studies included in this special issue cover multiple imperial formations from the American Midwest, the Middle East to the British and Dutch Indies. These diverse cases serve to open up often Anglo-centric historiographies of gender and empire by emphasising the global momentum of new masculinities that were embedded in a trans-imperial fashion between ca. 1860 and 1960.

Religious and Cultural Embodiment in the Land of Osing: A Portrait of Hadrami Community in Banyuwangi, East Java

This paper investigates the portrait of Hadrami community in the land of Osing in Banyuwangi, East Java. Banyuwangi is one of the legendary towns where the Majapahit kingdom’s heritage was well preserved. This town is associated with indigenous ethnic people known as Osing, who have their own traditions, language, customs, and culture. Madurese, Javanese, Sundanese, Chinese, Europeans, and Hadramis are among the other ethnic groups that inhabit this region. Its diversity of languages, ethnic groups, and religions made Banyuwangi a welcoming place for Hadramis for centuries. During the Dutch East Indies, Hadramis conducted extensive trade via the island’s South Sea; this area was a trading port in East Javat. Hadrami community have permanently lived in the land of Osing since the early 18th century, bringing their livelihood, inter-ethnic marriage, Islamic teachings, and Arab culture. Therefore, this research examines religious and cultural embodiments between native people and Hadrami community in the land of Osing. The findings of this research show that Hadrami community in the land of Osing adopted local language for Islamic da‘wah. Furthermore, the Hadrami community has had a cultural impact on fashion, food, music, and religious tourism, with umrah and hajj becoming increasingly popular among native people since the late nineteenth century.

“Wouldn’t It Be Smarter to Let the Malay Colonize Europe?”: Postcolonial Critique, Antiglobalism, and Racism in the Travel Books of the Bohemian- German Author Richard Katz (1888–1968)

Abstract: The travel books of the Bohemian-German author Richard Katz (1888–1968) were once among the most popular publications in German literature but have since been forgotten. This essay intends to reread, from a postcolonial perspective, Katz’s work from the interwar period. It focuses on his book about the Dutch East Indies, today’s Indonesia, Heitere Tage mit braunen Menschen (1930), in order to explain how and why the early form of postcolonial and antiglobalist critique we find in Katz’s writings could coexist with other ideas that reiterated nineteenth-century colonialist and racist conceptions about the indigenous Other and people of mixed race. The latter is all the more intriguing considering that Katz himself, being Jewish, was soon to become the victim of a political ideology marked by ideas similar to some of the ones he defended when writing about Southeast Asia.

History Sistem Pendidikan Nasional

National education is a method that stands on a foundation imbued with the nation's philosophy of life which has the aim of serving national ideals and the ideals of a nation. Like the education system during the Hindu-Buddhist era. The education system during the Hindu-Buddhist era was based on goals such as religion. Meanwhile, the education system during the Dutch East Indies era was a form of hierarchy between natives and Dutch. The aim of this research is to determine the differences between the education system during the Dutch East Indies period and the Hindu-Buddhist period. The method used is literature study or literature review. The research results show that the goals of the education system during the Dutch East Indies era were also different from those during the Hindu-Buddhist era. Research results: Education during the Dutch East Indies era placed more emphasis on worldly matters and creative abilities in order to obtain superior human resources. Therefore, education today is expected to have the role of teachers in the Hindu-Buddhist era, especially in the context of the special specifications that monks had as teachers. This can include an analysis of qualifications, teaching methods, and their influence on educational developments at that time. This research contribution provides better insight into the development of education in the past as well as valuable lessons for the development of the education system in the future.

Sunken Red: Inscribing the Pacific War as a Cultural Trauma into Dutch Cultural Memory

ABSTRACT Bezonken Rood, a novel by the Dutch author Jeroen Brouwers published in 1981 and translated as Sunken Red in 1988, has long been the subject of a fierce debate regarding the Pacific War in the former Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia). The novel, a work of autofiction, aimed to bring the Pacific War, which was considered ‘an omitted war’ at the time, into the public eye. Despite the novel’s claim to be true to life, critics identified upon its publication numerous historical inaccuracies, with the most significant critique being that the Pacific War was erroneously depicted as equivalent to the Holocaust. I will study both the novel and debate: I will examine the ways in which the Pacific War is represented and remediated in the novel; and I will analyse the ways in which the novel has contributed to the inscription of the Pacific War as a cultural trauma into Dutch cultural memory. Throughout my analysis, I will draw on concepts derived from the fields of autobiographical writing, critical trauma studies, cultural memory studies, and cultural trauma studies.

ASOSIASI KONINKLIJKE JAVA MOTOR CLUB TAHUN 1908-1941

This research discusses the association of Koninklijke Java Motor Club from 1908 to 1941. The basis of the theory used is organizational theory. The issue studied is (1) How the development of membership and the composition of membership of the Koninklijke Java Motor Club association in the Dutch East Indies, (2) What activities the Koninklijke Java Motor Club association conducted in the Dutch East Indies in 1908 to 1942, (3) How the Koninklijke Java Motor Club association cooperated with other associations both in the Dutch East Indies and outside the Dutch East Indies. The results showed that the Koninklijke Java Motor Club is a society of people who own motor vehicles (either cars or motorcycles) in the Dutch East Indies, this association belongs to the Kingdom of the Netherlands.The development of the number of members of the Koninklijke Java Motor Club from 1908 to 1941 showed fluctuating, this was due to the malaise crisis in 1930. Initially, Koninklijke Java Motor Club activities only in Java Island then developed in Sumatra, Bali, and Sulawesi.With the widespread activities of Koninklijke Java Motor Club outside Java Island decided to change the name of the association to Koninklijke Nederlandsch Indie Motor Club in December 1932. It can be concluded that Koninklijke Nederlandsch Indie Motor Club is an association oriented towards the hobbies and tourism activities of the Dutch East Indies.
 Keywords: Koninklijke Java Motor Club; Dutch East Indies; Association; Koninklijke Nederlandsch Indie Motor-Club

KEBERADAAN PERUSAHAAN PERKERETAAPIAN NEDERLANDSCH-INDISCHE SPOORWEG MAATSCHAPPIJ DI SEMARANG TAHUN 1863-1873

This study examines the Nederlandsch-Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij (NISM) Company in 1863-1873 which was founded in Semarang. Transportation in the Dutch East Indies before 1863, especially the Semarang Residency area, still used simple transportation to deliver goods and people. The main issues studied in this article are the development of the NISM Company from its construction to the completion of the railway line, and the impact of the railway operation on the government and society. The transportation company first used an engine-powered train by making the Semarang Residency the starting point for the railway line as well as the main office of the NISM Company. The research method used as a form of historical study is the historical method. The results of the study explained that the establishment of the NISM Company in the Residency of Semarang was due to the need for a mode of transportation to transport Cultivation products from the interior to the port.
 Keywords: Semarang Residency; NISM Company; rail transportation

PEMBANGUNAN TRANSPORTASI KERETA API JALUR GOENDIH (GROBOGAN) – SOERABAJA TAHUN 1903-1922

This study examines the Goendih-Soerabaja railway line for the period 1903-1922. The purpose of this study is to explain the reasons for the construction of the railroad, the process of building the railroad, and its impact on the surrounding community. The results of this study indicate that the construction of the Goendih-Soerabaja railway line had a positive impact on the economy of the Dutch East Indies Government. Inaugurated on February 1, 1903, rail transportation encouraged economic growth in areas that became the path of the Goendih-Soerabaja railroad. The forced cultivation system has had a major impact on plantations, problems that have occurred due to the damage of export commodities before arriving at the port can now be resolved by the presence of rail transportation. Another factor is that the start of oil drilling operations in the Tjepu area has created the need for large-capacity oil transport in shipping to ports. Another impact of the existence of rail transportation is that the mobility of people who travel now saves more travel time.
 Keywords: Infrastructure; Railroad Extension; Goendih – Soerabaja Line; Capitalist Economy.

Land Ownership Rights to Cultural Reserve Buildings in Surabaya based on Basic Agrarian Law and Cultural Heritage Law

<div><p class="abstract"><span>In colonial times, the city of Surabaya was an important part that held a lot of history. Surabaya is known as the oldest port city in Indonesia during the Dutch East Indies era and was the centre of government and international trade. Apart from that, Surabaya was also named a city of heroes because the heroes at that time were willing to sacrifice themselves to fight for and defend the independence of the Republic of Indonesia by fighting the invaders. On that basis, Surabaya is rich in cultural heritage. Most of the heritage of these historic buildings is still standing and can be found in several areas of the city of Surabaya. The local Department of Tourism and Culture has established regulations to protect original historic buildings as city heritage. However, in fulfilling the rights and obligations of individuals and city governments, land rights owned from generation to generation must be considered by the local city government. This research uses normative juridical with doctrinal and statutory regulatory approaches. This research aims to find regional regulations regarding cultural heritage related to ownership rights in managing cultural heritage land and buildings.</span></p></div>

Periodisasi Sejarah Hukum Adat

Customary law is a form of law that still exists in the lives of traditional law communities in Indonesia. The existence of customary law as a form of law whose existence is recognized in the life and legal culture of Indonesian society is stated in the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. Based on the background of the problem, the problem formulation is: 1) what is the periodization of the history of customary law in Indonesia? and 2) what are the benefits of studying customary law? This research uses normative juridical research methods that are qualitative in nature. The data source used is a secondary data source, while the data collection method in researching research objects is library data obtained through library research. The results of this research provide an illustration that the periodization of customary law in Indonesia consists of the Ancient era, up to around 500, the Kingdom era (from 500 to 1600), the period of influence of Islam and other religions, the Dutch East Indies period, and the period after independence. . The benefits of studying customary law are that customary law is a form of Indonesian legal culture, the position and role of customary law in national development, and customary law as a means of social control.

Kronik Gerakan Serikat Buruh di Indonesia: Peta dan Sejarah

This research focuses on studying the dynamics of the trade union movement in Indonesia in a historical review and current map of the Trade Union Confederation/Labor Unions registered with the Ministry of Manpower. This study is a qualitative combination of literature and empirical research, combining literature and field data to explore the dynamics of trade unions in Indonesia, especially confederations. Since the 19th century, the birth of the Dutch East Indies Teachers' Workers' Union in 1879 began the emergence of the Workers' Union Movement (SP) or Labor Unions (SB) in Indonesia. These labor organizations, especially in the transportation and plantation sectors, played a central role in Indonesia's struggle for independence. Over time, various labor organizations emerged that played a key role in national political dynamics, such as VSTP, PPKB, and the Indian Vakbonden Association (PVH). Despite experiencing challenges during the Japanese occupation and the failure of the PKI's political action in 1926, the labor movement continued to develop until post-independence, with a major role played by organizations such as SOBSI in the Old Order era, SPSI in the New Order era, and various organizations that emerged during the Reformation era. Since the Reformation era, new trade unions have emerged and old unions have emerged, driven by political reform and the rapid growth of trade and labor unions. The latest mapping shows that more than 4 million workers/laborers are members of more than 20 organizations under various federations and confederations. Organizations such as KSPSI AGN, KSPSI JUMHUR, KSPI, and KSPSI YRS have the most members.

HEGEMONI DALAM KUMPULAN CERPEN TEH DAN PENGKHIANAT KARYA IKSAKA BANU

This research discusses the aspect of hegemony in the short story collection "Teh dan Pengkhianat" by Iksaka Banu. The purpose of this study is to describe the characters, plot, and setting, as well as to describe the domination and hegemony in the short story collection "Teh dan Pengkhianat" by Iksaka Banu. Methodologically, a qualitative descriptive approach is used, while theoretically using a literary sociology approach. The collected data is then analyzed to assess and identify the aspects of Antonio Gramsci's hegemony in the short story collection "Teh dan Pengkhianat" by Iksaka Banu. The analysis result of "Hegemony in the Short Story Collection 'Teh dan Pengkhianat' by Iksaka Banu" shows the existence of total hegemony, declining hegemony, and minimum hegemony imposed by the Dutch on the natives as an effort to perpetuate their power in the Dutch East Indies. The aspect of hegemony can be seen from the ideas, storyline, narrative, and dialogue conveyed by the characters in the short stories "Sebutir Peluru Saja" and "Di Atas Kereta Angin". Hegemony in this short story collection can be identified through structural analysis which includes characters and characterization, plot, setting, time setting, and social setting.